56-668: The Ramna Stacks are a group of skerries in the Shetland islands. They are north of the northern tip of Mainland , and along with nearby Gruney they are a special protection area on account of their birdlife. From north to south they consist of: Gruney and the islet of The Club lie just to the south of the Ramna Stacks. The Ramna Stacks also lent their name to Welsh nu-jazz band, ramnastax. 60°39′43″N 1°18′43″W / 60.66194°N 1.31194°W / 60.66194; -1.31194 This Shetland location article
112-504: A Stone Age settlement. The first discovery in Norway of a Sarup enclosure (a Neolithic form of ritual enclosure first identified at Sarup on the Danish island of Funen ) was made in 2010 at Hamresanden and dates to c. 3400 BC. Archaeological excavations to the east of Oddernes Church have uncovered rural settlements that existed during the centuries immediately before and after the start of
168-515: A drydock with considerable capacity. Lund is the second largest borough in Kristiansand with a population of 9,000 inhabitants in 2012. 14 June 1921 was the first 2.75 km of Lund transferred to Kristiansand and 1 January 1965 was also the rest of Lund part of Kristiansand in the municipal amalgamation. In Lund, there are traces of humans dating back to the early Iron Age , the Viking Age until
224-498: A few days. In the summer most locals go to the Fiskebrygga , the archipelago opposite the city, and Hamresanden Beach, which is located about 10 minutes from the city centre near Kjevik airport. People from Denmark, Sweden, Germany, the UK and other European countries also visit this beach in the summer during their travels. The all-time high 32.6 °C (90.7 °F) at Kristiansand airport
280-416: A population of 15,000; Kvadraturen , which is the centre and downtown Kristiansand with a population of 5,200; Lund , the second largest borough; Søgne , with a population of around 12,000 and incorporated into the municipality of Kristiansand as of January 2020; Oddernes , a borough located in the west; and Vågsbygd , the largest borough with a population of 36,000, located in the southwest. Kristiansand
336-601: A significant and advanced mechanical industry which produces offshore and marine cranes and other marine equipment in Andøya Industrial Park. Amfi Vågsbygd is a major shopping center in Vågsbygd. Outside of Andøya in Vågsbygd is Bredalsholmen Shipyard and Preservation Centre, a Centre for protection of vessels at the former Bredalsholmen yard. Bredalsholmen Shipyard and Preservation Centre is a national hub for maintenance of museum ships and cherish worthy coastal culture, and
392-533: A temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ). The coastal parts of the Skagerrak coast, which includes Kristiansand, is the sunniest part of Norway. Snow generally occurs in late December and in January and February; it may be heavy (the snow record at Kjevik airport is 170 centimetres (67 in)) but rarely stays long on the coast; see Climate of Norway . Due to warming in the more recent decades, snow often melts after
448-547: A ten-year tax exemption. In 1666, Christianssand became a garrison town and was heavily fortified. In 1682, King Christian V decided to relocate the bishopric there from Stavanger . Hence, the young city became the main city of the Christiansand Stift. Christianssand experienced its first fire in 1734, which was devastating to the city. Later in the 18th century, after the American Revolutionary War ,
504-472: A tree with leaves and what look like pine cones. On the base of the crown are the letters R. F. P., standing for Regna Firma Pietas , "Piety strengthens the realm"; this was Christian IV's motto . Around the seal of the city is its motto, Cavsa Triumphat Tandem Bona , "A good cause prevails in the end". Kristiansand is strategically located on the Skagerrak , and until the opening of the Kiel Canal between
560-543: Is Northern Europe's longest continuous wooden buildings. In the parts are among others Kristiansand Cathedral , Kristiansand City Hall , Wergeland Park, and the terminal for ferries to Hirtshals and Kristiansand Station is located in the parts western corner. Vågsbygd has considerable industry, who has survived major changes. The largest employer is all the same Elkem Solar producing super clean Silicon for solar cells , which are located in premises that Elkem previous Ferrosilicon factory Fiskå Verk. On Andøya it established
616-462: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Skerry A skerry ( / ˈ s k ɛr i / SKEHRR -ee ) is a small rocky island , or islet , usually too small for human habitation. It may simply be a rocky reef . A skerry can also be called a low sea stack . A skerry may have vegetative life such as moss and small, hardy grasses. They are often used as resting places by animals such as seals and birds . The term skerry
