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67-770: Aversa was born in Labico on 2 September 1906, the son of Alfonso Aversa, commander of the local Carabinieri station, and Mariolina Aquino. After attending the "Pietro Colletta" Lyceum of Avellino , in December 1924 he enlisted in the Carabinieri, attending the Carabinieri School of Rome , and then serving as a non-commissioned officer in Florence . In October 1930 he enrolled in the Royal Military Academy of Modena to attend

134-403: A bicorne . During the 1980s Giorgio Armani designed the new more modern uniforms. The modern Carabinieri Force uniform is coloured in black for every seasonal version, with small variations on weather basis (coat or wind jacket), and is composed of: The uniform is accompanied by accessories such as: There are differences for season, duties, rank and location. For instance, in the summer

201-410: A British police officer seconded as Director of Public Safety and Director of Security. The Carabinieri, as a military and police force, have various uniforms for different functions. For each type of uniform there are seasonal variants and (except for service, combat and historical) versions for men and women. How, when and why they are to be worn is dictated by the "R-11 "Regulation on Uniforms for

268-535: A special course, at the end of which he was commissioned with the rank of second lieutenant of the Carabinieri, on 1 March 1932. He was later promoted to lieutenant and in 1935 he was sent to East Africa, where he fought in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War . Assigned to the 390th Mobilized Carabinieri Section, he remained in Italian East Africa from 23 August 1935 to 29 May 1937. In 1941, during

335-734: A suicide bombing on their base in Nasiriyah , near Basra in southern Iraq, in the largest Italian military loss of life in a single action since the Second World War . One of the previous projects included training and assisting the Afghan National Security Forces, the Afghan National Police, and the Afghan National Civil Order Police. In Iraq, Carabinieri have trained 13,000 police officers; during

402-569: A wide variety of non-criminal violations of rules and norms, effected through the imposition of less severe consequences such as probation. Law enforcement organizations existed in ancient times, such as prefects in ancient China , paqūdus in Babylonia , curaca in the Inca Empire , vigiles in the Roman Empire , and Medjay in ancient Egypt . Who law enforcers were and reported to depended on

469-739: Is a national police agency, which supervises the police agencies for each individual prefecture ; and in Niger , there is a national police for urban areas and a gendarmerie for rural areas, both technically national-level. In some cases, there may be multiple agencies at the same level but with different focuses: for example, in the United States, the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives are both national-level federal law enforcement agencies, but

536-422: Is an elite unit founded in 1990 to deal with organised crime ( Mafia and others), subversive activities, terrorism and more complex types of crime. An anti-crime section is found in every city and district public prosecutor's office. Special Tasks Departments are outside the ordinary organisational framework and are used for special missions: Corazzieri ( Cuirassiers ) are an elite corps and honour guard of

603-459: Is autonomous or dependent on other organizations for its operations, the governing body that funds and oversees the agency may decide to dissolve or consolidate its operations. Dissolution of an agency may occur when the governing body or the agent itself decides to end operations. This can occur due to multiple reasons, including criminal justice reform , a lack of population in the jurisdiction, mass resignations , efforts to deter corruption , or

670-554: Is the cost ". On 7 October 1943, however, Aversa was forced to go into hiding after the new Fascist authorities attempted to have him arrested. He then devoted himself to organizing the Clandestine Resistance Front of the Carabinieri, under the leadership of General Filippo Caruso and in liaison with Colonel Giuseppe Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo of the Clandestine Military Front . On 23 January 1944 he

737-670: The Carabinieri Mobile Units Division , the Carabinieri Specialist Units Division and the ROS . The Carabinieri Specialist Units Division is the Carabinieri formation, established in 2001, dedicated to the performance of specialist police activities and the support to the Territorial Organizations. The Division directs, controls, and coordinates its own units, which carry out tasks related to

