114-451: Survivor Hindi is an Indian Hindi -language reality television show, which was originally based on Swedish show Expedition Robinson created in 1997 by Charlie Parsons and is part of Survivor India . The series was filmed in the summer of 2011 and premiered on 6 January 2012 on Star Plus . The show was hosted by Sameer Kochhar . The show is produced by Miditech Pvt. Ltd. and is aired on weekend nights. Like many of its counterparts,
228-561: A bad start when their precious watermelon decays. The two tribes form a five members team each and build a raft for their immunity challenge. Evelyn abstained from participating because of being overweight. Samir Kochchar imparts a tragic news to Gisele. Gisele was conflicted about leaving the competition for her sick grandmother, but eventually refused to quit the show. After losing the challenge, Tayak tribe faced Tribal council. Gisele's inability to take part in challenges because of her injury lead to her eventual vote out by 7–2–1. Roosters flock
342-573: A core vocabulary of native Prakrit and Sanskrit-derived words. However, Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and contains more direct tatsama Sanskrit -derived words than Urdu, whereas Urdu is written in the Perso-Arabic script and uses more Arabic and Persian loanwords compared to Hindi. Because of this, as well as the fact that the two registers share an identical grammar, a consensus of linguists consider them to be two standardised forms of
456-709: A family of giant, primitive, python-like snakes, was around until 50,000 years ago in Australia, represented by genera such as Wonambi . Recent molecular studies support the monophyly of the clades of modern snakes, scolecophidians, typhlopids + anomalepidids, alethinophidians, core alethinophidians, uropeltids ( Cylindrophis , Anomochilus , uropeltines), macrostomatans, booids, boids, pythonids and caenophidians. While snakes are limbless reptiles, evolved from (and grouped with) lizards, there are many other species of lizards that have lost their limbs independently but which superficially look similar to snakes. These include
570-410: A feast and Sangram is given the right to allot a specific dish to each of his tribe mates. For the second time in a row, Raj Rani wins the immunity challenge. After a lot of deliberation, the survivors face the tribal council where Rohit sits as the first jury member and Harrison is voted out of the game over Sthitpragya in a close 5–4 vote despite Sangram betraying his original alliance. Day thirty six,
684-447: A fire, Tayak tribe eats raw rice to survive. In Catan tribe, JD and Abhinav have a disagreement over boating. After 3 days, the two tribes meet for an Immunity cum Reward challenge. Gisele from Tayak tribe, abstains from participating in the challenge due to an injury. Tayak tribe wins the immunity challenge and chooses fire kit as their reward. Michael scares his tribemates with his tantrum. JD's tribemates find him domineering. After losing
798-442: A fulfilling meal of Indian food, the survivors worry about forming new alliances. Walo Walo tribe mates meet for an individual immunity challenge which Rajrani wins. After a lot of deliberation, Rohit's tactics were soon figured out by his tribe mates and he was voted out 6–4. Day thirty four, WaloWalo tribe mates meet for an exclusive reward challenge. Sangram wins the challenge and is rewarded with cosmetics. The survivors are served
912-455: A group with Rajesh and Abhinav. The two tribes meet for an immunity cum reward challenge. After losing the challenge, Catan tribe faced Tribal council. Munisha's bad performance in challenges and Karan's deteriorating health, made them ideal candidates for the vote out, however, Karan's inability to cope with the living conditions that developed because of losing two reward challenges in a row leading to Catan running short of food forced him to quit
1026-451: A heavy lead when Catan tribe members missed a couple of shots at smashing the tiles, however, a great comeback from the Catan tribe resulted in them becoming the winners of the challenge and the immunity. Munisha, due to her leg injury and to equal members on both sides, was asked to sit out of the challenge. After losing the challenge, Tayak tribe faced Tribal council. Rohit's strategy to eliminate
1140-576: A larger amount are still used in Urdu poetry written in the Devanagari script. Many words borrowed from Persian in turn were loanwords from Arabic (e.g. muśkil "difficult", havā "air", x(a)yāl "thought", kitāb "book"). Hindi also makes extensive use of loan translation ( calqueing ) and occasionally phono-semantic matching of English . Many Hindustani words were derived from Portuguese due to interaction with colonists and missionaries: Snake Snakes are elongated, limbless reptiles of
1254-529: A literary language in the 19th century. Earliest examples could be found as Prēm Sāgar by Lallu Lal , Batiyāl Pachīsī of Sadal Misra, and Rānī Kētakī Kī Kahānī of Insha Allah Khan which were published in Devanagari script during the early 19th century. John Gilchrist was principally known for his study of the Hindustani language , which was adopted as the lingua franca of northern India (including what
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#17329087172091368-406: A manipulative politician and was again voted out 6–1. While watching Tayak's sixth straight Tribal Council, Catan tribe hungrily consumed the kebabs without any compunction. Sai fell target to the power of Rohit, Abhinav and Munisha's alliance and was voted out 3–2. Day thirty two, Catan and Tayak tribes are united to form a new tribe called "Walo Walo" consisting of the existing ten survivors. After
1482-523: A medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages. It
1596-642: A minor component of the North American fauna, but during the Miocene, the number of species and their prevalence increased dramatically with the first appearances of vipers and elapids in North America and the significant diversification of Colubridae (including the origin of many modern genera such as Nerodia , Lampropeltis , Pituophis , and Pantherophis ). There is fossil evidence to suggest that snakes may have evolved from burrowing lizards, during
1710-410: A part of the process of Sanskritisation , new words are coined using Sanskrit components to be used as replacements for supposedly foreign vocabulary. Usually these neologisms are calques of English words already adopted into spoken Hindi. Some terms such as dūrbhāṣ "telephone", literally "far-speech" and dūrdarśan "television", literally "far-sight" have even gained some currency in formal Hindi in
