51-501: Raffin may refer to: Librairie Raffin, a Canadian bookstore chain Raffin, Sutherland, a community in Assynt , Sutherland, Highland, Scotland People with the surname Deborah Raffin (1953-2012), American actress Luigi Raffin (1936–2023), Italian footballer Romel Raffin (born 1954), Canadian basketball player Topics referred to by
102-702: A community within Highland council area . As is typical for the Scottish highlands, the Assynt area is divided into a number of large estates, which are in a mix of private, charitable and community ownership. The Assynt Estate, which includes Ben More Assynt and the lands around Lochinver , remains in the hands of the Vestey family, who also formerly owned the North Assynt Estate (see below). The Quinag estate belongs to
153-651: A bulwark against the vast Lordship of the Isles built up by the Macdonalds . James IV largely resolved the Macdonald problem by annexing the estates and titles of John Macdonald II to the crown in 1493 after discovering his plans for an alliance with the English. The shires of Scotland have their origins in the sheriffdoms or shires over which a sheriff (a contraction of shire reeve ) exercised jurisdiction. The term shire
204-472: A grant of £20,000. Highland Regional Council donated £10,000. Much of the money, however, came from a public appeal for funds. This appeal raised over £130,000 from 824 individuals. Money came from throughout the United Kingdom, as well as abroad. Political figures such as the local Member of Parliament, Robert Maclennan , Ray Michie , Alex Salmond , Winifred Ewing and Charles Kennedy donated, as did
255-613: A large number of freshwater lochs, which host birds such as black-throated divers . With a highly indented and rocky coastline the area provides excellent habitats for many seabirds , and is one of best places in Europe to see cetaceans such as whales , dolphins and porpoises . Ptarmigan inhabit the mountain areas, where golden eagles may also be seen. Besides the large numbers of red deer , other mammals seen in Assynt include mountain hares , water voles , otters and pipistrelle bat . The Coigach and Assynt Living Landscape Project
306-688: A uniform system of county councils in Scotland. The county councils assumed many of the powers of existing organisations such as the Commissioners of Supply and County Road Trustees and many of the administrative powers and duties of the Justices of the Peace and parochial boards. Between 1890 and 1929, there were parish councils and town councils, but with the passing of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 ,
357-561: A visitor centre interpreting the geological features of the landscape. In the east of Assynt lies a region of limestone scenery surrounding Ben More Assynt. This part of Assynt hosts the longest cave in Scotland, Uamh an Claonaite , which lies five miles (eight kilometres) south of Inchnadamph . The geological importance of Assynt is reflected in its inclusion in the North West Highlands Geopark . The name Assynt may derive from an Old Norse word meaning 'ridge end'. There
408-626: A widened high street or junction, marked by a mercat cross , beside houses for the burgesses and other inhabitants. 16 royal burghs can trace their foundation to David I traced to the reign of David I (1124–53) and there is evidence of 55 burghs by 1296. In addition to the major royal burghs , the late Middle Ages saw the proliferation of baronial and ecclesiastical burghs, with 51 created between 1450 and 1516. Most of these were much smaller than their royal counterparts. Excluded from foreign trade, they acted mainly as local markets and centres of craftsmanship. Burghs were centres of basic crafts, including
459-597: Is a community partnership project which aims to bring environmental and economic benefits to the Coigach and Assynt regions of North West Scotland. The partnership includes landowners (private and community), the local community and charitable organisations, with the Scottish Wildlife Trust being the lead partner. The project is described as an "ecosystem restoration project", and aims to "bring woodland connectivity, species-rich flora and fauna, and economic growth back to
510-516: Is a complex tale of largely ancient and long established Scottish political units being replaced after the mid 20th century by a frequently changing series of different local government arrangements. Anciently, the territory now referred to as Scotland belonged to a mixture of Brythonic groups ( Picts and Cumbrians ) and Angles . The Picts were based north of the Forth – Clyde line, traditionally in seven kingdoms: In later legends Albanactus ,
561-400: Is also a tradition that the name comes from a fight between the two brothers Unt and Ass-Unt, (meaning Man of Peace and Man of Discord ). The latter having won the tussle gave his name to the parish. For many years Assynt was regarded as a district or province of Scotland in its own right, and was later established as a civil parish . With the introduction of counties it became part of
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#1733085568438612-424: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Assynt Assynt ( Scottish Gaelic : Asainn [ˈas̪ɪɲ] or Asainte [ˈas̪ɪɲtʲə] ) is a sparsely populated area in the south-west of Sutherland , lying north of Ullapool on the west coast of Scotland . Assynt is known for its landscape and its remarkable mountains, which have led to
663-473: Is somewhat misleading, as it should not be confused with an English county . In medieval Latin, the latter was referred to as a comitatus which, in Scotland, was the region controlled as a province or lordship (as opposed, for example, to a Lairdship ), such as a mormaerdom , or an early Earldom , and typically survived as a regality (though this is a broader term encompassing also more junior authority). Shire instead came into use, in Scotland, to refer to
