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73-453: Rainbow Tour may refer to: An event in the life of Eva Perón "Rainbow Tour", a song in the musical Evita Rainbow World Tour , a worldwide arena concert tour in 2000 by Mariah Carey Rainbow Tour (Kesha) , 2017–2018 world tour by Kesha Rainbow Tour 2009, by Miho Fukuhara Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

146-450: A "second I". Juan Perón may have allowed Eva Duarte such intimate exposure and knowledge of his inner circle because of his age: he was 48 and she was 24 when they met. He had come to politics late in life, and was therefore free of preconceived ideas of how his political career should be conducted, and he was willing to accept whatever aid she offered him. In May 1944, it was announced that broadcast performers must organize themselves into

219-535: A Better Future , which dramatized, in soap opera form, the accomplishments of Juan Perón. Often, Perón's own speeches were played during the program. When she spoke, Eva Duarte spoke in ordinary language as a regular woman who wanted listeners to believe what she herself believed about Juan Perón. By the early 1940s, a group of Army officers called the GOU for " Grupo de Oficiales Unidos " (United Officers' Group), nicknamed "The Colonels", had gained considerable influence within

292-540: A boarding house. During this time, young Eva often participated in school plays and concerts. One of her favorite pastimes was the cinema. Though Eva's mother wanted to marry her off to one of the local bachelors, Eva dreamed of becoming a famous actress. Eva's love for acting was reinforced in October 1933, when she played a small role in a school play called Arriba Estudiantes (Students Arise), which Barnes describes as "an emotional, patriotic, flag-waving melodrama". After

365-629: A charity event at the Luna Park Stadium to benefit the victims of an earthquake in San Juan, Argentina . The two were married the following year. Juan Perón was elected President of Argentina in June 1946; during the next six years, Eva Perón became powerful within the pro-Peronist trade unions , primarily for speaking on behalf of labor rights . She also ran the Ministries of Labor and Health, founded and ran

438-431: A daily role in one of their radio dramas called Muy Bien , which aired on Radio El Mundo (World Radio), the most important radio station in the country at that time. Later that year, she signed a five-year contract with Radio Belgrano , which assured her a role in a popular historical-drama program called Great Women of History , in which she played Elizabeth I of England , Sarah Bernhardt , and Alexandra Feodorovna ,

511-428: A debt to Eva for "her example of passion and combativeness". Eva's 1951 biography, La Razón de mi Vida , contains no dates or references to childhood occurrences, and does not list the location of her birth or her name at birth. According to Junín's civil registry, a birth certificate shows that one María Eva Duarte was born on May 7, 1919. Her baptismal certificate lists the date of birth as May 7, 1919 under

584-419: A large majority (63 percent) of the vote in the 1951 presidential elections. In 1951, Duarte was chosen by her husband as a candidate for vice-president. This move was not welcomed by some of Perón's more conservative allies to whom the possibility of Eva becoming president in the event of Juan Perón's death was not acceptable. Eva was immensely popular particularly among working-class women. The intensity of

657-494: A much-publicized "Rainbow Tour" of Europe, meeting with numerous dignitaries and heads of state, such as Francisco Franco and Pope Pius XII . The tour had its genesis in an invitation that the Spanish leader had extended to Juan Perón; Eva decided that if Juan Perón would not accept Franco's invitation for a state visit to Spain, then she would. Argentina had only recently emerged from its "wartime quarantine", thus taking its place in

730-535: A plan to have an "artistic festival" as a fundraiser, and invited radio and film actors to participate. After a week of fundraising, all participants met at a gala held at Luna Park Stadium in Buenos Aires to benefit earthquake victims. It was at this gala, on 22 January 1944, that Eva Duarte first met Colonel Juan Perón . Eva promptly became the colonel's girlfriend. She referred to the day she met her future husband as her "marvelous day". Juan Perón and Eva left