1824-414: A positive cladistical correlation, although some of these features are shared with varanids. Genetic studies in recent years have indicated snakes are not as closely related to monitor lizards as was once believed—and therefore not to mosasaurs, the proposed ancestor in the aquatic scenario of their evolution. However, more evidence links mosasaurs to snakes than to varanids. Fragmented remains found from
1938-544: A second language. A Hindi proponent, Indian-born Paramananda Jha , was elected vice-president of Nepal. He took his oath of office in Hindi in July 2008. This created protests in the streets for 5 days; students burnt his effigies, and there was a general strike in 22 districts. Nepal Supreme Court ruled in 2009 that his oath in Hindi was invalid and he was kept "inactive" as vice-president. An "angry" Jha said, "I cannot be compelled to take
2052-515: A short tail remains of the caudal vertebrae. However, the tail is still long enough to be of important use in many species, and is modified in some aquatic and tree-dwelling species. Many modern snake groups originated during the Paleocene , alongside the adaptive radiation of mammals following the extinction of (non-avian) dinosaurs . The expansion of grasslands in North America also led to an explosive radiation among snakes. Previously, snakes were
2166-521: A simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ). Outside India, several other languages are recognised officially as "Hindi" but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other nearby languages, such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which has an official status in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which
2280-531: A solo immunity challenge. JD wins the challenge and gains immunity. Sangram succeeds at professing his love to Payal, however, fails at convincing his tribe mates not to vote against him. Payal and Raj Rani indulge into a heated argument with each other. Eventually, Sangram was voted out 5–1–1–1 against Payal, Shivam and Raj Rani. Day 38, the remaining seven survivors are overwhelmed when their family members come to meet them. The tribe mates and their families face an exclusive reward challenge. Shivam and his father win
2394-569: A standardised form of Hindustani separate from Urdu took form. In 1881, Bihar accepted Hindi as its sole official language, replacing Urdu, and thus became the first state of India to adopt Hindi. However, in 2014, Urdu was accorded second official language status in the state. After independence, the Government of India instituted the following conventions: On 14 September 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted Hindi written in
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#17329087172092508-526: A third tribe consisting of the eliminated tribe members after his vote-out onwards. Shivam's deceit by voting Rishi off the island leaves Raj Rani and Sthitpragya distressed. All alone in the Ayunan tribe, with no tribe mates or any other resources to survive, Rishi goes frantic. An immunity and reward challenge is set up between the two tribes. After losing the challenge, Catan tribe faced Tribal council. Ex-Tayak members along with JD chose to blindside Shilpa and she
2622-420: Is a finer one, barely visible; the cavities are connected internally, separated only by a membrane with nerves that are extraordinarily attuned to detecting temperature changes between. As in the overlapping vision fields of human eyes, the forward-facing pit on either side of the face combined produces a field of vision: a pit viper can distinguish between objects and their environments, as well as accurately judge
2736-642: Is a standard register of the Hindustani language; additionally, Indian media are widely viewed in Pakistan. A sizeable population in Afghanistan , especially in Kabul , can also speak and understand Hindi-Urdu due to the popularity and influence of Bollywood films, songs and actors in the region. Hindi is also spoken by a large population of Madheshis (people having roots in north-India but having migrated to Nepal over hundreds of years) of Nepal . Apart from this, Hindi
2850-415: Is adapted for burrowing and its stomach indicates that it was preying on other animals. It is currently uncertain if Tetrapodophis is a snake or another species, in the squamate order, as a snake-like body has independently evolved at least 26 times. Tetrapodophis does not have distinctive snake features in its spine and skull. A study in 2021 places the animal in a group of extinct marine lizards from
2964-460: Is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary, standard Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani, as both Hindi and Urdu share a core vocabulary base derived from Prakrit (a descendant of Sanskrit). Hindi is also spoken, to a lesser extent, in other parts of India (usually in
3078-409: Is an official language of Gujarat , along with Gujarati . It acts as an additional official language of West Bengal in blocks and sub-divisions with more than 10% of the population speaking Hindi. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of official language in the following Union Territories : Delhi , Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu . Although there
3192-472: Is associated with DNA mutations in the Zone of Polarizing Activity Regulatory Sequence (ZRS), a regulatory region of the sonic hedgehog gene which is critically required for limb development. More advanced snakes have no remnants of limbs, but basal snakes such as pythons and boas do have traces of highly reduced, vestigial hind limbs. Python embryos even have fully developed hind limb buds, but their later development
3306-455: Is based on morphological characteristics and mitochondrial DNA sequence similarity. Alethinophidia is sometimes split into Henophidia and Caenophidia , with the latter consisting of "colubroid" snakes ( colubrids , vipers , elapids , hydrophiids , and atractaspids ) and acrochordids, while the other alethinophidian families comprise Henophidia. While not extant today, the Madtsoiidae ,