714-493: The John Muir Trust , a charity that seeks to conserve wild land and wild places. The Little Assynt Estate, which comprises two of the old townships of Assynt, Little Assynt and Loch Beannach is now owned by Culag Community Woodland Trust, a local trust that seeks to provide employment and training and improvements in well-being for local people, as well as encouraging education about the area's natural environment. In 1989,
765-559: The Kingdom of Northumbria , which was divided into a number of sub-kingdoms, some of which were located in territory now considered part of Scotland: When the Irish group Scotii invaded, they established the Kingdom of Dál Riata in the area between Glen Coe and Loch Long , which they organised into four geographic kin-groups: For reasons which are extremely opaque to historical enquiry, most of
816-684: The Scottish Highlands than his predecessors. He sent colonists from Fife to parts of the region and forced the Highland chiefs to accept Lowland language and culture through the Statutes of Iona 1609. In 1685 Sir George Mackenzie , recently made Viscount of Tarbat and later elevated to Earl of Cromartie , secured two Acts of the Parliament of Scotland transferring his lands in Easter Ross from Ross-shire to Cromartyshire , making Cromartyshire
867-538: The Wars of Independence , mainly in the borders and south-west. The dominant kindred were the Stewarts , who came to control many of the earldoms. Their acquisition of the crown, and a series of internal conflicts and confiscations, meant that by around the 1460s the monarchy had transformed its position within the realm, gaining control of most of the "provincial" earldoms and lordships. Rather than running semi-independent lordships,
918-468: The area around Stirling . By the 10th century, the governance of the area now known as Scotland thus broke down as follows: In the later medieval period , government combined traditional kinship-based lordships with a relatively small system of royal offices. Until the 15th century the ancient pattern of major lordships survived largely intact, with the addition of two new "scattered earldoms" of Douglas and Crawford , thanks to royal patronage after
969-1075: The Glencanisp and Drumrunie Estate as an outdoor location with the permission of the Assynt Foundation. History of local government in Scotland#Provinces Charles III William , Duke of Rothesay Swinney government The Rt Hon John Swinney MSP The Rt Hon John Swinney MSP Kate Forbes MSP Sixth session Alison Johnstone MSP Angela Constance MSP Dorothy Bain KC The Rt Hon Lord Carloway KC PC United Kingdom Parliament elections European Parliament elections Local elections Referendums Starmer ministry The Rt Hon Keir Starmer MP The Rt Hon Ian Murray MP The history of local government in Scotland
1020-557: The Pictish lands became a kingdom of the Scotii based at Scone – the Kingdom of Alba . The statuses of Fortriu and Dalriada are extremely unclear; it seems that theoretically they were meant to owe some form of vassalage to the King of Alba, but in practice were somewhat independent. The other Pictish kingdoms were divided up, with the King of Alba retaining the more useful coastal parts, while handing
1071-546: The Scottish uplands". A large part of Assynt, known as Inverpolly , was formerly designated as a national nature reserve but since 2004 the designation has been limited to the area surrounding Knockan Crag . The Inverpolly area is classified as a Special Area of Conservation , one of three in Assynt along with Inchnadamph and Ardvar and Loch a' Mhuilinn Woodlands . Many of the loch and lochans are designated as Special Protection Areas . Communities in Assynt include: The Disney+ original Star Wars series Ahsoka used
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#17330855684381122-520: The area, along with neighbouring Coigach , being designated as the Assynt-Coigach National Scenic Area , one of 40 such areas in Scotland. The western part of Assynt has many distinctively shaped mountains, including Quinag , Canisp , Suilven and Ben More Assynt , that rise steeply from the surrounding "cnoc and lochan" scenery. These can often appear higher than their actual height would indicate due to their steep sides and
1173-401: The behest of the local baron when there was a backlog of cases and could appoint birleymen, usually senior tenants, who would resolve disputes and issues. The combination of kirk sessions and courts baron gave considerable power to local lairds to control the behaviour of the populations of their communities. From the eighteenth century the shires (used for administration) began to diverge from
1224-538: The burghs granted charters in his reign probably already existed as settlements. Charters were copied almost verbatim from those used in England, and early burgesses were usually invited English and Flemish settlers. They were able to impose tolls and fines on traders within a region outside their settlements. Most of the early burghs were on the east coast, and among them were the largest and wealthiest, including Aberdeen , Berwick , Perth , and Edinburgh , whose growth
1275-452: The company went into liquidation . The North Lochinver Estate was divided into seven lots and put up for sale. The sale was handled by an Edinburgh based estate agent, John Clegg and Co. The proposed break-up of the estate was a cause of concern for the crofters as the boundaries of the lots cut across grazing land, creating the possibility of some crofters having to deal with more than one landlord. The crofters also believed that some of