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804-578: The Gruppo di Intervento Speciale special forces group, the 1st Paratroopers Carabinieri Regiment "Tuscania" , and the 7th "Trentino-Alto Adige" and 13th "Friuli-Venezia Giulia" regiments, which, together with the Multinational Specialized Unit , are mainly engaged in international missions. The Gruppo di Intervento Speciale in one of the six Italian special forces . The ROS ( Raggruppamento Operativo Speciale or Special Operational Group)

871-643: The Ministry of Defence ; for activities related to inland public order and security, they functionally depend on the Ministry of the Interior . In practice, there is a significant overlap between the jurisdiction of the Polizia di Stato and Carabinieri, although both of them are contactable through 112 , the European Union's Single Emergency number. Unlike the Polizia di Stato, the Carabinieri have responsibility for policing

938-739: The President of the Italian Republic , located in the Quirinal Palace . They are distinguished by their uniforms and height (the minimum height for admission is 1.9 m or 6 ft 3 in). They have almost no other everyday duties, although they may be seen patrolling occasionally. Other departments are in service to constitutional bodies such as, the Presidency of the Republic, the Senate, Parliament,

1005-795: The Second Italo-Ethiopian War . During World War II , they fought in their function as military police against the Allied forces, and against Yugoslav Partisans as part of the Italian occupation force of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . After the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy on 25 July 1943, on the orders of the king, Mussolini was arrested by the Carabinieri as he left the king's private residence in Rome and subsequently imprisoned on Campo Imperatore by Carabinieri forces. After

1072-513: The Second World War , he was promoted to captain . In March 1942 he was sent to the Eastern Front , attached to the 3rd Bersaglieri Regiment which was part of the 3rd Cavalry Division Principe Amedeo Duca d'Aosta of the CSIR ; he was subsequently awarded a War Cross of Military Valor . In March 1943 he returned to Italy to take command of the "Compagnia Tribunali" of the Carabinieri of Rome. After

1139-569: The armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces on 3 September 1943 and the country's split into the fascist Italian Social Republic in the north and the Kingdom of Italy in the south, the Carabinieri split into two groups. In the Kingdom of Italy, the Carabinieri Command for Liberated Italy was founded in Bari, mobilizing new units for the Italian war of liberation. These units were attached to

1206-572: The fall of the Fascist regime , on 25 July 1943, together with Captain Paolo Vigneri, Aversa arrested Benito Mussolini , acting on the orders of Lieutenant Colonel Giovanni Frignani . Following the Armistice of Cassibile and the German occupation of Rome, while Vigneri went into hiding, Aversa remained at his post, lamenting to Major Romolo Guercio that " they all fled: the troops who were defending Rome,

1273-650: The s hurta , and the Maréchaussée provided services ranging from law enforcement and personal protection to customs enforcement and waste collection. In England , a complex law enforcement system emerged, where tithings , groups of ten families, were responsible for ensuring good behavior and apprehending criminals; groups of ten tithings ("hundreds") were overseen by a reeve ; hundreds were governed by administrative divisions known as shires ; and shires were overseen by shire-reeves . In feudal Japan , samurai were responsible for enforcing laws. The concept of police as

1340-560: The "First Force" of the new national military organization. In May 1915, Italian troops marched to encompass South Tyrol , a territory of their former allies Austria-Hungary , in the Italian front . The defenders had sufficient time to prepare strong fortifications there, and at the Karst Plateau to the east. The Italians, under the overall command of General Luigi Cadorna , found themselves repeatedly repulsed in harsh fighting. The role of

1407-649: The 1660s in the Province of New York . The Province of Carolina established slave-catcher patrols in the 1700s, and by 1785, the Charleston Guard and Watch was reported to have the duties and organization of a modern police force. The first municipal police department in the United States was the Philadelphia Police Department , while the first American state police , federal law enforcement agency

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1474-929: The 1749 establishment of the London Bow Street Runners , the first formal police force in Britain. In 1800, Napoleon reorganized French law enforcement to form the Paris Police Prefecture ; the British government passed the Glasgow Police Act , establishing the City of Glasgow Police ; and the Thames River Police was formed in England to combat theft on the River Thames . In September 1829, Robert Peel merged