3420-542: Is based on the language that was spoken in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab ( Delhi , Meerut and Saharanpur ) called Khariboli ; the vernacular of Delhi and the surrounding region came to replace earlier prestige languages such as Awadhi and Braj . Standard Hindi was developed by supplanting foreign loanwords from the Hindustani language and replacing them with Sanskrit words, though Standard Hindi does continue to possess several Persian loanwords. Modern Hindi became
3534-623: Is borrowed from Sanskrit as tatsam borrowings, especially in technical and academic fields. The formal Hindi standard, from which much of the Persian, Arabic and English vocabulary has been replaced by neologisms compounding tatsam words, is called Śuddh Hindi (pure Hindi), and is viewed as a more prestigious dialect over other more colloquial forms of Hindi. Excessive use of tatsam words sometimes creates problems for native speakers. They may have Sanskrit consonant clusters which do not exist in Hindustani, causing difficulties in pronunciation. As
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3648-455: Is commonly used to specifically refer the modern literary Hindi language, as opposed to colloquial and regional varieties that are also referred to as Hindi in a wider sense . Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi is a direct descendant of an early form of Vedic Sanskrit , through Shauraseni Prakrit and Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa (from Sanskrit apabhraṃśa "corrupt"), which emerged in the 7th century CE. The sound changes that characterised
3762-567: Is mirror to a hand with bangles, What is Persian to a literate. The emergence of Modern Standard Hindi in the 19th century went along with the Sanskritisation of its vocabulary, leading to a marginalisation of Persian vocabulary in Hindi, which continued after Partition when the Indian government co-opted the policy of Sanskritisation. However, many Persian words (e.g. bas "enough", khud "self") have remained entrenched in Standard Hindi, and
3876-597: Is no specification of a national language in the constitution, it is a widely held belief that Hindi is the national language of India. This is often a source of friction and contentious debate. In 2010, the Gujarat High Court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such. Outside Asia , the Awadhi language (an Eastern Hindi dialect) with influence from Bhojpuri , Bihari languages , Fijian and English
3990-454: Is not universal (see Amphisbaenia , Dibamidae , and Pygopodidae ). Living snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica, and on most smaller land masses; exceptions include some large islands, such as Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, and the islands of New Zealand, as well as many small islands of the Atlantic and central Pacific oceans. Additionally, sea snakes are widespread throughout
4104-513: Is now present-day Pakistan ) by British colonists and indigenous people. He compiled and authored An English-Hindustani Dictionary , A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language , The Oriental Linguist , and many more. His lexicon of Hindustani was published in the Perso-Arabic script , Nāgarī script , and in Roman transliteration .In the late 19th century, a movement to further develop Hindi as
4218-618: Is potent enough to cause painful injury or death to humans. Nonvenomous snakes either swallow prey alive or kill by constriction . The English word snake comes from Old English snaca , itself from Proto-Germanic * snak-an- ( cf. Germanic Schnake 'ring snake', Swedish snok 'grass snake'), from Proto-Indo-European root * (s)nēg-o- 'to crawl to creep', which also gave sneak as well as Sanskrit nāgá 'snake'. The word ousted adder , as adder went on to narrow in meaning, though in Old English næddre
4332-572: Is relatively poor because snake skeletons are typically small and fragile making fossilization uncommon. Fossils readily identifiable as snakes (though often retaining hind limbs) first appear in the fossil record during the Cretaceous period. The earliest known true snake fossils (members of the crown group Serpentes) come from the marine simoliophiids , the oldest of which is the Late Cretaceous ( Cenomanian age) Haasiophis terrasanctus from
4446-713: Is spoken by the large Indian diaspora which hails from, or has its origin from the "Hindi Belt" of India. A substantially large North Indian diaspora lives in countries like the United States of America , the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates , Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, South Africa, Fiji and Mauritius , where it is natively spoken at home and among their own Hindustani-speaking communities. Outside India, Hindi speakers are 8 million in Nepal ; 863,077 in
4560-459: Is spoken in Suriname , Trinidad and Tobago , and Guyana . Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, Spanish and English. If counted together with the mutually intelligible Urdu, it is the third most-spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English. According to reports of Ethnologue (2022, 25th edition) Hindi is the third most-spoken language in
4674-477: Is spoken in Fiji. It is an official language in Fiji as per the 1997 Constitution of Fiji, where it referred to it as "Hindustani"; however, in the 2013 Constitution of Fiji , it is simply called " Fiji Hindi " as the official language. It is spoken by 380,000 people in Fiji. Hindi is spoken as a first language by about 77,569 people in Nepal according to the 2011 Nepal census , and further by 1,225,950 people as
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4788-788: Is stopped by the DNA mutations in the ZRS. There are about 3,900 species of snakes, ranging as far northward as the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia and southward through Australia. Snakes can be found on every continent except Antarctica, as well as in the sea, and as high as 16,000 feet (4,900 m) in the Himalayan Mountains of Asia. There are numerous islands from which snakes are absent, such as Ireland , Iceland , and New Zealand (although New Zealand's northern waters are infrequently visited by
4902-565: Is the standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in Devanagari script . It is the official language of India alongside English and the lingua franca of North India . Hindi is considered a Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and neighbouring areas. It is an official language in nine states and three union territories and an additional official language in three other states. Hindi