803-459: A prerogative generally reserved for heads of state. Eva Perón has become a part of international popular culture , most famously as the subject of the musical Evita (1976). Cristina Álvarez Rodríguez has said that Evita has never left the collective consciousness of Argentines. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , the second female president of Argentina (after Juan Perón's third wife Isabel Perón ), claims that women of her generation owe

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876-535: A radio station and arranged for Eva to live with the Bustamante family, who were friends of the Duarte family. While the method of Eva's escape from her bleak provincial surroundings is debated, she did begin a new life in Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires in the 1930s was known as the "Paris of South America". The center of the city had many cafés, restaurants, theaters, movie houses, shops, and bustling crowds. In direct contrast,

949-533: A selfless woman in line with the Hispanic myth of marianismo . On 7 May 1952, Evita's 33rd birthday, she was given the title of "Spiritual Leader of the Nation" by her husband. On 4 June 1952, Evita rode with Juan Perón in a parade through Buenos Aires in celebration of his re-election as President of Argentina. Evita was by this point so ill that she was unable to stand without support. Underneath her oversized fur coat

1022-513: A state visit. Eva regarded the royal family 's refusal to meet her as a snub, and canceled the trip to the UK. Eva gave "exhaustion" as the official reason for not going on to Britain. Eva also visited Switzerland during her European tour, a visit that has been viewed as the worst part of the trip. According to the book Evita: A Biography by John Barnes, while she travelled down a street with many people crowding her car, someone threw two stones and smashed

1095-467: A union, and that this union would be the only one permitted to operate in Argentina. Shortly after the formation of the union, Eva Duarte was elected its president. Juan Perón had made the suggestion that performers create a union, and the other performers likely felt it was good politics to elect his mistress. Shortly after her election as president of the union, Eva Duarte began a daily program called Toward

1168-510: A wife and family there. At that time in rural Argentina, it was not uncommon for a wealthy man to have several families. When Eva was a year old, Duarte returned permanently to his legal family, leaving Juana Ibarguren and her children in abject poverty. They were forced to move to the poorest area of Junín. Los Toldos was a village in the dusty region of Las Pampas, with a reputation as a desolate place of poverty. To support herself and her children, Ibarguren sewed clothes for neighbors. The family

1241-608: Is commenting on the use of the term by the supporters of the French Bourbons. The word was used pejoratively and in direct comparison to the derogative term applied to the French popular masses, the sans-culottes of the French bourgeoisie revolution of 1789. In the 20th century, it was also used as an insult by the elite of Argentina to describe the followers of Juan Perón , who served as president of Argentina from 1946 until 1955, and then again briefly from 1973 to 1974. The term

1314-583: Is not surprising", writes Crassweller, "that as her public crusades and her private adorations took on a narrowing intensity after 1946, they simultaneously veered toward the transcendental ." Crassweller compares Evita to Ignatius Loyola , saying she came to be akin to a one-woman Jesuit Order . Eva Perón has often been credited with gaining the right to vote for Argentine women. While Eva did make radio addresses in support of women's suffrage and also published articles in her Democracia newspaper asking male Peronists to support women's right to vote, ultimately

1387-528: The Casa Rosada , Argentina's government house, to demand Juan Perón's release. At 11 pm, Juan Perón stepped onto the balcony of the Casa Rosada and addressed the crowd. Biographer Robert D. Crassweller claims that this moment was particularly powerful because it dramatically recalled important aspects of Argentine history. Crassweller writes that Juan Perón enacted the role of a caudillo addressing his people in

1460-507: The Justicialist Party (celebrated as Día de la Lealtad , or " Loyalty Day "). After his release from prison, Juan Perón decided to campaign for the presidency of the nation, which he won with 54%. Eva campaigned heavily for her husband during his 1946 presidential bid. Using her weekly radio show, she delivered speeches with heavy populist rhetoric urging the poor to align themselves with Perón's movement. In 1947, Eva embarked on