1541-623: The 19th century, improvements in technology, greater global connections, and changes in the sociopolitical order led to the establishment of police forces worldwide. National, regional, and municipal civilian law enforcement agencies exist in practically all countries; to promote their international cooperation, the International Criminal Police Organization , also known as Interpol, was formed in September 1923. Technology has made an immense impact on law enforcement, leading to

1608-833: The Bow Street Runners and the Thames River Police to form the Metropolitan Police . The title of the "first modern police force" has still been claimed by the modern successors to these organizations. Following European colonization of the Americas , the first law enforcement agencies in the Thirteen Colonies were the New York Sheriff's Office and the Albany County Sheriff's Department , both formed in

1675-556: The Carabinieri Arma " published by the Carabinieri General Command in 1988. The uniforms of the Carabinieri are divided into: Those of service, representation and GUI/GUE are a derivation of the ordinary. Originally, the Carabinieri were issued a distinctive uniform in black with silver braid around the collar and cuffs, edges trimmed in scarlet and epaulettes in silver. The mounted division had white fringes, and

1742-473: The Carabinieri Corps' military duties include "contributing to national defence, participating in military operations in Italy and abroad, executing military police functions and ensuring the security of Italian diplomatic and consular representations". As a national police force, it "carries out public order and security policing, as well as investigative activities on its own initiative or at the request of

1809-493: The Carabinieri as loyal to the fascist cause. They disarmed the force and began the deportation of 8,000 officers to Germany for forced labour on 6 October 1943; the Italian Colonial Police took over their jobs. Subsequently, large numbers of Carabinieri joined the Italian resistance movement to fight German and Italian fascists. Nonetheless, some 45,000 officers remained on the job and as of March 1944, this group

1876-662: The Carabinieri took part before World War I are: For its contributions during the First World War, the Corps was awarded its first Gold Medal of Military Valor In World War II, Carabinieri fought in the following battles: From 1943 to 1945, the Carabinieri were accountable to the Control Commission of the Allied Military Government (AMGOT). Their reorganization and reform was organized by Colonel Arthur Young ,

1943-543: The Carabinieri was to act as barrier troops , setting up machine gun posts to control the rear of the attacking regiments and prevent desertion. During Fascist Italy (1922–1943) under Benito Mussolini , the Carabinieri were one of the police forces entrusted with suppressing opposition in Italy. During the same period, while part of the Italian African Police (mainly in the late 1930s), they were involved in atrocities in colonial Italian East Africa during

2010-585: The Croatian Ustaše . The battalion lost over 80% of its members in combat and was awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valor to commemorate the fallen. One notable act of heroism in this era came from Vice Brigadiere Salvo D'Acquisto , who was executed by Nazi Germany in Palidoro (near Rome ) during World War II. D'Acquisto exchanged his life for the lives of citizens due to be executed in retaliation for

2077-722: The DEA focuses on narcotics crimes, while the ATF focuses on weapon regulation violations. Various segments of society may have their own specialist law enforcement agency , such as the military having military police , schools having school police or campus police , or airports having airport police . Private police may exist in some jurisdictions, often to provide dedicated law enforcement for privately-owned property or infrastructure, such as railroad police for private railways or hospital police for privately-owned hospital campuses. Depending on various factors, such as whether an agency

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2144-551: The French gendarmerie , the corps was created by King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia with the aim of providing the Savoyard state of the Kingdom of Sardinia with a police corps. Previously, police duties were managed by the Dragoni di Sardegna Corps, created in 1726 and composed of volunteers. After French soldiers had occupied Turin at the end of the 18th century and later abandoned it to

2211-600: The ISIS destruction of historic sites, Italy dispatched troops from the Carabinieri's Command to protect cultural heritage. At the Sea Island Conference of the G8 in 2004, Carabinieri were given a mandate to establish a Centre of Excellence for Stability Police Units to spearhead the development of training and doctrinal standards for civilian police units attached to international peacekeeping missions. The State Forestry Corps