5016-854: Is the dominant form of Hindi online. In an analysis of YouTube comments, Palakodety et al., identified that 52% of comments were in Romanised Hindi, 46% in English, and 1% in Devanagari Hindi. Traditionally, Hindi words are divided into five principal categories according to their etymology: Hindi has naturally inherited a large portion of its vocabulary from Shauraseni Prakrit , in the form of tadbhava words. This process usually involves compensatory lengthening of vowels preceding consonant clusters in Prakrit, e.g. Sanskrit tīkṣṇa > Prakrit tikkha > Hindi tīkhā . Much of Standard Hindi's vocabulary
5130-566: Is written in the Devanagari script, an abugida . Devanagari consists of 11 vowels and 33 consonants and is written from left to right. Unlike Sanskrit, Devanagari is not entirely phonetic for Hindi, especially failing to mark schwa deletion in spoken Standard Hindi. The Government of India uses Hunterian transliteration as its official system of writing Hindi in the Latin script. Various other systems also exist, such as IAST , ITRANS and ISO 15919 . Romanised Hindi , also called Hinglish ,
5244-471: The Cretaceous Period . An early fossil snake relative, Najash rionegrina , was a two-legged burrowing animal with a sacrum , and was fully terrestrial . Najash , which lived 95 million years ago, also had a skull with several features typical for lizards, but had evolved some of the mobile skull joints that define the flexible skull in most modern snakes. The species did not show any resemblances to
5358-575: The Hindi Belt ), as well as an official language of the Government of India, along with English. In Northeast India a pidgin known as Haflong Hindi has developed as a lingua franca for the people living in Haflong , Assam who speak other languages natively. In Arunachal Pradesh , Hindi emerged as a lingua franca among locals who speak over 50 dialects natively. Hindi is quite easy to understand for many Pakistanis , who speak Urdu, which, like Hindi,
5472-553: The Jurassic and Early Cretaceous indicate deeper fossil records for these groups, which may potentially refute either hypothesis. Both fossils and phylogenetic studies demonstrate that snakes evolved from lizards , hence the question became which genetic changes led to limb loss in the snake ancestor. Limb loss is actually very common in extant reptiles and has happened dozens of times within skinks , anguids , and other lizards. In 2016, two studies reported that limb loss in snakes
5586-624: The Jurassic period, with the earliest known fossils dating to between 143 and 167 Ma ago. The diversity of modern snakes appeared during the Paleocene epoch ( c. 66 to 56 Ma ago, after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event ). The oldest preserved descriptions of snakes can be found in the Brooklyn Papyrus . Most species of snake are nonvenomous and those that have venom use it primarily to kill and subdue prey rather than for self-defense. Some possess venom that
5700-814: The United States of America ; 450,170 in Mauritius; 380,000 in Fiji; 250,292 in South Africa; 150,000 in Suriname; 100,000 in Uganda ; 45,800 in the United Kingdom; 20,000 in New Zealand ; 20,000 in Germany ; 26,000 in Trinidad and Tobago; 3,000 in Singapore . Linguistically , Hindi and Urdu are two registers of the same language and are mutually intelligible. Both Hindi and Urdu share
5814-529: The West Bank , dated to between 112 and 94 million years old. Based on genomic analysis it is certain that snakes descend from lizards . This conclusion is also supported by comparative anatomy , and the fossil record. Pythons and boas —primitive groups among modern snakes—have vestigial hind limbs: tiny, clawed digits known as anal spurs , which are used to grasp during mating. The families Leptotyphlopidae and Typhlopidae also possess remnants of
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#17329087172095928-479: The slowworm , glass snake , and amphisbaenians . Leptotyphlopidae Gerrhopilidae Typhlopidae Xenophidiidae Anomalepididae Aniliidae Tropidophiidae Xenopeltidae Loxocemidae Pythonidae Boidae Bolyeridae Xenophidiidae Uropeltidae Anomochilidae Cylindrophiidae Acrochordidae Xenodermidae Pareidae Viperidae Homalopsidae Colubridae Lamprophiidae Elapidae The fossil record of snakes
6042-450: The suborder Serpentes ( / s ɜːr ˈ p ɛ n t iː z / ). Like all other squamates , snakes are ectothermic , amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales . Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads ( cranial kinesis ). To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of
6156-434: The yellow-bellied sea snake and the banded sea krait ). The now extinct Titanoboa cerrejonensis was 12.8 m (42 ft) in length. By comparison, the largest extant snakes are the reticulated python , measuring about 6.95 m (22.8 ft) long, and the green anaconda , which measures about 5.21 m (17.1 ft) long and is considered the heaviest snake on Earth at 97.5 kg (215 lb). At
6270-612: The 50th birthday of Beohar Rajendra Simha on 14 September 1949, the efforts came to fruition following the adoption of Hindi as the official language. Now, it is celebrated as Hindi Day . Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with the official language of the Indian Union. Under Article 343, the official languages of the Union have been prescribed, which includes Hindi in Devanagari script and English: (1) The official language of
6384-502: The Cretaceous period known as dolichosaurs and not directly related to snakes. An alternative hypothesis, based on morphology , suggests the ancestors of snakes were related to mosasaurs —extinct aquatic reptiles from the Cretaceous —forming the clade Pythonomorpha . According to this hypothesis, the fused, transparent eyelids of snakes are thought to have evolved to combat marine conditions (corneal water loss through osmosis), and
6498-623: The Devanagari script as the official language of the Republic of India replacing the previous usage of Hindustani in the Perso-Arabic script in the British Indian Empire . To this end, several stalwarts rallied and lobbied pan-India in favour of Hindi, most notably Beohar Rajendra Simha along with Hazari Prasad Dwivedi , Kaka Kalelkar , Maithili Sharan Gupt and Seth Govind Das who even debated in Parliament on this issue. As such, on
6612-402: The Hindi heartland. Persian borrowings reached a heyday in the 17th century, pervading all aspects of life. Even grammatical constructs, namely the izafat , were assimilated into Hindi. The status of Persian language then and thus its influence, is also visible in Hindi proverbs : हाथ कंगन को आरसी क्या, पढ़े लिखे को फ़ारसी क्या। Hāth kaṅgan ko ārsī kyā, Paṛhe likhe ko Fārsī kyā. What