1533-529: The May Revolution , in 1810. The Peróns addressed the crowd from the balcony of a huge scaffolding set up on the Avenida 9 de Julio , several blocks away from the Casa Rosada , the official government house of Argentina. Overhead were two large portraits of Eva and Juan Perón. It has been claimed that "Cabildo Abierto" was the largest public display of support in history for a female political figure. She declined

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1606-504: The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in an attempt to remove the cervical tumor. In 2011, a Yale neurosurgeon, Daniel E. Nijensohn, studied Evita's skull X-rays and photographic evidence and said that Perón may have been given a prefrontal lobotomy in the last months of her life "to relieve the pain, agitation and anxiety she suffered in the final months of her illness". Descamisados The term

1679-435: The 1930s were also years of great unemployment, poverty, and hunger in the capital, and many new arrivals from the interior were forced to live in tenements, boardinghouses and in outlying shanties that became known as villas miserias . Upon arrival in Buenos Aires, Eva Duarte was faced with the difficulties of surviving without formal education or connections. The city was especially overcrowded during this period because of

1752-504: The 1940s, the Sociedad was supported by the government. It had been the tradition of the Sociedad to elect the First Lady of Argentina as president of the charity. But the ladies of the Sociedad did not approve of Eva Perón's impoverished background, lack of formal education, and former career as an actress. The ladies of the Sociedad were afraid that Evita would set a bad example for

1825-453: The Argentine government. President Pedro Pablo Ramírez became wary of Juan Perón's growing power within the government and was unable to curb that power. On 24 February 1944, Ramírez signed his own resignation paper, which was drafted by Juan Perón himself; Edelmiro Julián Farrell , a friend of Juan Perón, became president, and Juan Perón returned to his job as Labor Minister, at which point he

1898-561: The United Nations and improving relations with the United States. Therefore, a visit to Franco , with António Salazar of Portugal , the last remaining Western European authoritarian leaders in power, was diplomatically frowned upon internationally. Advisers then decided that Eva should also visit other European countries in addition to Spain. This would make it seem that Eva's sympathies were not specifically with Francoist Spain . The tour

1971-556: The Whip , the first English-language biography of Eva Perón, author Mary Main writes that no account records were kept for the foundation, because it was merely a means of funneling government money into private Swiss bank accounts controlled by the Peróns. Fraser and Navarro counter these claims, writing that Ramón Cereijo, the Minister of Finance, did keep records, and that the foundation "began as

2044-549: The ability to grant to women the right to vote was beyond Eva's powers. Eva's actions were limited to supporting a bill introduced by one of her supporters, Eduardo Colom, a bill that was eventually dropped. A new women's suffrage bill was introduced, which the Senate of Argentina sanctioned on 21 August 1946. It was necessary to wait more than a year before the House of Representatives sanctioned it on 9 September 1947. Law 13,010 established

2117-593: The charitable Eva Perón Foundation , championed women's suffrage in Argentina, and founded and ran the nation's first large-scale female political party, the Female Peronist Party . In 1951, Eva Perón announced her candidacy for the Peronist nomination for the office of Vice President of Argentina , receiving great support from the Peronist political base, low-income and working-class Argentines who were referred to as descamisados or "shirtless ones" (similar to

2190-448: The complicated hairdos of her movie-star days. The brilliant gold color became more subdued in tone and even the style changed, her hair being pulled back severely into a heavy braided chignon . Her extravagant clothing became more refined after the tour. No longer did she wear the elaborate hats and form-fitting dresses of Argentine designers. Soon she adopted simpler and more fashionable Paris couture and became particularly attached to

2263-417: The equality of political rights between men and women and universal suffrage in Argentina. Finally, Law 13,010 was approved unanimously. In a public celebration and ceremony, Juan Perón signed the law granting women the right to vote, and then he handed the bill to Eva, symbolically making it hers. Eva Perón then created the Female Peronist Party , the first large female political party in the nation. By 1951,

