48-712: Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is the local government responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of Salt Lake and Rajarhat areas in Greater Kolkata . Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation was headed by Administrator Pawan Kadyan, IAS till elections were held in October 2015 after delimitation into 41 wards (Ward No.s 1 to 26 from Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality, Ward No. 27 from Mahishbathan II Gram Panchayat and Ward No.s 28 to 44 from Bidhannagar Municipality). This constituted its first Board of Councillors and Mayor-in-Council with Pawan Kadyan, IAS transitioning into
96-464: A combined population exceeding 500 Gram Sabha . Clusters of villages are also sometimes called Hobli or Patti. Certain governmental functions and activities - including clean water availability, rural development, and education - are tracked at a sub-village level. These hamlets are termed "habitations". India is composed of 1,714,556 habitations In some states, most villages have a single habitation; in others (notably Kerala and Tripura ) there
144-633: A framework of governance for cities within the state. Various processes including rules for elections, recruitment of staff, and demarcation of urban areas derive from the state municipal acts. Almost 70 different municipal acts in India govern the cities in the country. Typically, the municipal acts are of three types - statewide general municipalities acts, separate acts for establishing municipal corporations, and acts that are specific to individual municipal corporations. All municipal acts in India provide for functions, powers and responsibilities to be carried out by
192-577: A nested hierarchy of administrative divisions . Indian states and territories frequently use different local titles for the same level of subdivision (e.g., the mandals of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana correspond to tehsils of Uttar Pradesh and other Hindi-speaking states but to talukas of Gujarat , Goa , Karnataka , Kerala , Maharashtra , and Tamil Nadu ). The smaller subdivisions (villages and blocks ) exist only in rural areas. In urban areas, urban local bodies exist instead of these rural subdivisions. The diagram below outlines
240-470: A revenue district, is a basic administrative unit under a state or union territory. Each District is headed by an IAS officer called District Magistrate . A sub-division is an administrative division of a district in India. In some states( Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Tamil Nadu , Kerala ) they are called Revenue Divisions . It is headed by a sub-divisional magistrate (also known as assistant collector or assistant commissioner). In some states,
288-635: A synergy and are expected to result in an extension and deepening of democracy in India. Hence, panchayats have journeyed from an institution within the culture of India to attain constitutional status. 2. Mandal Praja Parishad 3.Gram Panchayat 5.Municipality 6.Nagar Panchayat 2.Anchal Samiti 3.Gram Panchayat 5.Municipality 2.Anchalik Samiti 3.Gaon Panchayat 5.Municipality 6.Town Panchayat 2.Panchayat Samiti 3.Gram Panchayat 5.Municipality Administrative divisions of India The administrative divisions of India are subnational administrative units of India ; they are composed of
336-504: Is 632,107. Total number of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are 121,761 and 10,950 respectively. Among the 41 wards, Wards no 20 has the highest population with 20,981 residents while ward no 23 has the lowest population with 11,639 residents. Total number of households in BMC is 153,661. Local self-government in India Local government in India is governmental jurisdiction below
384-523: Is a high ratio of habitations to villages. A metro area usually comprises multiple jurisdictions and municipalities: neighbourhoods, townships, cities, exurbs, suburbs, counties, districts, states, and even nations like the eurodistricts. As social, economic, and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. Metropolitan areas include one or more urban areas, as well as satellite cities, towns, and intervening rural areas that are socio-economically tied to
432-556: Is a three-tier system with elected bodies at the village, taluk and district levels. The modern system is based in part on traditional Panchayat governance , in part on the vision of Mahatma Gandhi and in part by the work of various committees to harmonize the highly centralized Indian governmental administration with a degree of local autonomy. The result was intended to create greater participation in local government by people and more effective implementation of rural development programs. Although, as of 2015, implementation in all of India
480-889: Is approximately 3.2% of the Total Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA). The jurisdiction of BMC includes Salt Lake (a planned satellite town of Kolkata and previously under "Bidhannagar Municipality"), Mahishbathan II Gram Panchayat (which consisted of Tarulia, Mahisgote and Thakdari) and Rajarhat (previously under "Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality" which consisted of Kestopur , Chandiberia, Baguiati , Udayan Pally, Santosh Pally, Jagatpur, Ashwini Nagar, Narayantala, Raghunathpur, Arjunpur, Teghoria , Jyangra, Helabottala, Noapara, Adarsha Pally, Pramodgarh, Jyoti Nagar, Hatiara , Kaikhali , Chinar Park, Atghara, Dasadrone, Salua, Bablatala, Narayanpur, Beraberi, Bidisha Pally, Sarada Pally, Ganti and part of NSCBI Airport ). Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation borders Madhyamgram Municipality in
528-465: Is as under: Each zone has a zonal headquarters where a zonal cultural center has been established. Several states have membership in multiple zones, but no state subdivisions are utilized in the zonal divisions. In addition to promoting the culture of the zones they are responsible for, each zonal center also works to cross-promote and create exposure to other cultural zones of India by organizing functions and inviting artistes from other zones. India
