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37-607: It is on the Ramah Navajo Reservation and was originally known as Ramah Navajo High School . In January 1995 it had 460 Ramah Navajo students. The Ramah Navajo Indian School Board was established on February 6, 1970, by parents seeking a local schooling option as Gallup-McKinley County Schools had closed the local Ramah High School in Ramah in 1968, which forced Ramah Navajo teenagers to board at distant Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) boarding schools once again after having

74-484: A shampoo in Native American rituals. Dried yucca leaves and trunk fibers have a low ignition temperature, making the plant desirable for use in starting fires via friction. The stem (when dried) that sports the flowers is often used in conjunction with a sturdy piece of cedar for fire-making. In rural Appalachian areas, species such as Yucca filamentosa are referred to as "meat hangers". With their sharp-spined tips,

111-689: Is a tribal school, Pine Hill Schools , operated by the Ramah Navajo School Board and associated with the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE). Additionally the Gallup-McKinley County Schools is the local school district; the proximity of the nearest schools in Cibola County were so far, 50 miles (80 km) away, that Cibola and McKinley counties agreed to have students sent to McKinley County schools. As of 1995 it buses students from

148-531: Is the state flower of New Mexico in the southwest United States. No species name is given in the citation; however, the New Mexico Centennial Blue Book from 2012 references the soaptree yucca ( Yucca elata ) as one of the more widespread species in New Mexico. The Yucca flower is also the national flower of El Salvador , where it is known as flor de izote . As of February 2012 ,

185-599: The Americas and the Caribbean in a wide range of habitats, from humid rainforest and wet subtropical ecosystems to the hot and dry ( arid ) deserts and savanna. Early reports of the species were confused with the cassava ( Manihot esculenta ). Consequently, Linnaeus mistakenly derived the generic name from the Taíno word for the latter, yuca . The Aztecs living in Mexico since before

222-520: The Curculionidae . Yuccas are widely grown as ornamental plants in gardens. Many species also bear edible parts, including fruits , seeds , flowers , flowering stems , and (more rarely) roots . References to yucca root as food often arise from confusion with the similarly pronounced, but botanically unrelated, yuca, also called cassava or manioc ( Manihot esculenta ). Roots of soaptree yucca ( Yucca elata ) are high in saponins and are used as

259-554: The Pine Hill community with its Pine Hill Navajo School and health clinic. Community leaders, professionals, and Michael Gross, a lawyer from the East who had begun to work in legal services for Native Americans, obtained funding directly from the U.S. Congress in the early 1970s for the school and clinic. Although the Ramah Band of Navajo had lived on their lands for several centuries up to

296-695: The Zuni Indian Reservation . It has a land area of 230.675 sq mi (597.445 km ), over 95 percent of which is designated as off-reservation trust land. According to the 2000 census , the resident population is 2,167 persons. The Ramah Reservation's land area is less than one percent of the Navajo Nation's total area. Although part of the Navajo Nation , the Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation has had an independent history from that of

333-416: The 1970s, their rights to them had not been fully secured under United States law since a transfer by the U.S. government had not occurred. The Navajo on these lands were not eligible for the services and benefits provided by the governmental agencies and departments to federally recognized tribes on trust lands. In 1979, the volunteer, Jan Crull, Jr. succeeded, securing Public Law 96-333 . He also taught

370-474: The Gallup McKinley County Schools, arguing that the defendants breached the tribe's sovereignty by allowing the school district to extend school bus services further into the tribal grounds and therefore taking students who would have attended Pine Hill schools and violating a previous agreement between the tribe and the school boards of Cibola County and McKinley County . The state had ordered

407-483: The Navajo Nation with having its own police force and police district along with its own new detention center which opened in 2016. Ramah Navajo Chapter is represented by Norman M. Begay who is one of the 24 Council Delegates who represents the nations 110 Chapters. He also Represents two other satellite chapters of Alamo and To'Hajiilee. He is also a part of the Navajo Nation Budget and Finance Committee. There

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444-640: The Pine Hill community did not have a working fire department even though the BIA had built a fire station in the years prior. The current board members are: Martha H. Garcia (President); Beverly J. Cohoe (Vice-President); and Carolyn Coho (Secretary/Treasurer) for Calendar Year 2022. The board members for Calendar Year 2021 were: Maxine Coho (President); Beverly J. Cohoe (Vice-President) and Marlene Watashe (Secretary/Treasurer). RNSB, Inc. celebrated 52 years of operation on February 6, 2022. The kindergarten opened in 1976, and

481-569: The Ramah Navajo chapter and the associated Ramah Navajo School Board, which operates Pine Hill Schools, sued the New Mexico Public Education Department and the Gallup McKinley County Schools arguing that the defendants breached the tribe's sovereignty by allowing the school district to extend school bus services further into the tribal grounds and therefore taking students who would have attended Pine Hill Schools and violating