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#1732868836274672-461: Is a city and municipality in Agder county, Norway . The city is the fifth-largest and the municipality is the sixth-largest in Norway, with a population of around 116,000 as of January 2020, following the incorporation of the municipalities of Søgne and Songdalen into the greater Kristiansand municipality. In addition to the city itself, Statistics Norway count four other densely populated areas in
728-480: Is a large bridge and a part of E18 , which stretches over Topdalsfjorden . Tourism is important in Kristiansand, and the summer season is the most popular for tourists. Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement park is the largest zoo in Norway. It receives over 900,000 visitors every year. Markens Street is the main pedestrian street in downtown Kristiansand. Bystranda is a city beach located in Kvadraturen; Hamresanden beach
784-499: Is connected by four main roads: European Route E18 from Oslo , Aust-Agder , covering the easternmost parts of Kristiansand; European route E39 from Stavanger , Flekkefjord and the coastal towns and villages in Vest-Agder ; Norwegian National Road 9 from Evje , Setesdal and Grim; and Norwegian National Road 41 from Telemark , northern Aust-Agder, Birkeland , Tveit and the airport Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik . Varodd Bridge
840-1339: Is derived from the Old Norse sker , which means a small rocky island in the sea (which in turn derives from the Proto-Indo-European root * sker -, "cut", in the sense of a rock cut off from the land). The Old Norse term sker was brought into the English language via the Scots language word spelled skerrie or skerry . It is a cognate of the Scandinavian languages ' words for skerry – Icelandic , Faroese : sker , Danish : skær , Swedish : skär , Norwegian : skjær / skjer , found also in German : Schäre , Finnish : kari , Estonian : skäär , Latvian : šēra , Lithuanian : šcheras and Russian : шхеры ( shkhery ). In Scottish Gaelic , it appears as sgeir , e.g. Sula Sgeir , in Irish as sceir , in Welsh as sgeri , and in Manx as skeyr . Skerries are most commonly formed at
896-537: Is mentioned in two letters located in the National Archives . The letters describe the attack that took place with a lot of violence against both women and men and that on both sides suffered casualties. No one know who the robbers were, but their centurion was named Per Syvertsen. The name suggests that he and his crew came from Norway or Denmark . Indre and Ytre Randesund is located between Kvåsefjorden in Høvåg and
952-846: Is part of the Swedo-Norwegian Base Mountain Shield, the southwestern section of the Baltic Shield , and consists of two main geological formations of Proterozoic rocks that were formed in the Gothic and later Swedo-Norwegian orogenies , with significant metamorphism during the latter. There is a substrate of 1,600–1,450 million-year-old slate , quartzite , marble and amphibolite with some hornblende gneiss , and overlaid on this acidic surface structures of both granite and granodiorite (in general 1,250–1,000 million years old, in some places 1,550–1,480 million years old). The Bamblefelt geological area starts to
1008-412: Is such a group of glacially formed skerries, called a skjærgård (sometimes translated into English as archipelago, but specifically one near the coast of the mainland). Many of the cross fjords are so arranged that they parallel the coast and provide a protected channel behind an almost unbroken succession of rocky islands and skerries. By this channel one can travel through a protected passage almost
1064-510: Is the longest beach in Kristiansand. Hamresanden Camping is a popular family aciivity during the summer season. The city hosts a free weekly concert in downtown Kristiansand in the summertime. Outside the city is the industrial park Sørlandsparken , which includes Sørlandssenteret , Norway's largest mall. The city is named after the Dano-Norwegian King King Christian IV , who founded it on 5 July 1641. The second part of
1120-521: The Kristiansand Cathedral was hit by accident. The third attack attempt on the city succeeded because a signal flag was confused with a French national flag and the misunderstanding was not discovered until it was too late. The city was occupied by a force of 800 men. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee . On 1 January 1965,
1176-552: The North Sea and the Baltic was very important militarily and geopolitically. This meant that for centuries it served as a military stronghold, first as Harald Fairhair 's royal residence, then as a Danish-Norwegian fortress, and later as a garrison town. Kristiansand is a gateway to and from the continent, with ferry service to Denmark and a terminus of the railway line along the southern edge of South Norway. Geologically, this part of Agder
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#17328688362741232-808: The White Sea . The United Kingdom has a large number of skerries including Staple Island (an outer Farne Island ) in England; a small rocky outcrop near the Fowlsheugh in northeast Scotland; numerous reefs in the Hebrides such as Dubh Artach and Skerryvore ; and The Skerries , located off the Antrim coast of Northern Ireland. Skerries is the name of a coastal area of Dublin , Ireland, with many skerries offshore, including Rockabill , Shenick Island , Colt Island and St Patrick's Island . Kristiansand Kristiansand