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#1733092803301576-562: Is composed of 28 states and eight union territories (including a national capital territory). The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India allows for the formation of autonomous administrative divisions which have been given autonomy within their respective states . Presently, 10 Autonomous Councils in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura are formed by virtue of the Sixth Schedule with
624-686: Is headed by a senior IAS officer called Divisional Commissioner . States like Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Goa , etc. don't have separate divisions or regions. Instead, they're directly split into districts for administrative purposes. As of September 2022, divisions exist in 18 of the 28 states and 3 of the 8 union territories. As of September 2022, there are a total of 102 divisions in India. Some states consist of regions, which have no official administrative governmental status. They are purely geographic regions; some correspond to historic countries, states or provinces. A region may comprise one or more divisions, averaging about three divisions per region. However,
672-446: Is not complete, the intention is for there to be a gram panchayat for each village or group of villages, a tehsil level council, and a zilla panchayat at the district level. In India, the nomenclature of Panchayat Raj institutions varies across different states. At the village level, Panchayat Raj institutions are commonly referred to as gram panchayats in most states. These gram panchayats or village panchayats are responsible for
720-412: Is often the next level of administrative division (for development purposes, whereas tehsil is next to the district for revenue purposes). Villages are often the lowest level of subdivisions in India. The governmental bodies at the village level are called Gram Panchayat , of which there were an estimated 256,000 in 2002. Each Gram Panchayat covers a large village or a cluster of smaller villages with
768-661: The "MC" ) in urban areas and the " Panchayati Raj Institutes (PRI)" (simply called the "panchayats" ) in rural areas. There are 3 types of municipalities based on the population (the criteria differes from state to state), Municipal Corporation ( Nagar Nigam ) with more than 1 million population, Municipal Councils ( Nagar Palika ) with more than 25,000 and less than 1 million population, and Municipal Committee ( Town Panchayat ) with more than 10,000 and less than 25,000 population. The Constitution does not define what exactly would constitute larger or smaller urban area or an area of transition from rural to urban. It has been left to
816-561: The "economic development, and strengthening social justice." The Constitution of India visualises panchayats as institutions of local governance. However, giving due consideration to the federal structure of India's polity, most of the financial powers and authorities to be endowed on panchayats have been left at the discretion of concerned state legislatures. Consequently, the powers and functions vested in PRIs vary from state to state. These provisions combine representative and direct democracy into
864-521: The 74th amendment to the Constitution, have Municipality but derive their powers from the individual state governments, while the powers of rural localities have been formalized under the panchayati raj system, under the 73rd amendment to the Constitution. Within the Administrative setup of India , the democratically elected Local governance bodies are called the " municipalities " (abbreviated as
912-530: The Co-operative Societies" and 3. After Part IX-A of the Constitution Part IX-B was inserted. Part IX-B extended from Article 243ZH to Article 243ZT. The diagram below outlines the three tiers of government : The local governance entities are broadly classified into urban and rural, which are further sub-divided based on the size of population in case of the urban bodies and based on
960-417: The Constitution. The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2011 provided for amendment in following things: 1. It amended article 19(1)c by inserting after the word 'or unions' the words 'or Co-operative Societies'. 2. It also inserted Article 43B in part IV of the Constitution as "The State shall endeavor to promote Voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional Management of
1008-412: The administration and governance of rural areas at the grassroots level. The block or tehsil level Panchayat Raj institutions are known by different names in different states. For instance, in some states, they are called block panchayats, while in others, they are referred to as panchayat samitis, panchayat unions and mandal parishads. The specific names may vary from state to state, but the purpose remains
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#17330928033011056-536: The boundaries of the regions and the boundaries of the divisions do not always coincide exactly. So far there has been no movement to give the regions official administrative status. If this was to be done, it would presumably require that the boundaries of the regions be slightly modified so that they correspond exactly with their constituent districts. States and territories (or divisions) are further subdivided into districts ( zilla ), of which there are 797 (as of Nov 2023). A district in India, officially referred to as
1104-469: The budget of the city government is fund surplus with a budget of ₹ 424.8 crore (US$ 51 million) while its total revenue stands at ₹ 425 crore (US$ 51 million). A lot of funds were allocated for disaster management and covid relief while an allocation of ₹ 150 crore (US$ 18 million) was made for a road repairing scheme to have the transport infrastructure upgraded. As per 2011 census, total population under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation
1152-487: The following recommendations: that much of the developmental functions at the district level would be played by the panchayats. The states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal passed new legislation based on this report. However, the flux in politics at the state level did not allow these institutions to develop their own political dynamics. The G.V.K. Rao Committee was appointed by Planning Commission to once again look at various aspects of PRIs. The Committee