2278-684: The Italian Liberation Corps and the six Italian Combat Groups of the Italian Co-Belligerent Army , fighting with the Allied forces. In the fascist Social Republic in the North, the regime organized the National Republican Guard (composed of Carabinieri, former officers from the Italian African Police , Guardia di Finanza and customs police), to employ it as a military police and rapid-deployment anti-guerrilla force. GNR

2345-573: The Judiciary, the prime minister and the National Council of Economy and Labour. Carabinieri also perform military police and security duties for the Ministry of Defence, military high commands, the offices of the military judiciary and allied military organisations in Italy and abroad. They also have personnel attached to the Department of Public Security in various departments, as well as anti-Mafia and anti-drug investigative task forces. Carabinieri officers are charged with surveillance and security at Italian embassies and consulates abroad, performing

2412-417: The Kingdom of Sardinia, the Royal Carabinieri Corps was instituted under the Royal Patents of 13 July 1814. The name is derived from the French word carabinier , meaning " soldier armed with a carbine ." The new force was divided into divisions on the scale of one division for each province. The divisions were further divided into companies and subdivided into lieutenancies, which commanded and coordinated

2479-422: The civilization and often changed over time, but they were typically enslaved people , soldiers , officers of a judge , or hired by settlements and households. Aside from their duties to enforce laws, many ancient law enforcers also served as slave catchers , firefighters , watchmen , city guards , and bodyguards . By the post-classical period and the Middle Ages , forces such as the Santa Hermandades ,

2546-485: The core of the institution; it contains 80 percent of the force and is organized hierarchically in five inter-regional commands, 19 regional commands and 102 provincial commands, 504 Company Commands and 4,672 Station Commands and lieutenancies. The territorial organization includes four heliborne units: Outside the territorial organisation, the Specialist and Mobile Units Command Palidoro ( Comando delle Unità Mobili e Specializzate "Palidoro" , based in Rome) controls

2613-414: The country, and they are always permitted to carry their assigned weapon as personal equipment ( Beretta 92FS pistols). The Carabinieri are often referred to as "La Benemerita" (The Reputable or The Meritorious) as they are a trusted and prestigious law enforcement institution in Italy. The first official account of the use of this term to refer to the Carabinieri dates back to June 24, 1864. Inspired by

2680-479: The country, with 7,000 personnel. Its missions are preventing production and distribution of illicit agri-foodstuffs, environmental and biodiversity protection, prevention of poaching, and suppression of all criminal organizations that, with their activity, affect the environment. In the Unit, there are also 29 NOEs ( Nucleo Operativo Ecologico ), teams highly specialized in complex investigations in environmental matters against organized crime. The main battles in which

2747-461: The criminal justice system may operate independently of each other or collectively through the use of record sharing and cooperation. Throughout the world, law enforcement are also associated with protecting the public, life, property, and keeping the peace in society. The concept of law enforcement dates back to ancient times, and forms of law enforcement and police have existed in various forms across many human societies. Modern state legal codes use

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2814-575: The development and regular use of police cars , police radio systems, police aviation , police tactical units , and police body cameras . Most law enforcement is conducted by some law enforcement agency , typically a police force. Civilians generally staff police agencies, which are typically not a military branch . However, some militaries do have branches that enforce laws among the civilian populace, often called gendarmerie , security forces , or internal troops . Social investment in enforcement through such organizations can be massive in terms of

2881-410: The force. It directly supervises the Directors of Administration, Health, Engineering, the motor pool and the Veterinary Commission. On the Deputy Chiefs of Staff depend the National Center for Recruitment and Selection, the Administration National Center and the Legislation Office. The Carabinieri are organised on a territorial basis for law-enforcement missions. The territorial organization represents

2948-431: The four-button jacket and white shirt and tie are replaced with a short-sleeved blue shirt. Depending on the weather conditions, the uniform can be worn with a waterproof coat (or beaver cloth for officers) and an anorak. Inside the military installations, the jacket can be removed or replaced with the "V-neck" sweater. In 2020 new 'bomber-style jackets', with appropriate logos were introduced which can be worn instead of