1288-598: The common era . Together with a corresponding discovery in Rogaland , these settlements are unique in the Norwegian context; isolated farms, rather than villages, were the norm in ancient Norway. Other discoveries in grave mounds around the church, in the Lund section of the city, indicate habitation beginning c. 400 AD, and 25 cooking pits that were found immediately outside the church wall in 1907 are probably even older. One of
1344-458: The 1980s, industry and business in the city declined, in part because of the 1986 fire at the Hotel Caledonien . But beginning in the second half of the 1990s, business increased in momentum with the development of enterprises for marine and offshore equipment, security technology and drilling. The older municipal archives for Kristiansand (and the former municipalities) are currently held at
1400-652: The Inter-Municipal Archives in Vest-Agder (IKAVA). This includes documents concerning, for example, local councils, chairmanships, poor boards, school boards and archives including among other things personal documents in the form of client records, tax records, and also school records. On 1 January 2020, the three neighbouring municipalities of Kristiansand, Songdalen , and Søgne were merged to form one large municipality called Kristiansand . The arms of Kristiansand were granted on 8 December 1909 and are based on
1456-524: The Topdalsfjord in Oddernes. Several small islands are situated alongside the cost of Randesund, among them Randøya and Herøya, both popular with summer tourists. The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the island, Randøen (now known as Randøya). The first part of the name is rand (Old Norse: rǫnd) which means "boundary" or "edge" and the last part of the name is sund which means "strait". The name
1512-404: The city and also provided many jobs for women. The most recent major fire, in 1892, left half the original section of the city in ashes. It burned buildings as far as the cathedral , which had been rebuilt in brick after a previous fire in 1880. With the development of hydropower in southern Norway, the city gradually developed an industrial base, particularly with the establishment in 1910 of
1568-426: The city of Kristiansand (population: 27,100) was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Randesund (population: 1,672), Tveit (population: 2,802), and Oddernes (population: 18,668) to create a much larger Kristiansand Municipality. Post-war construction included further development of the Lund section, and in the 1960s and 1970s Vågsbygd to the west was developed into a section with 20,000 inhabitants. In
1624-463: The city of Kristiansand got larger by annexing a part of the neighboring municipality of Oddernes , gaining 2,164 more residents along with more land for the growing city. The labour movement had important pioneers in the city, and Leon Trotsky spent about a year of his exile in the archipelago offshore from Kristiansand. Arnulf Øverland took him from Randesund to Ny-Hellesund in Søgne in 1936. In
1680-540: The city was founded focused on loading and dumps at Lund, along Otra or Torridalselven and along Topdalsfjorden by Odderøya and Flekkeroy port. Christian IV 's town plan outlined the city center with 56 rectangular squares with five long blocks and eight cross streets. It was the squares along the Otra and east and west harbor, which was built first. Today Kvadraturen is a part of Kvadraturen/Eg, which has (as of 1 January 2005) 5510 inhabitants. The area Posebyen in Kvadraturen
1736-621: The city's name, sand , comes from the Old Norse word sandr which means "sand" or "sandy ground". This refers to the sandy headland upon which the city was originally built. (See also: Lillesand#Name ) Historically, the name was usually written Christianssand until 1877, although the map of the mapmaker Pontoppidan from 1785 spelled the name Christiansand (with a single 's'). In 1877, an official spelling reform aimed at bringing city names into line with regular Norwegian orthography changed it to Kristianssand . Kristiansund and Kristiania ( Oslo ), also had their spellings changed under
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1792-418: The development of Kristiansand was the harbor on the island of Flekkerøy , which was the most important on the Skagerrak beginning in the 16th century and was first fortified under King Christian III in 1555. In 1635, King Christian IV ordered his feudal seigneur , Palle Rosenkrantz, to move from Nedenes and build a royal palace on the island. Christian IV (renowned for having founded many towns) visited
1848-509: The early Middle Ages various locations. There has been a settlement here since the Stone Age . During the Viking Age there was a great man's farm here. A Runestone at Oddernes church provides a connection to this farm. A large field with burial mounds formerly existed south and west of the church, and may also be associated with this farm. In 1492 robbers from the sea came and attacked Lund. This