1326-464: The contrast with the moorland from which they rise. Many of the most distinctive peaks such as Suilven were formed during the last Ice Age , when they were left exposed above the ice sheet as nunataks , and they now remain as inselbergs of highly eroded Torridonian sandstone sitting on a bedrock of much older Lewisian gneiss . The Moine Thrust runs through the area, and is most visible at Knockan Crag National Nature Reserve , which includes
1377-435: The county of Sutherland . Parishes were abolished for administrative purposes in 1930, and counties were replaced by a system of regional and district councils in 1975, however the boundaries of both were retained for statistical purposes (e.g. census figures and land registration ) as well for ceremonial purposes such as lieutenancy . The regions and districts were replaced by unitary councils in 1996, and Assynt now forms
1428-470: The crofters enclosed and divided an area of common grazing land, an action which would give them the option of buying the common land as well as the crofts themselves. Pressure was also exerted on the main creditor of Scandinavian Property Services, the Swedish Östgöta Enskilda Bank , as the trust wrote telling them of their proposed strategy. On 4 December 1992, the trust submitted a final bid of £300,000. This
1479-428: The crofts. This option, requiring legal action, would be expensive and time-consuming; and would deny the crofters complete control of the estate. The option was therefore kept in reserve in order to make the estate less attractive to other potential bidders—compulsory purchase of the crofts would force the new landowners to sell much of their newly acquired land for a fraction of its value. To assist this strategy,
1530-573: The division of the country into sheriffdoms by the conversion of existing thanedoms . Many of the shires were directly analogous to existing provinces (e.g. the province of Teviotdale and the shire of Roxburgh ), whilst other formed from combinations of provinces (e.g. the shire of Ayr consisting of Cunninghame , Carrick and Kyle ). The first burghs existed from the 12th century, when King David I (r. 1124–1153) established Edinburgh , Stirling , Dunfermline , Perth , Dumfries , Jedburgh , Montrose and Lanark as Royal Burghs . Most of
1581-581: The early eighteenth century, it became responsible for taking care of the destitute in periods of famine, like that in 1740, in order to prevent the impoverished from taking to the roads and causing general disorder. Behaviour could be regulated through kirk sessions , composed of local church elders, which replaced the church courts of the Middle Ages, and which dealt with moral and religious conduct. The local court baron remained important in regulating minor interpersonal and property offences. They were held at
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1632-421: The functions of parish councils were passed to larger district councils and a distinction was made between large burghs (i.e. those with a population of 20,000 or more) and small burghs . The Act also created two joint county councils covering Perthshire and Kinross-shire , and Morayshire and Nairnshire , but retained residual Nairnshire and Kinross-shire county councils. This system was further refined by
1683-483: The last of the shires to be established. From the seventeenth century the function of shires expanded from judicial functions into wider local administration, and in 1667 Commissioners of Supply were appointed in each sheriffdom or shire to collect the cess land tax. From this point shires came to be regarded as the main division of the country in preference to the former provinces. The parish also became an important unit of local government, pressured by Justices in
1734-507: The legendary founder of Scotland, had seven sons, who each founded a kingdom. De Situ Albanie enumerates the kingdoms in two lists, the first of which locates the seventh kingdom between the Forth and the Earn , while the second additionally replaces Cat with the area that became Dalriada. The Cumbrians were based in the southwest, in two principal kingdoms: The Angles were based in the southeast, in
1785-414: The mainland conquered Cat, and established: Norse invaders also besieged Dumbarton Rock , the capital of Strathclyde, eventually causing its defeat. As a result, Dunbarton Rock was abandoned, and Strathclyde moved its capital upriver, to Partick . Alba took the opportunity to seize the now-undefended area around Loch Lomond . Similarly, the weakening of Northumbria enabled Alba to push south and take over
1836-511: The major magnates now had scattered estates and occasional regions of major influence. In the lowlands the crown was now able to administer government through the system of sheriffdoms and other appointed officers, rather than semi-independent lordships. In the highlands James II created two new provincial earldoms for his favourites: Argyll for the Campbells and Huntly for the Gordons , which acted as
1887-425: The manufacture of shoes, clothes, dishes, pots, joinery, bread and ale, which would normally be sold to "indwellers" and "outdwellers" on market days. In general, burghs carried out far more local trading with their hinterlands, on which they relied for food and raw materials, than trading nationally or abroad. From the sixteenth century, the central government became increasingly involved in local affairs. The feud
1938-444: The natural and cultural heritage for the benefit of the community and future generations, and for the enjoyment of the wider public. The estates of Glencanisp and Drumrunie totalling some 18,000 hectares are managed by the Assynt Foundation on behalf of the Assynt community. Assynt has a wide range of habitats, from rocky and sandy shores to high mountains, with areas of woodland, upland heath and dwarf juniper scrubland. The area has