6726-563: The Hindu/Indian people') was often used in the past, for example by Amir Khusrau in his poetry. The terms Hindi and Hindu trace back to Old Persian which derived these names from the Sanskrit name Sindhu ( सिन्धु ), referring to the Indus River . The Greek cognates of the same terms are Indus (for the river) and India (for the land of the river). The term Modern Standard Hindi
6840-581: The Hox gene expression in the axial skeleton responsible for the development of the thorax became dominant. As a result, the vertebrae anterior to the hindlimb buds (when present) all have the same thoracic-like identity (except from the atlas , axis , and 1–3 neck vertebrae). In other words, most of a snake's skeleton is an extremely extended thorax. Ribs are found exclusively on the thoracic vertebrae. Neck, lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are very reduced in number (only 2–10 lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are present), while only
6954-474: The Indian and Pacific oceans. Around thirty families are currently recognized, comprising about 520 genera and about 3,900 species . They range in size from the tiny, 10.4 cm-long (4.1 in) Barbados threadsnake to the reticulated python of 6.95 meters (22.8 ft) in length. The fossil species Titanoboa cerrejonensis was 12.8 meters (42 ft) long. Snakes are thought to have evolved from either burrowing or aquatic lizards, perhaps during
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#17329087172097068-530: The Official Languages Act of 1963, which provided for the continued use of English indefinitely for all official purposes, although the constitutional directive for the Union Government to encourage the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced its policies. Article 344 (2b) stipulates that the official language commission shall be constituted every ten years to recommend steps for
7182-542: The President may, during the said period, by order authorise the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language and of the Devanagari form of numerals in addition to the international form of Indian numerals for any of the official purposes of the Union. Article 351 of the Indian constitution states: It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as
7296-460: The Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals. (2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, the English language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement: Provided that
7410-528: The ball in Catan's basket. Catan wins the immunity cum reward challenge. For the first time in Survivor India, due to a cyclone, tribal council was held in Tayak Island where Michael was voted off the island 4–2. After four days of cyclone, the two tribes return to their respective islands to witness nature's destruction. They set about re-building shelter and removing the debris. The survivors remain stoic in
7524-471: The challenge and are rewarded with a picnic at an exotic spot on the island. Shivam shares the picnic with Sthitpragiya and his brother. Walo Walo tribe mates meet for an immunity challenge, which Abhinav wins. The survivors face the tribal council and Munisha is voted out 5–2. Day forty, the remaining six survivors meet for an exclusive reward challenge. Abhinav wins the challenge and chooses to share his reward with Sthitpragya and Rajrani. While they indulge in
7638-501: The challenge with the most game points and chooses fruit basket as their reward. While Catan tribe enjoys the delicious fruits, Tayak tribe decides to vote Michael or Sanober off the game. Enmity between Gisele and Sanober intensifies. After losing the challenge, Tayak tribe faced Tribal council and Sanober was voted out 8–2–1. Pouring rain, dwindling food and rats take a toll on the two tribes. In Tayak tribe, Michael impressed his tribe mates by kindling fire in pouring rain. Catan tribe has
7752-490: The challenge, Catan tribe faced Tribal council. Priyanka's tribe mates found her manipulative and she was voted out 6–2–1–1. Day eleven in Tayak tribe, Michael finds sweet potatoes growing on the island. While his tribe mates savour the potatoes, Evelyn and Preeti have an altercation that ends in tears. Catan tribe splits into two after Priyanka is voted off the game. While Shilpa, JD and Payal rejoice Priyanka's departure, Karan forms
7866-527: The ears. Some primitive snakes are known to have possessed hindlimbs, but their pelvic bones lacked a direct connection to the vertebrae. These include fossil species like Haasiophis , Pachyrhachis and Eupodophis , which are slightly older than Najash . This hypothesis was strengthened in 2015 by the discovery of a 113-million-year-old fossil of a four-legged snake in Brazil that has been named Tetrapodophis amplectus . It has many snake-like features,
7980-641: The end of their journey on the island. Samir Kochchar, the host of Survivor India welcomes the 3 finalists, JD, Raj Rani, and Sthitpragya along with the 7 jury members to the Grand Finale. The 22 survivors reunite to relive their experiences, rivalries and alliances on the show during the 45 days on the Caramoan Islands. The finalists make their speeches before the 7 jury members cast their votes. Raj Rani wins Survivor India and walks away with one crore rupees. The show generally received positive reviews both from
8094-614: The external ears were lost through disuse in an aquatic environment. This ultimately led to an animal similar to today's sea snakes . In the Late Cretaceous , snakes recolonized land, and continued to diversify into today's snakes. Fossilized snake remains are known from early Late Cretaceous marine sediments, which is consistent with this hypothesis; particularly so, as they are older than the terrestrial Najash rionegrina . Similar skull structure, reduced or absent limbs, and other anatomical features found in both mosasaurs and snakes lead to
8208-472: The face of destruction but break down on receiving letters from their beloved ones. As the tribes arrived for the Reward Challenge, Sameer shocked them, saying that whoever wins, both tribes would go to Tribal Council to vote someone out. To equal members on both tribes Payal and Raj Rani from Catan sat out of the challenge. Catan tribe won the challenge. Later at Catan Tribal Council, Shilpa was perceived as