1904-430: The east of the municipality and extends to Grenland . The last Swedo-Norwegian formations are evident in large formations of granite. There are also incidences of gabbro and diorite , less commonly eclogite . The Caledonian orogeny did not affect this area. Faults run southwest–northeast. In ancient times there was a volcano off Flekkeroy , which left deposits of volcanic rock just north of central Kristiansand, on
1960-505: The entire 1,600 km (1,000 mi) route from Stavanger to North Cape , Norway. The Blindleia is a skerry-protected waterway that starts near Kristiansand in southern Norway and continues past Lillesand . The Inside Passage provides a similar route from Seattle , Washington , to Skagway , Alaska , United States. Another such skerry-protected passage extends from the Straits of Magellan north for 800 km (500 mi) along
2016-537: The interwar period Kristiansand was a centre for intellectuals, especially after the architect Thilo Schoder settled there in 1932. Kristiansand was attacked by German naval forces and the Luftwaffe during the Operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940. The naval forces met fierce resistance from Norwegian coastal artillery at Odderøya . Bombs and grenades also hit the downtown and the 70 meter high church tower of
2072-462: The largest pre-Christian burial grounds in South Norway was formerly located to the south and west of the church. A royal centre is thought to have existed at Oddernes before 800, and the church was built around 1040. Before the stone church was built, one or perhaps two wooden post churches are believed to have stood on the same spot. A few years ago, excavations were carried out under and around
2128-534: The location in 1630 and 1635, and on 5 July 1641 formally founded the town of Christianssand on the "sand" on the opposite bank of the Torridalselva (Otra). The town was laid out in Renaissance style on a grid plan (the central section now known as Kvadraturen = The Quarters), and merchants throughout Agder were commanded to move to the new town. In return, they were to receive a variety of trading privileges and
2184-498: The municipality: Skålevik in Flekkerøy with a population of 3,526 in the Vågsbygd borough, Strai with a population of 1,636 in the Grim borough, Justvik with a population of 1,803 in the Lund borough, and Tveit with a population of 1,396 (as of January 2012 ) in the Oddernes borough. Kristiansand is divided into five boroughs; - Grim , which is located northwest in Kristiansand with
2240-417: The new formannskapsdistrikt law went into effect. This new law granted municipal self-government throughout Norway. As a city, it formed its own municipal government and it was surrounded by the rural municipality of Oddernes . The City of Kristiansand had a quarantine station for maritime traffic and hospital at Odderøy Island for cholera patients that opened in 1804. The city had far fewer deaths than
2296-482: The nickel refinery Kristiansands Nikkelraffineringsverk AS (later Falconbridge Nikkelverk, now Glencore Nikkelverk). From an economic perspective, the First World War was a good time for Kristiansand, as a neutral shipping city. The crises that followed with the gold standard politics of the 1920s and the world economic crisis of the 1930s were also deeply felt in a trading city like Kristiansand. On 1 July 1921,
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2352-460: The oldest seal of the city, dating from 1643. In 1643 King Christian IV granted the young town the right to use a seal with the Norwegian lion and the royal crown. The crown indicates that the city was founded by the king. The other major element in the arms is a tree. As the species of tree is not specified, there are several known versions with differently shaped trees. A second seal, from 1658, shows
2408-471: The outlet of fjords where submerged glacially formed valleys at right angles to the coast join with other cross valleys in a complex array. In some places near the seaward margins of fjorded areas, the ice-scoured channels are so numerous and varied in direction that the rocky coast is divided into thousands of island blocks, some large and mountainous, while others are merely rocky points or rock reefs that menace navigation. The island fringe of Norway
2464-707: The rising islands as they break sea level, revealing till deposits and eventually clay bottoms. The skerries exist as small rocky islands before uplift of adjacent terrain changes the classification of this landform into a tombolo . In the Russian Federation , the best examples are the Minina Skerries , located in the Kara Sea , in the western shores of the Taymyr Peninsula , and the Sumsky Skerries , located in
2520-611: The runestone when it was moved to the church porch; the grave finds indicated that the churchyard must already have been unusually large in the High Middle Ages . This means that the area must have had a large population before it was reduced by the Black Death . In the 14th and 15th centuries, there was already a busy port and a small village on the Otra at the lowest point of today's Lund neighbourhood (Lahelle). Another important element in