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2336-544: The evening after " Cabildo abierto "), with extreme weakness and severe vaginal bleeding. By 1951, it had become evident that her health was rapidly deteriorating. Although she withheld her diagnosis from Juan, he knew she was not well, and a bid for the vice-presidency was not practical. A few months after "the Renunciation", Evita secretly underwent a radical hysterectomy , performed by the American surgeon George T. Pack at

2409-399: The existence of poverty, saying, "Sometimes I have wished my insults were slaps or lashes. I've wanted to hit people in the face to make them see, if only for a day, what I see each day I help the people." Crassweller writes that Evita became fanatical about her work in the foundation and felt as though she were on a crusade against the very concept and existence of poverty and social ills. "It

2482-491: The family was a document declaring that the children were his, thus enabling them to use the Duarte surname. Soon after, Juana moved her children to a one-room apartment in Junín. To pay the rent on their single-roomed home, mother and daughters took up jobs as cooks in the houses of the local estancias . Eventually, owing to Eva's older brother's financial help, the family moved into a bigger house, which they later transformed into

2555-450: The fashions of Christian Dior and the jewels of Cartier . In an attempt to cultivate a more serious political persona, Eva began to appear in public wearing conservative though stylish tailleurs (a business-like combination of skirts and jackets), which also were made by Dior and other Paris couture houses. The Sociedad de Beneficencia de Buenos Aires (Society of Beneficence), a charitable organization made up of 87 society ladies,

2628-545: The film and radio business at that point. The massive rally that freed Perón from prison was organized by various unions, particularly the CGT , which was Perón's main base. On 18 October 1945, a day after he was released, Perón married Eva discreetly in a civil ceremony in Junín . A church wedding was held on 9 December 1945 in La Plata . To this day, 17 October is celebrated as a holiday for

2701-460: The films in which she appeared were hugely successful. In one of her last films, La cabalgata del circo ( The Circus Cavalcade ), Eva played a young country girl who rivaled an older woman, the movie's star, Libertad Lamarque . As a result of her success with radio dramas and the films, Eva achieved some financial stability. In 1942, she was able to move into an apartment in the exclusive neighborhood of Recoleta , on 1557 Calle Posadas (currently

2774-405: The foundation, as did a levy on casinos and revenue from horse races. Crassweller also notes that there were some cases of businesses being pressured to donate to the foundation, with negative repercussions resulting if requests for donations were not met. Within a few years, the foundation had assets in cash and goods in excess of three billion pesos , or over $ 200 million at the exchange rate of

2847-424: The gala together at around two in the morning. (Perón's first wife, Aurelia Tizón , had died of uterine cancer in 1938.) Eva Duarte had no knowledge of or interest in politics prior to meeting Perón; therefore, she never argued with Perón or any of his inner circle, but merely absorbed what she heard. Juan Perón later claimed in his memoir that he purposefully selected Eva as his pupil, and set out to create in her

2920-828: The highest award given by the Spanish government, the Order of Isabella the Catholic . Eva then visited Rome, where the reception was not as warm as it had been in Spain. Though Pope Pius XII did not give her a Papal decoration , she was allowed the time usually allotted to queens and was given a rosary . Her next stop was France where she met with Charles de Gaulle . She promised France two shipments of wheat. While in France, Eva received word that George VI would not receive her when she planned to visit Britain, regardless of what his Foreign Office might advise, and that her visit would not be viewed as

2993-438: The invitation to run for vice-president. She said her only ambition was that in the large chapter of history to be written about her husband, the footnotes would mention a woman who brought the "hopes and dreams of the people to the president", a woman who eventually turned those hopes and dreams into "glorious reality". In Peronist rhetoric, this event has come to be referred to as "The Renunciation", portraying Evita as having been

