Misplaced Pages

#228771

35-645: It is known there as Nag river and runs south-westward. It unites with the lop stream at a point to west of Nag-e-Kalat. It then flows west-south-west through the centre of the long valley which in its centre contains Panjgur city , Makran . Parallel with the river also run the Siahan Range in the north and the Zangi Lak hills in the south. At its start, the Rakshan possesses little or no water, however, in Panjgur it expands into

70-423: A largely Buddhist population. When Chach marched to Armabil, this town is described as having been in the hands of a Buddhist Samani (Samani Budda), a descendant of the agents of Rai Sahiras who had been elevated for their loyalty and devotion, but who later made themselves independent. The Buddhist chief offered his allegiance to Chach when the latter was on his way to Kirman in 631. The same chiefdom of Armadil

105-506: A less army is use less there; The land beyond it, is even worse [referring to Sind] Umar looked at the messenger and said: "Are you a messenger or a poet?" He replied, "Messenger". Thereupon Caliph Umar instructed Hakim bin Amr al Taghlabi that for the time being Makkuran should be the easternmost frontier of the Islamic empire, and that no further attempt should be made to extend the conquests. It

140-537: A marriage between Chandragupta Maurya and a princess of the Seleucid Empire. An outcome of the arrangement proved to be mutually beneficial. The border between the Seleucid and Mauryan Empires remained stable in subsequent generations, and friendly diplomatic relations are reflected by the ambassador Megasthenes , and by the envoys sent westward by Chandragupta's grandson Ashoka . Shapur I's trilingual inscription at

175-468: A series of bright clear pools (kor joh) connected with each other by small water channels running over a pebbly bed. The banks here are bordered with numerous date palms and most of the water is used for irrigation . To the west of Kallag, the last village in Panjgur is Dabbag, where there are more pools and many long grass, tamarisk and kahur trees in which wild pigs were to be found in the early 20th century. The only considerable tributaries joining

210-399: Is a mention of a tribe called Makara inhabiting the lands west of India . Arrian used the term Ichthyophagi (Ancient Greek for "fish eaters") for inhabitants of coastal areas, which has led to a suggestion to derive Makran from the modern Persian term māhī khorān , meaning "fish eaters". The Kech-Makran region in southwestern Pakistan, along Kech River , was inhabited as early as

245-461: Is referred to by Hiuen Tsang O-tien-p-o-chi-lo, located at the high road running through Makran, and he also describes it as predominantly Buddhist, thinly populated though it was, it had no less than 80 Buddhist convents with about 5000 monks. In effect at eighteen km northwest of Las Bela at Gandakahar, near the ruins of an ancient town are the caves of Gondrani , and as their constructions show these caves were undoubtedly Buddhist. Traveling through

280-708: Is the southern coastal region of Balochistan . It is a semi- desert coastal strip in the Balochistan province in Pakistan and in Iran , along the coast of the Gulf of Oman . It extends westwards, from the Sonmiani Bay to the northwest of Karachi in the east, to the fringes of the region of Bashkardia/Bāšgerd in the southern part of the Sistan and Baluchestan province of modern Iran. Makrān

315-585: Is thus bisected by the modern political boundary between Pakistan and Iran . The southern part of Balochistan is called Kech Makran on Pakistani side and Makran on the Iranian side which is also the name of a former Iranian province. The location corresponds to that of the Maka satrapy in Achaemenid times. The Sumerian trading partners of Magan are identified with Makran. In Varahamihira 's Brihat Samhita , there

350-500: Is used to irrigate orchards and for vegetable farming in surrounding areas. According to WWF-Pakistan , the Kech is one of Balochistan’s four coastal rivers, the others being the Hingol , Hub and Basol rivers, that has a healthy crocodile population. The conservation organisation noted that the four rivers rely on rainwater, which leaves behind small and big ponds that serve as habitats for

385-648: The Jiwani Coastal Wetland . The main bays are from east to west: Ormara East Bay, Ormara West Bay, Pasni Bay, Surbandar Bay, Gwadar East Bay, Gwadar West Bay and Gwatar Bay (which includes Jiwani Bay). This latter bay shelters a large mangrove forest and the nesting grounds of endangered turtle species. The Mirani Dam provides irrigation, flood prevention and water supply to Gwadar city. 25°18′19″N 60°38′28″E  /  25.30541°N 60.64108°E  / 25.30541; 60.64108 Kech River The Kech River ( Balochi : كݔچ كؤر ) flows in

SECTION 10

#1732873283229

420-752: The Makran region of southeastern Iran and the southwestern area of Balochistan Province in southwestern Pakistan . The seasonal intermittent river is a tributary of the Dasht River . The Dasht flows southeast into the Central Makran Range in the Gwadar District of Balochistan, and to its mouth at the Gulf of Oman of the Arabian Sea . The city of Turbat is located on the Kech River. The river's water