3015-521: The four-button jacket. The white cross belt is still worn on top and either a roll-neck base layer or a white shirt and tie is worn underneath. Law enforcement Law enforcement is the activity of some members of the government or other social institutions who act in an organized manner to enforce the law by investigating, deterring, rehabilitating, or punishing people who violate the rules and norms governing that society. The term encompasses police, courts and corrections. These three components of

3082-414: The infantry had light blue. Their headgear was a distinctive bicorne , popularly called the lucerna (in use only for historical uniform and ceremonies). They still use a version of the historic uniform today for ceremonies. The uniform that the Gendarmerie wore in 1814 consisted of a turquoise fabric buttoned suit with a blue collar and padded gloves. Since 1822, some small changes have been made to

3149-549: The judicial authorities". Europol also states that the force is "supplemented by the Specialized Carabinieri Commands, responsible for safeguarding the primary interests of the community: from the protection of the environment, health, work and national cultural heritage, to the observance of community and agri-food regulations, to the suppression of forgery [of] currency". In recent years Carabinieri units have been dispatched on peacekeeping missions, including Kosovo , Afghanistan , and Iraq . In 2003, 12 Carabinieri were killed in

3216-450: The killing of a German soldier; instead, he claimed responsibility and was executed for the offence. The Carabinieri were in the forefront of many internal conflicts in Italy in the late 20th century, such as the Years of Lead (against the Red Brigades ) and the Second Mafia War (against the Corleonesi Mafia ). They participated, and lost men, in events such as the Peteano massacre in 1972, Circonvallazione massacre in 1982, and

3283-413: The local police stations and were distributed throughout the national territory in direct contact with the public. In 1868, the Cuirassiers Regiment or Corazzieri was formed, initially as a cavalry escort of honour for the sovereign, and since 1946 for the President of the Republic. The Italian unification saw the number of divisions increased, and on 24 January 1861, the Carabinieri were appointed

3350-426: The military , and a number of members regularly participate in military missions abroad. They were originally founded as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia , the forerunner of the Kingdom of Italy . During the process of Italian unification , the Carabinieri were appointed as the "First Force" of the new national military organization. Although the Carabinieri assisted in the suppression of opposition during

3417-521: The military leaders, the political authorities, etc. Only us carabinieri are left, [we are] the only ones who can still curb German excesses. Even if we have received specific orders, our duty is to protect the population. For this reason none of us must abandon his post. For me, if they think that what I have done is a crime, let them arrest and kill me, but I do not mean to hide, but rather I must and I want to operate openly and in full uniform, so that all my subordinates will only think of their duty, whatever

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3484-494: The murder of Emanuele Basile . Until 2000, the Carabinieri were part of the Italian Army . On 31 March 2000, they were separated to become the fourth branch of the Italian Armed Forces. Interpol summarizes this force (part of the Ministry of Defence) as having a "nationwide remit for crime investigations. It also serves as the military police for the Italian armed forces and can be called upon for national defence action." According to Europol (the EU's law enforcement agency),

3551-405: The nation and participating in military operations abroad. It supports public order and territorial control in urban areas, and contributes to the operations of civil authorities in terms of public safety. 1st Mobile Brigade, whose headquarters is located in Rome and includes six Regiments and four Battalions mainly employed in public order tasks. 2nd Mobile Brigade headquartered in Livorno includes

3618-413: The national gendarmerie of Italy who primarily carry out domestic and foreign policing duties. It is one of Italy's main law enforcement agencies, alongside the Polizia di Stato and the Guardia di Finanza . As with the Guardia di Finanza but in contrast to the Polizia di Stato, the Carabinieri are a military force. As the fourth branch of the Italian Armed Forces , they come under the authority of

3685-497: The primary law enforcement organization originated in Europe in the early modern period ; the first statutory police force was the High Constables of Edinburgh in 1611, while the first organized police force was the Paris lieutenant général de police in 1667. Until the 18th century, law enforcement in England was mostly the responsibility of private citizens and thief-takers , albeit also including constables and watchmen. This system gradually shifted to government control following