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3066-420: The last Tsarina of Russia. Eventually, Eva Duarte came to co-own the radio company. By 1943, she was earning five or six thousand pesos a month, making her one of the highest-paid radio actresses in the nation. Pablo Raccioppi, who jointly ran Radio El Mundo with Eva Duarte, is said to have not liked her, but to have noted that she was "thoroughly dependable". Eva also had a short-lived film career, but none of

3139-478: The late 1940s. It employed 14,000 workers, of whom 6,000 were construction workers and 26 were priests. It purchased and distributed annually 400,000 pairs of shoes, 500,000 sewing machines, and 200,000 cooking pots. The foundation also gave scholarships, built homes, hospitals, and other charitable institutions. Every aspect of the foundation was under Evita's supervision. The foundation also built entire communities, such as Evita City , which still exists today. Due to

3212-548: The migrations caused by the Great Depression . On 28 March 1935, she made her professional debut in the play Mrs. Perez ( la Señora de Pérez ), at the Comedias Theater. In 1936, Eva toured nationally with a theater company, worked as a model, and was cast in a few B-grade movie melodramas. In 1942, she experienced some economic stability when a company called Candilejas (sponsored by a soap manufacturer) hired her for

3285-431: The name Eva María Ibarguren . It is thought that in 1945 the adult Eva Perón created a forgery of her birth certificate for her marriage. Eva Perón spent her childhood in Junín , Buenos Aires province . Her father, Juan Duarte, was descended from French Basque immigrants. Her mother, Juana Ibarguren, was descended from Spanish Basque immigrants. Juan Duarte, a wealthy rancher from nearby Chivilcoy , already had

3358-526: The nation's capital of Buenos Aires to pursue a career as a stage, radio, and film actress. She married Perón in 1945, when he was still an army colonel, and was propelled onto the political stage when he became President in 1946. She became a central figure of Peronism and Argentine culture because of the Eva Perón Foundation , a charitable organization that had a huge impact in Argentine society. She met Colonel Juan Perón on 22 January 1944 during

3431-511: The nickname Evita ( Spanish: [eˈβita] ), was an Argentine politician, activist, actress, and philanthropist who served as First Lady of Argentina from June 1946 until her death in July 1952, as the wife of Argentine President Juan Perón . She was born in poverty in the rural village of Los Toldos , in the Pampas , as the youngest of five children. In 1934, at the age of 15, she moved to

3504-472: The orphans; therefore, the society ladies did not extend to Evita the position of president of their organization. It has often been said that Evita had the government funding for the Sociedad cut off in retaliation. This version of events is arguable, but the government funding that had previously supported the Sociedad now went to support Evita's own foundation. The Eva Perón Foundation began with 10,000 pesos provided by Evita herself. In The Woman with

3577-485: The party had 500,000 members and 3,600 headquarters across the country. While Eva Perón did not consider herself a feminist, her impact on the political life of women was decisive. Thousands of previously apolitical women entered politics because of Eva Perón. They were the first women active in Argentine politics. The combination of female suffrage and the organization of the Female Peronist Party granted Juan Perón

3650-477: The play, Eva was determined to become an actress. In her autobiography, Eva explained that all the people from her town who had been to the big cities described them as "marvelous places, where nothing was given but wealth". In 1934, at 15, Eva escaped her poverty-stricken village when she ran off with a young musician to the nation's capital of Buenos Aires . The young couple's relationship ended quickly, but Eva remained in Buenos Aires. She began to pursue jobs on

3723-567: The simplest response to the poverty [Evita] encountered each day in her office" and to "the appalling backwardness of social services—or charity, as it was still called—in Argentina". Crassweller writes that the foundation was supported by donations of cash and goods from the Peronist unions and private businesses, and that the General Confederation of Labour donated three man-days (later reduced to two) of salary for every worker per year. Tax on lottery and movie tickets also helped to support