455-552: The Rashidun Caliphate in the year 643 CE . Caliph Umar 's governor of Bahrain , Usman ibn Abu al-Aas, who was on a campaign to conquer the southern coastal areas beyond Sassanid, sent his brother Hakam ibn Abu al-Aas to raid and reconnoitre the Makran region. In late 644 CE Caliph Umar dispatched an army under the command of Hakam ibn Amr for the wholesale invasion of Makkuran. He was joined by reinforcements from Kufa under

490-420: The 5th millennium BCE. The site of Miri Qalat was investigated by French and Pakistani archaeologists from 1987 to 2007. Later, the site of Shahi-Tump, near Turbat , was also studied. Large and massive quadrangular stone building were constructed already before 4000 BCE. Flints, worked stones, and bone tools used by the inhabitants were found by archaeologists, but no ceramics were yet used. In this Period I

525-478: The Gwadar enclave was transferred to Pakistani control as part of the district of Makran. The entire region has been subdivided into new smaller districts over the years. The narrow coastal plain rises rapidly into several mountain ranges. Of the 1,000 km (620 mi) coastline, around 750 km (470 mi) are in Pakistan . The climate is dry with little rainfall. Makran is very sparsely inhabited, with much of

560-593: The Ka'ba-ye Zartosht in Naqsh-i-Rustam , dated to 262 CE, had noted "Makuran"/"Makran" to be one of the many provinces of the Sasanian Empire : And I ( Shapur I ) possess the lands: Fars [ Persis ], Pahlav [ Parthia ] ... and all of Abarshahr (all the upper (eastern, Parthian) provinces), Kerman , Sakastan , Turgistan , Makuran , Pardan [ Paradene ], Hind [ Sind ] and Kushanshahr all

595-456: The Kij valley further west (then under the government of Persia) Hiuen Tsang saw some 100 Buddhist monasteries and 6000 priests. He also saw several hundred Deva temples in this part of Makran, and in the town of Su-nu li-chi-shi-fa-lo – which is probably Qasrqand – he saw a temple of Maheshvara Deva, richly adorned and sculptured. There is thus very wide extension of Indian cultural forms in Makran in

630-399: The Makran region, the messenger from Makkuran who brought the news of the victory told him: O Commander of the faithful! It's a land where the plains are stony; Where water is scanty; Where the fruits are unsavory; Where men are known for treachery; Where plenty is unknown; Where virtue is held of little account; And where evil is dominant. A large army is less for there; And

665-795: The command of Shahab ibn Makharaq, and by Abdullah ibn Utban, the commander of a campaign in Kerman . They encountered no strong resistance in Makran until the army of the King of Rai , along with contingents from Makran and Sind, stopped them near the Indus River . In mid-644 the Battle of Rasil was fought between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Rai Kingdom; the Raja's forces were defeated and forced to retreat to

700-566: The crocodiles. It did however note that these ponds were drying up much quicker due to warming temperatures and less rain. The area is prone to flooding by the Kech River. In June 2007 the flood waters entered the city of Turbat after the river burst it banks, and thousands were affected. The downstream Mirani Dam on the Dasht River was endangered. Kech- Makran culture flourished in the Kech River Valley in protohistoric times as early as

735-567: The eastern bank of the Indus. The Raja's army had included war elephants , but these had posed little problem for the Muslim invaders, who had dealt with them during the conquest of Persia . In accordance with the orders of Caliph Umar , the captured war elephants were sold in Islamic Persia, with the proceeds distributed among the soldiers as share in booty. In response to Caliph Umar 's questions about

SECTION 20

#1732873283229

770-479: The fifth millennium BC. There were numerous settlements in this area, including Balakot, Makran . 25°59′N 62°44′E  /  25.983°N 62.733°E  / 25.983; 62.733 This Balochistan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Pakistan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to

805-586: The inhabitants of the Kech River Valley already cultivated wheat and barley, as well as lentils. They had domesticated cattle, goats, and sheep. They also caught fish from the Oman Sea. During Period II, the building of massive architectural structures continued, and a quadrangular stone complex was built. Later, mud brick constructions also appear on top of some of these stone buildings. At Miri Qalat, some links with Uruk culture ceramics were also found. The related site of Balakot, Makran , going back to 4000 BCE,