8322-458: The game, hence, no vote occurred for his removal. Raj Rani impresses Shilpa with her spicy sweet potatoes. While Tayak tribe savours chicken soup, Catan tribe wallows in hunger and two consecutive defeats. Michael gifts a jar of salt to Shilpa. Day thirteen on the island, the two tribes met for an exclusive reward challenge. Formation of new Tayak and Catan tribes evokes mixed feelings in the Survivor India contestants. Shilpa forms an alliance with
8436-451: The game. After an endurance challenge among the five of them, Michael emerged as the winner and was given the choice to pick one of the four remaining members to join the game again. Michael chose Shilpa for her determination and therefore the game ended for Rishi, Evelyn and Rajesh. After making a surprise entry in the game, the two returnees are not very warmly welcomed by their ex-tribe mates. Shilpa and Michael, being immune, were safe from
8550-437: The head, between the nostrils and the eyes. In fact the pit looks like an extra pair of nostrils. All snakes have the ability to sense warmth with touch and heat receptors like other animals ;however, the highly developed pit of the pit vipers is distinctive. Each pit is made of a pit cavity and an inner cavity, the larger one lies just behind and generally below the level of the nostril, and opens forward. Behind this larger cavity
8664-517: The host of Survivor India, welcomes 22 competitors who are to be marooned for 45 days in the exotic yet dangerous Caramoan islands in Philippines, without food, drinking water, shelter, technology and civilization. The competitors must salvage food and shelter and survive the island and each other. The 22 competitors are divided into two tribes of eleven, celebrities against ordinary people, and they will reside in two separate islands. The Catan tribe, with
8778-551: The immunity challenge, Catan tribe faced tribal council. Sylvie's incompetent skills in the challenges due to her old age lead to her vote out by 10–1. Fourth night on the island and Michael's aggression gets to the Tayak tribemates. Meanwhile, the Catan tribemates try to salvage their clothes and food from pouring rain. Payal uses up clean water to bathe, leaving her tribemates without drinking water. Michael's generous eating habit depletes Tayak tribe's food ration. The two tribes meet for an immunity cum reward challenge. Catan tribe wins
8892-416: The island and delight the non-vegetarians in both the tribes. Tayak tribe celebrates their first egg while Catan tribe dreams of chicken meat. Payal sets about cleaning the island to make a better impression on her tribe mates. Meanwhile, Karan and Priyanka form a close bond. Their relationship becomes a hot topic for gossip among the Catan tribe mates. The two tribes meet for an immunity challenge. After losing
9006-454: The island of Ayunan. In Tayak tribe, Abhinav doubts Rohit's intentions. In Ayunan tribe, Rajesh tells Shilpa about Rohit's betrayal. In Catan tribe, while JD forms an alliance with the non celebrities, Payal and Sangram's friendship grows stronger. After losing the challenge, Tayak tribe faced Tribal council. Evelyn's proud nature despite her failing attempts at the challenges made her underestimate Munisha's bonding with her tribe members. With
9120-531: The last 125 years, there are no academic studies of any of them – of their use in South Africa, their evolution and current decline. Hindi is adopted as the third official court language in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi . As a result of this status, the Indian workforce in UAE can file their complaints to the labour courts in the country in their own mother-tongue. Hindi is the lingua franca of northern India (which contains
9234-424: The luxury, Payal, JD, and Shivam discuss elimination strategy. Raj Rani thanks Abhinav for giving her a memorable birthday. Walo Walo tribe mates meet for a solo immunity challenge. Abhinav wins immunity two times in a row. After a lot of deliberation, Payal is voted off the game 4–2. JD wins the immunity challenge on day 42. Raj Rani, JD, Shivam, and Sthitpragya remain loyal to their group and vote against Abhinav at
9348-501: The media and the audience IBN Live credited the show as "bold and intriguing" and predicted it to go even beyond India's biggest reality show Bigg Boss . Survivor India , in its very first week, found place in the Top 10 chart issued by TAM India, with 3.82 points. The show figured was placed No. 8 on the charts. What caught everyone’s attention is that the Star Plus reality show, adapted from
9462-545: The modern burrowing blind snakes, which have often been seen as the most primitive group of extant forms. One extant analog of these putative ancestors is the earless monitor Lanthanotus of Borneo (though it is also semiaquatic ). Subterranean species evolved bodies streamlined for burrowing, and eventually lost their limbs. According to this hypothesis, features such as the transparent , fused eyelids ( brille ) and loss of external ears evolved to cope with fossorial difficulties, such as scratched corneas and dirt in
9576-641: The oath now in Nepali. I might rather take it in English." Hindi is a protected language in South Africa . According to the Constitution of South Africa , the Pan South African Language Board must promote and ensure respect for Hindi along with other languages. According to a doctoral dissertation by Rajend Mesthrie in 1985, although Hindi and other Indian languages have existed in South Africa for
9690-569: The official language of the imperial court during the reign of Shah Jahan . It is recorded that Emperor Aurangzeb spoke in Hindvi . The Hindustani vernacular became an expression of Indian national unity during the Indian Independence movement , and continues to be spoken as the common language of the people of the northern Indian subcontinent, which is reflected in the Hindustani vocabulary of Bollywood films and songs. Standard Hindi
9804-466: The original Tayak members proved successful once again and with the vote of 4–3 against Preeti, Michael was voted out and sent to Ayunan. For Rishi, Evelyn and Rajesh it was the end of the road in Survivor India. The two tribes meet for an immunity challenge which the Catan tribe wins. After losing the challenge, Tayak tribe faced Tribal council. Rohit's manipulation of votes and Munisha's bonding with her tribe members proved successful once again and with