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3796-589: The site of the Hotel Melia Recoleta Plaza). The next year, Eva began her career in politics, as one of the founders of the Argentine Radio Syndicate (ARA). On 15 January 1944, an earthquake occurred in the town of San Juan, Argentina , killing ten thousand people. In response, Juan Perón, who was then the Secretary of Labour, established a fund to raise money to aid the victims. He devised

3869-573: The stage and the radio, and she eventually became a film actress. She bleached her naturally black hair blonde, a look she maintained for the rest of her life. It is often reported that Eva traveled to Buenos Aires by train with tango singer Agustín Magaldi . However, there is no record of the married Magaldi performing in Junín in 1934 (and, even if he had done so, he usually traveled with his wife) . Eva's sisters maintain that Eva traveled to Buenos Aires with their mother. The sisters also claim that Doña Juana accompanied her daughter to an audition at

3942-502: The street. This version of events was popularized in the movie version of the Lloyd Webber musical ; historians agree that this version of events is false. At the time of Perón's imprisonment, Eva was still merely an actress. She had no political influence with any of the various labor unions , and she was not well liked within Perón's inner circle, nor was she even particularly popular within

4015-403: The support she drew from the people is said to have surprised even Juan Perón himself. The wide support Evita's proposed candidacy generated indicated to him that Eva had become as important a figure of the Peronist party as Juan Perón himself was. On 22 August 1951, the aligned labour unions held a massive rally that they called the "Cabildo Abierto", a reference to the first local government of

4088-412: The term has its modern origins on October 17, 1945, when thousands of supporters of Juan Perón gathered in front of the Casa Rosada making a demonstration to demand Perón's release from prison. While waiting for Perón on this hot day, many men in the crowd removed their shirts—hence the term "shirtless". However, there is much debate among scholars with regard to the origins of the label. Some claim that

4161-533: The term “ sans-culottes ” during the French Revolution). Opposition from the nation's military and bourgeoisie , coupled with her declining health, ultimately forced her to withdraw her candidacy. In 1952, shortly before her death from cancer at 33, Eva Perón was given the title of "Spiritual Leader of the Nation of Argentina" by the Argentine Congress . She was given a state funeral upon her death,

4234-672: The title Rainbow Tour . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_Tour&oldid=1004723965 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Eva Per%C3%B3n#European tour María Eva Duarte de Perón ( Spanish pronunciation: [maˈɾi.a ˈeβa ˈðwarte ðe peˈɾon] ; née   María Eva Duarte ; 7 May 1919 – 26 July 1952), better known as just Eva Perón or by

4307-409: The tradition of Argentine leaders Rosas and Yrigoyen . Crassweller also claims that the evening contained " mystic overtones" of a "quasi-religious" nature. After Perón won the elections of 1946, his administration started circulating a highly fictionalized version of the 17 October demonstration where Eva Perón was portrayed as knocking on every door in Buenos Aires in order to bring out people to

4380-520: The windshield. She threw her hands up in shock, but was not injured. Later, as she sat with the Foreign Minister, protesters threw tomatoes at her. The tomatoes hit the Foreign Minister and splattered on Eva's dress. After these two events, Eva had had enough and, concluding the two-month tour, returned to Argentina. Members of the Peronist opposition speculated that the true purpose of the European tour

4453-459: The word was coined to describe the working poor , the social class from which Perón drew the greatest amount of his political backing. The descamisados of Peronism have occasionally been compared to the sans-culottes of the French Revolution . This segment of the population was able to join the ranks of the middle class thanks to mass access to healthcare and education opportunities and

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4526-430: The works and health services of the foundation, for the first time in history there was no inequality in Argentine health care. Toward the end of her life, Evita was working as many as 20 to 22 hours per day in her foundation, often ignoring her husband's request that she cut back on her workload and take the weekends off. The more she worked with the poor in her foundation, the more she adopted an outraged attitude toward

4599-413: Was stigmatized by the abandonment of the father and by the illegitimate status of the children under Argentine law, and was consequently somewhat isolated. A desire to expunge this part of her life might have been a motivation for Eva to arrange the destruction of her original birth certificate in 1945. When Duarte suddenly died and his mistress and their children sought to attend his funeral, there