518-533: The Ramah Navajo how to obtain all mineral rights underlying the lands he had secured for them with Public Law 97-434 . Crull's work led to his nomination by the Navajo for the Rockefeller Public Service Award in 1981, which was endorsed by U.S. senators Dennis DeConcini , Pete Domenici , and John Melcher ; and U.S. congressmen Manuel Lujan, Jr. and Paul Simon . Ramah is unique from the rest of

555-652: The Ramah reservation, with one at the chapter house and another at a point to the south; this was approved by Alan Morgan , the New Mexico State Superintendent of Education. Area parents disliked the new bus stops, saying they had hazards and that they lacked the necessary space. Morgan approved establishing the bus stops deeper into the reservation, adjacent to Pine Hill schools and at the housing complex, and these stops began operation in December 1994. In January 1995

592-525: The Spanish arrival, in Nahuatl , call the local yucca species ( Yucca gigantea ) iczotl , which gave the Spanish izote . Izote is also used for Yucca filifera . The natural distribution range of the genus Yucca (49 species and 24 subspecies) covers a vast area of the Americas . The genus is represented throughout Mexico and extends into Guatemala ( Yucca guatemalensis ). It also extends to

629-470: The current name of the school. The dedication was held on September 26, 1975. The establishment of a tribally-run school was inspiration for the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act , which allowed tribes to take over schools from the BIA. In January 1995 the Ramah Navajo chapter and the associated Ramah Navajo School Board sued the New Mexico Public Education Department and

666-453: The deserts of North America being regarded as the center of diversity for the genus. Yuccas have a very specialized, mutualistic pollination system; being pollinated by yucca moths (family Prodoxidae ); the insect transfers the pollen from the stamens of one plant to the stigma of another, and at the same time lays an egg in the flower; the moth larva then feeds on some of the developing seeds, always leaving enough seed to perpetuate

703-618: The dormitory in Ramah now only took elementary students, and the Gallup-McKinley school district did not bus to other public schools. The Navajo Legal System Program (DNA) sued the school district in August 1968 in an attempt to reopen the public school. The courts ruled that the reservation could have busing to Zuni Public Schools , but the Gallup-McKinley County district chose to not allow its buses to enter Cibola County, which contained

740-470: The lack of accreditation was not an issue. In December 1970 the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Leonard J. De Layo, made a request for a quick deliberation of accrediting Ramah Navajo High. At one point the administration stated that it did not want to dilute its program for certification from New Mexico, and that if so it would try to get tribal accreditation instead. In 1970 about 33% of

777-525: The middle school opened in 1989. The school system has a dormitory, which opened in 2007; 66 units of employee housing, which opened in 1995; and a childcare center, which opened in 1993 and had a new modular unit in 2007. There is also a multipurpose building which opened in 1989. In 1972 there were plans to establish a school magazine, Tsa' az' zi (meaning " yucca " in Navajo language ), which would cover Navajo culture. Eight Mile School District (Trenton, ND)

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814-956: The north through Baja California in the west, northwards into the southwestern United States , through the drier central states as far north as southern Alberta in Canada ( Yucca glauca ssp. albertana ). Yucca is also native northward to the coastal lowlands and dry beach scrub of the coastal areas of the southeastern United States , along the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic States from coastal Texas to Maryland . Yuccas have adapted to an equally vast range of climatic and ecological conditions. They are found in rocky deserts and badlands , in prairies and grassland , in mountainous regions, woodlands, in coastal sands ( Yucca filamentosa ), and even in subtropical and semi temperate zones. Several species occur in humid tropical zones ( Yucca lacandonica ) but most species occur in arid conditions, with

851-422: The option of local schooling since 1954. The members of the school board traveled to Washington, DC on February 25, 1970, to lobby members of Congress and the BIA. After BIA commissioner Louis Bruce promised assistance, the board members went to New York City and got funding from private foundations. On September 12, 1970, the school was dedicated in the former Ramah High School. The initial anticipated enrollment

888-468: The other Navajo lands. The Ramah Navajo have been recorded in this area of New Mexico since 1540, when they came to the aid of the Zuni in their defense against the Spanish conquistador Francisco Vásquez de Coronado . In the years from 1868 through the 1960s, the Ramah Navajo acted independently of the Navajo Nation. Although part of the Navajo Nation since the 1960s, they accomplished some "firsts." They founded

925-495: The previous agreement between the tribe and the counties. 34°50′47″N 108°22′46″W  /  34.84639°N 108.37944°W  / 34.84639; -108.37944 Yucca See text Yucca is a genus of perennial shrubs and trees in the family Asparagaceae , subfamily Agavoideae . Its 40–50 species are notable for their rosettes of evergreen , tough, sword-shaped leaves and large terminal panicles of white or whitish flowers . They are native to