2576-399: The same reform. Despite that, a number of businesses and associations retain the "Ch" spelling. The name was again changed to its present form, Kristiansand (single "s"), in 1889. In 2012, the city's mayor, Arvid Grundekjøn , proposed that the city be renamed Christianssand, arguing that "Kristiansand" is grammatically meaningless and that Christianssand stands for tradition. This proposal
2632-554: The site of the estate of Eg, now occupied by the Hospital of Southern Norway . Near the city, there are deep woods. In Baneheia and at the former coastal artillery fortress on Odderøya , there are lighted ski trails and walking paths specially prepared for wheelchair users. Two major rivers, the Otra and the Tovdalselva , flow into the Skagerrak at Kristiansand. Kristiansand has
2688-504: The surrounding area, largely attributable to the quarantine station and the hospital. For example, during the period of 1833–1866, Drammen had 544 cholera patients, of which 336 died. During this same period, Kristiansand only experienced 15 deaths from cholera. Another important development during the 19th century was the foundation in 1881 of Eg Sindssygeasyl , the second central psychiatric institution in Norway (after Gaustad ). The psychiatric hospital drew highly specialized doctors to
2744-426: The town's economy begin to recover, and the growth in the Norwegian shipping industry was important for Kristiansand. It was the only part of Norway where oak trees flourished, a major resource for the country's shipbuilding industry. Large numbers of lobsters were collected off the coast and sent to London during the mid-19th century. The population of Kristiansand was about 12,000 people by 1848. On 1 January 1838,
2800-576: The town's shipbuilders experienced a boom that lasted until the Napoleonic Wars , when the Continental System and blockade struck a severe blow to Kristiansand's overseas trade. Denmark–Norway supported France in the conflict, and as a result Norwegian ports including Kristiansand became subject to a British naval blockade , as recounted in Henrik Ibsen 's Terje Vigen . Only in the 1830s did
2856-542: The west coast of the South American continent. The Swedish coast along Bohuslän is likewise guarded by skerries. Even the east coast of Sweden, in the Baltic Sea , has many big skärgårdar (archipelagos), notably Stockholm Archipelago . The southwestern coast of Finland also has a great many skerries; so many, in fact, that they form an archipelago . This area is experiencing post-glacial rebound that connects
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#17328688362742912-414: Was October 1976 with 560 mm precipitation, and the driest was April 1974 with no precipitation at all. Kristiansand is partitioned into 18 parts and 217 subparts. Kristiansand is also divided into 5 boroughs. Kvadraturen is the city center of Kristiansand. The area belonged to the farms Eg and Grim, and was a sandy plain covered with forest, and was called Sanden or Grimsmoen. Settlements were before
2968-457: Was also the sunniest month on record with 422 sunhours, and the year 2018 recorded 2126 sunhours - despite December recording just 1 sunhr as cloudiest month on record in Kristiansand. The cloudiest July recorded 156 sunhours (2007). Kristiansand has the national record for the sunniest February (153 sunhrs in 1986), sunniest April (323 hrs in 2021), sunniest August (343 hrs in 1995) and sunniest September (241 hrs in 1959). The wettest month on record
3024-412: Was not well received by the locals and the mayor has not pushed this further. The Kristiansand area has been inhabited since prehistoric times. In 1996, the well-preserved skeleton of a woman dating to approximately 6500 BC was discovered in Søgne in western Kristiansand. This demonstrates very early habitation of the archipelago. Grauthelleren ( Grathelleren ), located on Fidjane, is believed to be
3080-404: Was previously spelled Randøsund. Tveit is a village and a former municipality in Vest-Agder county. It is located in the present-day municipality of Kristiansand. Tveit is home to Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik . Tveit is located along the lower part of the Tovdalselva river, known as Topdalselva from the border with Aust-Agder . The population of Tveit is approximately 2,900 (2014). Some of
3136-560: Was recorded August 1975. The all-time low at the airport −28.2 °C (−18.8 °F) was recorded January 1982. The temperature seldom reaches 30 °C (86 °F), but most days in July reaches 21 °C (70 °F) or more. The warmest month ever was July 1901 with mean 21.6 °C (71 °F) at an earlier weather station ( Kristiansand S - Eg ). The warmest month at the airport was July 2018 with 24-hr average 19.9 °C (68 °F) and average daily high 25.8 °C (78 °F). July 2018
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