1200-631: The functions entrusted to them by the Act. However, the Act has not provided them with any powers directly and has instead left it to state government discretion. These are all functions of MCs The democratically elected local governance bodies in the villages of rural India are called Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) which are based on the vedic era native democratic panchayat (Council of five officials) system. The following 3 hierarchies of PRI panchayats exist in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants: The panchayati raj system
1248-613: The grassroots level as it is at the state level or national level". Its main features are as follows: Cooperative Societies are taken under "Local Government" after 97th Constitutional Amendment act 2011, under Dr. Manmohan Singh 's government. Part-IX of Indian Constitution is related to Local Government, under which Panchayat Raj was defined, then after 74th Amendment Municipal Corporation and council were included and defined by inducing Part IX-A, and in 2011, Cooperative Societies were included in Local Government by inducing Part IX-B in
1296-915: The land and revenue department, headed by tehsildar ; and blocks come under the rural development department, headed by the block development officer and serve different government administrative functions over the same or similar geographical area. States use varying names for their sub-districts. Detailed information is as follows (as of 2018): Census of India (2011) states the following criteria in defining towns. They are: All areas under statutory urban administrative units like Municipal Corporation , #India , Cantonment Board , Notified Town Area Committee, Town Panchayat , etc., are known as Statutory Towns. Census towns are areas in India that have urban characteristics but are not defined as towns by state governments. They are governed by rural local bodies like gram panchayats, unlike statutory towns. The Community Development Block also known as CD Block or just block,
1344-442: The laying out of areas, securing or removal of dangerous buildings or places, construction and maintenance of public parks, gardens, libraries, museums, rest houses, leper homes, orphanages and rescue homes for women, public buildings, planting of trees and maintenance of roads, housing for low income groups, conducting surveys, organizing public receptions, public exhibitions, public entertainment, provision of transport facilities with
1392-577: The level of the state . Local self-government means that residents in towns, villages and rural settlements are the people who elect local councils and their heads authorising them to solve the important issues. India is a federal republic with three spheres of government: union , state and local. The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments give recognition and protection to local governments and in addition each state has its own local government legislation. Since 1992, local government in India takes place in two very distinct forms. Urban localities, covered in
1440-727: The municipal government. These are divided into two categories: obligatory and discretionary. The mandatory functions of MC include the supply of pure and wholesome water, construction and maintenance of public streets, lighting and watering of public streets, cleaning of public streets, places and sewers, regulation of offensive, dangerous or obnoxious trades and callings or practices, maintenance or support of public hospitals, establishment and maintenance of primary schools, registration of births and deaths, removing obstructions and projections in public streets, bridges and other places, naming streets and numbering houses, maintenance of law and public order, etc. The discretionary functions of MC include
1488-461: The municipality, and promotion of welfare of municipal employees. Some of the functions of the urban bodies overlap with the work of state agencies. The functions of the municipality, including those listed in the Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution , are left to the discretion of the state government. Local bodies have to be bestowed with adequate powers, authority and responsibility to perform
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1536-399: The new Constitutional Amendment Act. Following laws and subsequent amendments were passed to implement the selected recommendations of various committees. The idea which produced the 73rd Amendment was not a response to pressure from the grassroots, but to an increasing recognition that the institutional initiatives of the preceding decade had not delivered, that the extent of rural poverty
1584-487: The north, Rajarhat block in the south, New Town in the east and South Dum Dum in the west Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is divided into 41 wards. The 41 wards are arranged into 6 boroughs. Each ward elects a councillor. The mayor is responsible for the overall functioning of the BMC and has a tenure of five years. At present, the All India Trinamool Congress holds the power in the BMC. As of 2020,
1632-481: The participation of the people in the process of planning and development. It recommended: The suggestion of giving panchayats constitutional status was opposed by the Sarkaria Commission, but the idea, however, gained momentum in the late 1980s especially because of the endorsement by the late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi , who introduced the 64th Constitutional Amendment Bill in 1989. The 64th Amendment Bill
1680-602: The post is designated as Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO) or Sub-Divisional Officer (Civil). A district may have multiple sub-divisions, and each of those sub-divisions may contain multiple sub-districts ( tehsils / C.D. Blocks ) and municipalities. For example, in West Bengal , the Murshidabad district contains five sub-divisions ( mahakumas ) In some instances, tehsils (sub-districts) overlap with " blocks " (panchayat union blocks or community development blocks) and come under