962-460: The reservation in 1943. It had an enrollment of 30 students at the start. In 1952 Ramah Navajo Native Americans were to vote on whether to send their children to a BIA dormitory in Ramah Village, which had the nearest school district-operated public schools. A Navajo named King Chee supported instead having an on-reservation school. After the Ramah Navajo approved the dormitory idea, the proposal

999-532: The reservation to Ramah Village : Ramah Elementary School and Ramah Middle/High School . The reservation is physically within the Grants-Cibola County Schools district. Historically Native students in the reservation attended Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) boarding schools in New Mexico and other states. The BIA opened a Kindergarten through grade 3 day school, Mountain View Day School, on

1036-494: The reservation. Therefore the Ramah Navajo Indian School Board was established in 1970 and established a plan to open a tribal school, which it did in the ex-Ramah School in 1970; the tribal school moved to Pine Hill in 1975. In 1983 the Ramah Village public high school reopened. In Summer 1994 the Ramah tribal government and the governments of Cibola County and McKinley County agreed to have two bus stops on

1073-558: The sap, and are widely used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals The flower petals are commonly eaten in Central America , but the plant's reproductive organs (the anthers and ovaries ) are first removed because of their bitterness. The petals are blanched for 5 minutes, and then cooked a la mexicana (with tomato, onion, chili) or in tortitas con salsa (egg-battered patties with green or red sauce). In Guatemala , they are boiled and eaten with lemon juice. In El Salvador ,

1110-411: The school district to move the bus stops closer to the students' houses. Circa 2012 a new elementary school building was under construction, but the contractor withdrew from the project, and in 2014 the building was not yet complete. The BIA had paid $ 2,100,000 to have the facility built as of 2014. In 2014 the campus had failures in infrastructure, including a non-working fire alarm system. Additionally,

1147-486: The species. Certain species of the yucca moth have evolved antagonistic features against the plant. They do not assist in the plant's pollination efforts while continuing to lay their eggs in the plant for protection. Yucca species are the host plants for the caterpillars of the yucca giant-skipper ( Megathymus yuccae ), ursine giant-skipper ( Megathymus ursus ), and Strecker's giant-skipper ( Megathymus streckeri ). Beetle herbivores include yucca weevils , in

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1184-569: The students in the area around Ramah Navajo High were from other Native tribes and/or non-Native Americans, and parents from those groups expressed that they had issues with not having political control over Ramah Navajo High. They sent a letter to the New Mexico Superintendent of Public Instruction highlighting seven issues. The lease at the ex-Ramah High location ended in 1975, so the school moved to Pine Hill before electricity, telephone, and water services there started. Students voted in

1221-594: The tender tips of stems are eaten and known locally as cogollo de izote . The most common houseplant yucca is Yucca gigantea . Yuccas are widely grown as architectural plants providing a dramatic accent to landscape design. They tolerate a range of conditions but are best grown in full sun in subtropical or mild temperate areas. In gardening centres and horticultural catalogues, they are usually grouped with other architectural plants such as cordylines and phormiums . Several species of yucca can be grown outdoors in temperate climates, including:- The yucca flower

1258-485: The tough, fibrous leaves were used to puncture meat and knotted to form a loop with which to hang meat for salt curing or in smokehouses. The fibers can be used to make domestic items or for manufacturing cordage, be it sewing-thread or rope. Yucca extract is also used as a foaming agent in some beverages such as root beer and soda. Yucca powder and sap are derived from the logs of the plant; such extracts can be produced by mechanical squeezing and subsequent evaporation of

1295-616: Was 150. Ed Foreman , a member of Congress for New Mexico's 2nd congressional district , assisted the school board in its efforts to lobby the federal government and attended the school's dedication. President of the United States Richard Nixon sent a telegram congratulating the school community. By 1970 the school was not yet accredited. New Mexico law requires that schools be accredited in order to operate. That year staff of five universities and colleges stated that they would still admit graduates of Ramah Navajo High, and that

1332-581: Was BIE/OIE-funded from 1987 to 2008 See also Template:Department of Defense Education Activity (U.S. military school system) 34°53′30″N 108°24′53″W  /  34.8917°N 108.4147°W  / 34.8917; -108.4147 Ramah Navajo Reservation The Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation ( Navajo : Tł'ohchiní ) is a non-contiguous section of the Navajo Nation lying in parts of west-central Cibola and southern McKinley counties in New Mexico , United States, just east and southeast of

1369-506: Was that the U.S. federal government would pay the New Mexico authorities for any Native American children attending New Mexican public schools. This dormitory opened in 1954, and Mountain View closed; this meant that the majority of reservation students could attend a local public school. The Ramah Village public high school closed circa 1968, due to being condemned. At first secondary students were forced to attend distant BIA boarding schools as

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