9918-569: The other end of the scale, the smallest extant snake is Leptotyphlops carlae , with a length of about 10.4 cm (4.1 in). Most snakes are fairly small animals, approximately 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Some of the most highly developed sensory systems are found in the Crotalidae, or pit vipers—the rattlesnakes and their associates. Pit vipers have all the sense organs of other snakes, as well as additional aids. Pit refers to special infrared-sensitive receptors located on either side of
10032-515: The other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional lung . Some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair of vestigial claws on either side of the cloaca . Lizards have independently evolved elongate bodies without limbs or with greatly reduced limbs at least twenty-five times via convergent evolution , leading to many lineages of legless lizards . These resemble snakes, but several common groups of legless lizards have eyelids and external ears, which snakes lack, although this rule
10146-410: The outcasts who were vote out of the game, formed a new tribe on the island of Ayunan with the same name. Rajesh and Evelyn were blindsided by their members at Tayak and Michael got voted out for engaging in too many verbal fights with fellow castaways. Soon the tribe consisted of a total of five eliminated contestants. A new twist revealed that the outcasts were being given a chance to make a comeback in
10260-422: The outcome of the next immunity challenge which Tayak ended by losing and facing tribal council for the fourth time in a row. Preeti fell target to Rohit's game-plan and was voted out. Deprived of, almost, all of the rewards offered in the challenges, Tayak tribe members suffered from starvation while Catan enjoyed consecutive feasts. Standing against Munisha both Michael and Sai from Tayak were soon voted off. Shilpa
10374-451: The pelvic girdle, appearing as horny projections when visible. Front limbs are nonexistent in all known snakes. This is caused by the evolution of their Hox genes , controlling limb morphogenesis . The axial skeleton of the snakes' common ancestor, like most other tetrapods, had regional specializations consisting of cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral (pelvic), and caudal (tail) vertebrae. Early in snake evolution,
10488-483: The place of the English borrowings (ṭeli)fon and ṭīvī . Hindi also features significant Persian influence, standardised from spoken Hindustani . Early borrowings, beginning in the mid-12th century, were specific to Islam (e.g. Muhammad , Islām ) and so Persian was simply an intermediary for Arabic. Later, under the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire , Persian became the primary administrative language in
10602-581: The popular American format, scored high without any big Bollywood names on board. The show started on 6 January and its opening numbers beat the figures scored by the likes of Hrithik Roshan (3.7), Preity Zinta (3.3), Akshay Kumar (3.0) and Shah Rukh Khan (2.6) over the last year with their shows Just Dance , Guinness World Records – Ab India Todega , Khatron Ke Khiladi Torchaar and Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout respectively. Hindi Modern Standard Hindi ( आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी , Ādhunik Mānak Hindī ), commonly referred to as Hindi ,
10716-522: The progressive use of Hindi language and impose restrictions on the use of the English language by the union government. In practice, the official language commissions are constantly endeavouring to promote Hindi but not imposing restrictions on English in official use by the union government. At the state level, Hindi is the official language of the following Indian states: Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand . Hindi
10830-418: The remaining celebrities in the new Catan tribe. JD finds Sthitpragya, Raj Rani and Shivam's youthful vigor refreshing. The two tribes meet for an immunity challenge. Shilpa's cheer for Tayak tribe upsets JD. After losing the challenge, Catan tribe faced Tribal council. Rishi's new tribe mates found him weak in challenges and he was voted out 5–3. Rishi was then marooned on a secluded island called Ayunan to form
10944-441: The remaining eight survivors were given ten thousand rupees to participate in a fun auction where Samir Kochchar auctions off food and cosmetics. JD wins an advantage for the immunity challenge in the auction. Payal breaks the alliance with JD's group after the blow up between Rajrani and her. To win back Rajrani's alliance, Sangram apologizes for voting against Sthitpragiya in the previous tribal council. Walo Walo tribe mates meet for
11058-402: The reward challenge caused them to underestimate their opposing tribe's mettle. At the first tribal council faced by the Catan tribe, Sylvie was blindsided by her fellow mates and was voted off. With a great comeback the Catan tribe won the successive challenges gaining consecutive two immunity which resulted in eliminations of two of the female members of the Tayak tribe – Sanober and Gisele. From
11172-543: The same language, Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu. Hindi is the most commonly used scheduled language in India and is one of the two official languages of the union , the other being English. Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan and is one of 22 scheduled languages of India , also having official status in Uttar Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir , Delhi , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh and Bihar . Hindi
11286-471: The show has a set number of contestants stranded on an isolated area for a pre-determined number of days until one remains and is given the title Sole Survivor . Aside from the title, the winner also receives ₹ 10 million. Survivor India: Caramoan Islands is the first and only season of the series. It was shot on the islands of Caramoan in the Philippines , from mid September to October 2011. Raj Rani
11400-446: The tenth day on wards, Tayak dominated in challenges, while the depleted Catan lost Priyanka, Karan, Rishi and Shilpa. Priyanka was sent home for being too manipulative under the game-play adopted by the two masterminds of Catan – Shilpa and Rohit. Karan, due to his worsening health problems, became the first contestant in the history of Survivor India to quit. Ex-Tayak members (Rishi, Raj Rani, Shivam and Stithpragya) who joined Catan after