1728-511: The process of improving economic and social conditions in rural areas. The Committee held that community development would only be deep and enduring when the community was involved in the planning, decision-making and implementation process. The suggestions were for as follows: The PRi structure did not develop the requisite democratic momentum and failed to cater to the needs of rural development . There are various reasons for such an outcome which include political and bureaucratic resistance at
1776-613: The rest being formed as a result of other legislation. There are 10 Autonomous District Councils created by the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India : Some states have created autonomous councils by an Act of their state legislatures. The two autonomous councils in the union territory of Ladakh was created by the state of Jammu and Kashmir (1952 – 2019). Many of the Indian states are subdivided into divisions, which have official administrative governmental status, and each division
1824-471: The role of Municipal Commissioner. BMC consists of 41 wards (grouped in 6 boroughs). The Corporation is under administrative jurisdiction of Bidhannagar subdivision in the district of North 24 Parganas and police jurisdiction of Bidhannagar City Police . The current Municipal Commissioner is Sujay Sarkar, IAS, who has been in the post since 29 April 2022. This civic administrative body administers an area of 60.5 square kilometres (23.4 sq mi) which
1872-477: The rural population. As of 2020, there were about 3 million elected representatives at all levels of the panchayat, nearly 1.3 million are women. These members represent more than 2.4 lakh (240,000) gram panchayats , about over 6,672 were intermediate level panchayat samitis at the block level and more than 500 zila parishads at district level. Following the 2013 local election, 37.1% of councillors were women, and in 2015/16 local government expenditure
1920-580: The same – to oversee the development and welfare activities at the block or tehsil level. The district level Panchayat Raj institutions are known by different names in different states, such as zilla panchayat, zilla parishad, district council and district panchayat. Defined in the Part IX of the Indian Constitution, these are responsible for the 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule including
1968-627: The six tiers of administrative divisions: The states of India have been grouped into six zones having an Advisory Council "to develop the habit of cooperative working" among these States. Zonal Councils were set up vide Part-III of the States Reorganisation Act , 1956. The North Eastern States' special problems are addressed by another statutory body - The North Eastern Council, created by the North Eastern Council Act, 1971. The present composition of each of these Zonal Councils
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2016-412: The size of population and hierarchy in case of the rural bodies. The following 3 types of democratically elected urban local governance bodies in India are called municipalities and abbreviated as the "MC" . These are classified based on the size of the population of the urban settlement. Municipal Acts are state level legislations to establish municipal governments in urban areas. These acts provide
2064-556: The state governments to fix their own criteria. The Article also states that apart from population, other parameters such as density of population, percentage of population in non-agricultural employment, annual revenue generation etc., may be taken into account by the states. PRIs in rural areas have 3 hierarchies of panchayats, Gram panchayats at village level, Panchayat Samiti at block level, and Zilla panchayats at district level. Panchayats cover about 96% of India's more than 5.8 lakh (580,000) villages and nearly 99.6% of
2112-467: The state level to share power and resources with local-level institutions, the domination of local elites over the major share of the benefits of welfare schemes, lack of capability at the local level and lack of political will. It was decided to appoint a high-level committee under the chairmanship of Ashok Mehta to examine and suggest measures to strengthen PRIs. The Committee had to evolve an effective decentralised system of development for PRIs. They made
2160-589: Was 16.3% of total government expenditure. Various committees were formed to study the issues and make recommendations for the implementation of local governance in India. In 1957, a committee led by Balwant Rai Mehta studied the Community Development Projects and the National Extension Service and assessed the extent to which the movement had succeeded in utilising local initiatives and in creating institutions to ensure continuity in
2208-496: Was of the opinion that a total view of rural development must be taken in which PRIs must play a central role in handling people's problems. It recommended the following: - this is GVK Rao Committee main topics which they focused on. A committee led by Laxmi Mall Singhvi was constituted in the 1980s to recommend ways to revitalize PRIs. The Gram Sabha was considered as the base of a municipality decentralised, and PRIs viewed as institutions of governance which would actually facilitate
2256-599: Was prepared and introduced in the lower house of Parliament. But it got defeated in the Rajya Sabha as non-convincing. He lost the general elections too. In 1989, the National Front introduced the 74th Constitutional Amendment Bill, which could not become an Act because of the dissolution of the Ninth Lok Sabha. All these various suggestions and recommendations and means of strengthening PRIs were considered while formulating
2304-568: Was still much too large and thus the existing structure of government needed to be reformed. This idea evolved from the Centre and the state governments. It was a political drive to see PRIs as a solution to the governmental crises that India was experiencing. The Constitutional (73rd Amendment) Act, passed in 1992 by the Narasimha Rao government, came into force on April 24, 1993. It was meant to provide constitutional sanction to establish "democracy at
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