840-596: The monotony of the barren region which it traverses. Though the river is easy to cross, dangerous quicksands exist in some places. There are remains of a 16th century dam close to Bonistan village which is known as Band-e-Gillar. However no considerable research or historic evidence is available to determine how the people built the dam and how the water was used downstream. 27°10′00″N 63°27′00″E  /  27.1667°N 63.45°E  / 27.1667; 63.45 Makran Makran ( Persian : مكران ), also mentioned in some sources as Mecran and Mokrān ,

875-431: The population concentrated in a string of small ports including Chabahar , Gwatar , Jiwani , Jask , Sirik , Gwadar (not to be confused with Gwatar), Pasni , Ormara and many smaller fishing villages. There is only one island off the coast of Makran, Astola Island , near Pasni although there are several small islets. The coastline has a number of lagoons and bays. The main lagoons are Miani Hor , Khor Kalmat , and

910-548: The process. Baloch raiders plundered Mahmud of Ghazni 's ambassador between Tabbas and Khabis. In revenge, his son Masud defeated them at the latter place, which lies at the foot of the Karman Mountains on the edge of the desert. From the 15th century onward, the area was ruled by the Rind , Buledai , and Gichki. The sultanate held onto the Makran coast throughout the period of British colonial rule, but eventually, only Gwadar

945-849: The river west of Panjgur are the Mazan Dashtuk from the west, the Askani from the east, and the Gwargo from the south. After traversing Panjgur, the main stream turns northward and joins the Mashkel River from Kuhak on the Iranian side just south of the point where it bursts through the Koh-e-Sabz range by the Tank-e-Grawag or Grawag defile . The Mashkel River crosses the Siahan Range at Tank-e-Zurrati and runs along

980-595: The script which was in use in Makran to be "much the same as India", but the spoken language "differed a little from that of India". The Hindu Sewa dynasty ruled much of Baluchistan up until the 7th century CE. The Sibi division carved out of Quetta division still derives its name from Rani Sewi, the queen of the Hindu Sewa dynasty. In 635 or 636 CE, the Hindu Brahman dynasty of Sindh controlled parts of Balochistan. The first Islamic conquest of Makran took place during

1015-451: The seventh century, even in the period when it fell under Persian sovereignty. By comparison in more recent times the last place of Hindu pilgrimage in Makran was Hinglaj , 256 km west of present-day Karachi in Las Bela . Wink has recorded Hiuen Tsang 's notes on the language and script in use in easternmost Makran (eastern parts of Pakistani Balochistan and Sindh): Hiuen Tsang considered

1050-511: The way to Pashkibur [ Peshawar ?] and to the borders of Kashgaria , Sogdia and Chach [ Tashkent ] and of that sea-coast Mazonshahr [ Oman ]. Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Al-Bīrūnī states in his book Alberuni's India that the coast of India begins with Tiz , the capital of Makran. According to historian Andre Wink: Further evidence in the Chachnama makes perfectly clear that many areas of Makran as of Sindh had

1085-526: The western side of Kharan to the Hamun-i-Mashkel, the total length from the source of the Rakshan being 258 miles. Through a considerable water course, the banks of the Rakshan are low, shelving and irregular, consisting of hard clay known as kork in the Balochi language . The river carries high floods, but owing to its breadth they never do much harm. The bed contains a little tamarisk or grass to relieve

Rakshan River - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-621: Was also studied by archaeologists. After the victory of the Mauryan Empire against the Greeks in the Seleucid–Mauryan war , Baluchistan came under the rule of Chandragupta Maurya of ancient India. Chandragupta and Seleucus made a peace settlement in 304 BCE. Seleucus I Nicator ceded the satrapies, including those in Baluchistan to the expanding Mauryan Empire. The alliance was solidified with

1155-453: Was left in the hands of the sultan. On the independence of Pakistan , Makran became a district within the province of Balochistan, with the exception of an area of 800 km (310 sq mi) around Gwadar. Makran ( Urdu : ریاست مکران ) was an autonomous princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India until 1947, before acceding to Pakistan as an autonomous princely state of Pakistan . It ceased to exist in 1955. It

1190-415: Was located in the extreme southwest of present-day Pakistan , an area now parts of the districts of Gwadar , Kech and Panjgur . The state did not include the enclave of Omani Gwadar , which was under Omani rule until 1958. Makran state was ruled by Gichki Nawabs, who were of Rajputs origins. Their ancestor, Jagat Singh had migrated from Rajputana in the 17th century and became Muslim. In 1958

1225-532: Was reconquered by the usurper Chach of Alor in 631. Ten years later, it was described to be "under the government of Persia" by Xuanzang who visited the region. Three years later however, when the Arabs invaded, it was regarded as the "frontier of Al-Hind ". The Brahmin King of Sindh, Maharaja Chacha met the invaders outside Broach and defeated them with heavy slaughter also killing their very Commander-in-Chief Abdul Aziz in

#228771