11514-471: The transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to Hindi are: During the period of Delhi Sultanate in medieval India , which covered most of today's north India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal and Bangladesh and which resulted in the contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures , the Sanskrit and Prakrit base of Old Hindi became enriched with loanwords from Persian , evolving into the present form of Hindustani. Hindi achieved prominence in India after it became
11628-434: The tribal council. On day 43, Sthitpragya wins immunity and becomes the first finalist of Survivor India. Sthitpragya and Shivam decide that Raj Rani is a threat and decide to vote against her. However, Sthitpragya, feeling sorry for Raj Rani, decides to tell her that he and others are going to vote her out. Raj Rani is upset by the news and cries. Shivam is angry at Sthitpragya for telling Raj Rani. JD, however, thought Raj Rani
11742-448: The tribe switch saw a change in their alliance when Shivam voted against Rishi, hence, kicking him out of the game. Shivam decided to side with his initial allies after getting to know of Shilpa's intentions to vote against him. JD's vote against Shilpa resulted in her ouster from the island. After Rishi's elimination, he was mysteriously secluded to a new island and was told to await further clues for his survival there. From that point on,
11856-471: The tribe switch, the first five eliminated members were mysteriously secluded to the island of Ayunan where they formed a new tribe, competing for a chance to return to the game. The final ten players merged into the Walo Walo tribe, represented by a snake and the color blue. ^1 Combined Reward and Immunity challenge. ^2 There was no Reward Challenge due to the tribal merge. Sameer Kochchar,
11970-454: The vote of 4–3 Preeti was voted off the island. Day twenty six, Tayak tribe is lacking food and stamina. JD tries to win back Payal and Sangram's trust. The two tribes are assaulted by incessant pouring rain throughout the night. The tribe meet for a challenge. To equal members on both tribes Shilpa from Catan sat out of the challenge. JD and Shivam play strong at the challenge accompanied by a score from Harrison from Tayak who accidentally threw
12084-413: The vote of 7–1 Evelyn was blindsided by her fellow mates and was voted off the island and marooned to Ayunan with Rishi, Shilpa and Rajesh. The Tayak tribe starves as their food stock dwindles. They utilize the preserved chicken to satiate their hunger. In Catan, Sangram receives birthday wishes from his tribe mates. Tayak and Catan meet for immunity cum reward challenge. Tayak tribe, in the beginning, took
12198-668: The world including first and second language speakers. Hindi is the fastest growing language of India , followed by Kashmiri , Meitei , Gujarati and Bengali according to the 2011 census of India . The term Hindī originally was used to refer to inhabitants of the Indo-Gangetic Plain . It was borrowed from Classical Persian هندی Hindī ( Iranian Persian pronunciation: Hendi ), meaning ' of or belonging to Hind (India) ' (hence, ' Indian ' ). Another name Hindavī ( हिन्दवी ) or Hinduī ( हिन्दुई ) (from Persian هندوی 'of or belonging to
12312-492: The yellow bandana, consists of Payal, Karan, Shilpa, Rohit, Rajesh, Sangram, Abhinav, JD, Priyanka, Munisha and Sylvie. The Tayak tribe, with the red bandana, consists of Raj, Rishi, Shivam, Michael, Preeti, Gisele, Sanober, Harrison, Evelyn, Sthitpragya and Sai. The two tribes face a reward challenge. In Tayak tribe, Preeti's tribemates allay her fear and convince her to stay in the competition. Michael accuses his tribemates of stealing his footwear to sabotage him. Failing to start
12426-450: Was blindsided by her fellow mates, who vowed not to vote against her, and was sent home. The ten survivors left witnessed a tribal merge and formed a new tribe named "Walo Walo". The two initial tribes were Catan, represented by a stingray and the color yellow, and Tayak, represented by a shark and the color red. Initially, the Catan tribe consisted of 11 celebrities and Tayak of 11 non-famous people chosen from all over India. Following
12540-555: Was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the Union Government by 1965 (per directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351), with state governments being free to function in the language of their own choice. However, widespread resistance to the imposition of Hindi on non-native speakers, especially in South India (such as those in Tamil Nadu ) led to the passage of
12654-500: Was named the winner in the final episode on 17 March 2012, defeating JD Majethia and Stithpragya in a 4–2–1 vote. Twenty two castaways embarked on the journey of a lifetime in the pristine yet treacherous Philippines . The two tribes were pre-selected before the start of the show. The contestants were divided into two tribes by popularity, Catan, which consisted of castaways who were celebrities, and Tayak, which consisted of castaways who were ordinary people. Catan's inaugural victory in
12768-570: Was the general word for snake. The other term, serpent , is from French, ultimately from Indo-European * serp- 'to creep', which also gave Ancient Greek ἕρπω ( hérpō ) 'I crawl' and Sanskrit sarpá ‘snake’. All modern snakes are grouped within the suborder Serpentes in Linnean taxonomy , part of the order Squamata , though their precise placement within squamates remains controversial. The two infraorders of Serpentes are Alethinophidia and Scolecophidia . This separation
12882-463: Was the most deserving player to win Survivor and that it was unfair to vote her out. He secretly tells her to vote against Shivam. At tribal council, Raj Rani and Shivam tie with two votes each. Raj Rani wins the tie-breaker and Shivam is out of the game. Back at camp, Sthitpragya is upset at JD for his betrayal and gets into an argument with him. The top three finalists burn down their shelters to celebrate
12996-560: Was voted out 4–3. Like Rishi, Shilpa was also marooned on the discrete island of Ayunan and told to await further clues about her survival there. After losing the challenge, Tayak tribe faced Tribal council. For the first time in the history of Survivor India, a tie resulted at the council after which a tie-breaker re-voting occurred between Rajesh and Michael. Rohit chose to betray his alliance with Rajesh and changed his vote from Evelyn to Rajesh. This resulted in Rajesh getting voted out and sent to
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