4672-439: Was a frame made of plaster and wire that allowed her to stand. She took a triple dose of pain medication before the parade and took another two doses when she returned home. On 9 January 1950, Evita fainted in public and underwent surgery three days later. Although it was reported that she had undergone an appendectomy , she was actually found to have advanced cervical cancer . Fainting episodes continued through 1951 (including

4745-506: Was a reference to the name given to Eva's European tour, The Rainbow Tour. This was the only time in the periodical's history that a South American first lady appeared alone on its cover. (In 1951, Eva appeared again, but with Juan Perón.) The 1947 cover story was also the first publication to mention that Eva had been born out of wedlock. In retaliation, the periodical was banned from Argentina for several months. After returning to Argentina from Europe, Evita never again appeared in public with

4818-480: Was an unpleasant scene at the church gates. Although Juana and the children were permitted to enter and pay their respects, they were promptly directed out of the church. Duarte's widow did not want her late husband's mistress and children at the funeral; as she was the legitimate wife, her orders were respected. Before abandoning Juana Ibarguren, Juan Duarte had been her sole means of support. Biographer John Barnes writes that, after this abandonment, all Duarte left to

4891-671: Was billed not as a political tour but as a non-political "goodwill" tour. Eva was well received in Spain, where she visited the tombs of Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella in the Capilla Real de Granada . Francoist Spain had not recovered from the Spanish Civil War (the autarkic economy and the UN embargo meant that the country could not feed its people). During her visit to Spain, Eva handed out 100- peseta notes to many poor children she met on her journey. She also received from Franco

4964-408: Was later reclaimed as a term of pride, with Juan Perón and his wife Eva Perón affectionately referring to their followers as "descamisados". During his 1945 campaign for president, Juan Perón toured the country on a train that he named El Descamisado . The first usage of the term in the history of Argentina dates back to the 19th century. Tomás de Iriarte described in his memories a time when he

5037-630: Was originally used by the narrator in Victor Hugo 's seminal 1862 novel Les Misérables to refer to the revolutionary Spanish masses. Following the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo , the French ( Bourbon ) monarchy was restored to power. The Bourbons acted to prop up the Spanish monarchy against the popular forces of the Spanish social revolution in the Spanish War of 1823. Hugo's character

5110-416: Was responsible for most works of charity in Buenos Aires prior to the election of Juan Perón. At one point the Sociedad had been an enlightened institution, caring for orphans and homeless women, but those days had long since passed by the time of the first term of Juan Perón. In the 1800s, the Sociedad had been supported by private contributions, largely those of the husbands of the society ladies, but by

5183-441: Was the most powerful man in the Argentine government. On 9 October 1945 Juan Perón was arrested by his opponents within the government who feared that, with the strong support of his base, largely unskilled unionized workers that had recently moved from rural areas to industrialized urban centers and several allied trade unions, Perón would attempt a power grab. Six days later, between 250,000 and 350,000 people gathered in front of

5256-610: Was to deposit funds in a Swiss bank account , although the tour was not an unusual practice and "there are many more convenient and less conspicuous ways of depositing money in Swiss accounts than meeting the Swiss Foreign Minister and being shown around a watch factory". It was unlikely that a Swiss bank account existed. During her tour to Europe, Eva Perón was featured in a cover story for Time magazine. The cover's caption – "Eva Perón: Between two worlds, an Argentine rainbow" –

5329-456: Was walking with Carlos María de Alvear and found Manuel Dorrego with dirty and torn clothes. Iriarte wrote that " Excusado es decir que esto era estudiado para captarse la multitud, los descamisados ." ("Needless to say, this was planned to captivate the multitude, the shirtless.") El Descamisado was also the name of an anarchist newspaper in Buenos Aires , Argentina. By most accounts,

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