1989-644: The northwest portion of the Assynt estate was renamed the North Lochinver Estate and put on the market by its owners, the Vestey family. This area consisted almost entirely of crofting land, with 13 crofting townships being set up during the Highland Clearances . The purpose of the sale was to raise money for the owners to buy more hill ground suitable for deer stalking . The estate was purchased by Scandinavian Property Services Limited . Three years later,
2040-701: The passing of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947 ( 10 & 11 Geo. 6 . c. 43) which created a whole new set of administrative areas known as 'counties', 'counties of cities', 'large burghs' and 'small burghs'. These were to last until 1975. At the same time, the role of local government in postwar Britain reduced due to the Labour Party 's social and economic reforms, which nationalized many functions traditionally performed by them such as healthcare and electricity. A Royal Commission on Local Government in Scotland in 1969 (the Wheatley Report ) recommended that
2091-475: The portions would be directly administered by the owners, rather than a professional factor . The Assynt branch of the Scottish Crofters Union met on the 6 June 1992, to discuss the sale. There the crofters decided to attempt to raise enough money to buy the estate and run it themselves. Assynt Crofters' Trust, a company limited by guarantee , was formed to make a bid for the land. Membership of
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2142-401: The region in which a particular sheriff operated; in Scottish medieval Latin this was sometimes called the vice-comitatus . Malcolm III appears to have introduced sheriffs as part of a policy of replacing native " Celtic " forms of government with Anglo Saxon and Norman feudal structures. This was continued by his sons Edgar , Alexander I and in particular David I . David completed
2193-502: The remainder of each former kingdom to a powerful governor. The king controlled his lands through a number of stewards ( maer in Gaelic ), hence the powerful governors were great stewards ( mormaer in Gaelic). Northumbrian pressure caused Rheged to collapse, establishing Galloway as an independent state. Strathclyde took the opportunity created by Rheged's collapse to expand towards
2244-483: The rock band Runrig . A secured loan of £90,000 was received from Highland Prospect Limited, a company set up by Highland Regional Council to promote investment in the Highlands by providing grants and low-interest loans. The trust made two unsuccessful bids, of £235,000 and £245,000 respectively. This caused the trust to adopt a more aggressive stance. They threatened to use right-to-buy provisions of crofting law to buy
2295-463: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Raffin . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raffin&oldid=1201265680 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
2346-468: The sheriffdoms (used for judicial functions) (see Historical development of Scottish sheriffdoms ). As a result of the dual system of local government, burghs (of which there were various types) often had a high degree of autonomy. In 1858 police forces were established in each county under the Police (Scotland) Act 1857 . In 1890 with the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 came into force. It established
2397-414: The southeast, into what is now northern Cumbria. Records are unclear, but it seems that Scotii raids led to Galloway submitting to the authority of Alba, and the transfer of Carrick from Strathclyde to Galloway. Danish invasions caused the power of Northumbria to collapse, and ultimately its lands to become parts of a unified England . Meanwhile, Norse invasions of the islands to the north and west of
2448-464: The trust was open to crofters within the estate. The trust aimed to buy the estate and keep it under the control of the crofters, and to develop the area by initiating projects such as house building, job creation and tree planting. Funding for the trust came from many sources. Each crofting family was asked to raise £1,000. Caithness and Sutherland Enterprise, part of Highlands and Islands Enterprise donated £50,000, while Scottish Natural Heritage gave
2499-578: Was accepted after four days. On Monday, 1 February 1993, Assynt Crofters' Trust became the owners of the North Lochinver Estate, which they renamed the North Assynt Estate . In June 2005 the Glencanisp estate, including the mountains Suilven and Canisp and the neighbouring Drumrunie estate, with the mountains Cùl Mòr and Cùl Beag , were bought by the local community. The Assynt Foundation aims to create local employment and safeguard
2550-523: Was facilitated by trade with other North Sea ports on Continental Europe , in particular in the Low Countries , as well as ports on the Baltic Sea . In the south-west, Glasgow , Ayr and Kirkcudbright were aided by the less profitable sea trade with Ireland and to a lesser extent France and Spain. Burghs were typically settlements under the protection of a castle and usually had a market place, with
2601-401: Was limited and regulated, local taxation became much more intrusive and from 1607 regular, local commissions of Justices of the Peace on the English model were established to deal with petty crimes and infractions. Greater control was exerted over the lawless Borders through a joint commission with the English set up in 1587. James VI was much more hostile to the culture and particularism of
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