3752-441: The protection of Italian artistic heritage, to the currency protection, to the protection of Italian embassies abroad, to the health protection, to the labour policing, to Bank of Italy needs, to the Carabinieri forensics police services. In addition, the Division provides Carabinieri air support. The Carabinieri Mobile Units Division is located in Rome and has two brigades tasked with mass manoeuvres during emergencies, defending

3819-638: The resources invested in the activity and the number of people professionally engaged to perform those functions. Law enforcement agencies are limited to operating within a specified jurisdiction . These are typically organized into three basic levels: national, regional, and municipal. However, depending on certain factors, there may be more or less levels, or they may be merged: in the United States, there are federal , state , and local police and sheriff agencies; in Canada, some territories may only have national-level law enforcement, while some provinces have national, provincial, and municipal; in Japan , there

3886-426: The rule of Benito Mussolini , they were also responsible for his downfall and many units were disbanded during World War II by Nazi Germany , which resulted in large numbers of Carabinieri joining the Italian resistance movement . In 2000, they were separated from the Army to become a separate branch of the Italian Armed Forces . Carabinieri have policing powers that can be exercised at any time and in any part of

3953-439: The same services entrusted to the Marine Corps Embassy Security Group in United States diplomatic and consular offices. Together with the Polizia di Stato and the Guardia di Finanza , the Carabinieri is also responsible for border control . The specialized Comando unità per la tutela forestale, ambientale, e agroalimentare has its headquarters in Rome, and 15 regional commands and approximately 700 Station Commands around

4020-418: The term law enforcement officer or peace officer to include every person vested by the legislating state with police power or authority; traditionally, anyone sworn or badged who can arrest any person for a violation of criminal law is included under the umbrella term of law enforcement. Although law enforcement may be most concerned with the prevention and punishment of crimes, organizations exist to discourage

4087-417: The uniform. Officials and Marshals had silver swords and sabres, both in a black leather scabbard . At the beginning of the 20th Century, the rules of the dress code were reinforced because of World War I . Troopers had three different types of uniforms: the Complete uniform , the Ordinary uniform , and the Effort uniform . The Carabinieri's uniform at that time was made of a green-grey cloth material, and

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4154-672: Was arrested by the German police, together with Lieutenant Colonel Frignani and Major Ugo de Carolis. Imprisoned in the SS prison of Via Tasso , he was tortured for two months for information about the Resistance, but did not talk, and on 23 March 1944 he was shot in the Fosse Ardeatine massacre . He was posthumously awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour . Carabinieri The Carabinieri ( / ˌ k ær ə b ɪ n ˈ j ɛər i / , also US : / ˌ k ɑːr -/ , Italian: [karabiˈnjɛːri] ; formally Arma dei Carabinieri , "Arm of Carabineers"; previously Corpo dei Carabinieri Reali , "Royal Carabineers Corps") are

4221-410: Was dissolved on 31 December 2016 and personnel with forestry police function were militarized and absorbed by the Carabinieri. The corps is headed by the Comando , consisting of the Comandante Generale (a General ), the Vice-Comandante Generale (a Lieutenant General ) and the Chief of Staff, all located in Rome . The Chief of Staff directs, coordinates and supervises all activities of

4288-407: Was later joined (but not taken over) by the Black Brigades , which represented a new militant incarnation of the Fascist party. Due to the role the Carabinieri had played in the downfall of Mussolini, and since one of the few units which fought the German occupation of Rome were the Granatieri di Sardegna Mechanized Brigade regiments and the II Carabinieri cadet battalion, the Germans did not view

4355-411: Was the United States Marshals Service , both formed in 1789. In the American frontier , law enforcement was the responsibility of county sheriffs , rangers , constables , and marshals . The first law enforcement agency in Canada was the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary , established in 1729, while the first Canadian national law enforcement agency was the Dominion Police , established in 1868. By

4422-401: Was the only national security force in Italy. After the war the Carabinieri counted at least 2735 fallen and 6500 wounded, out of approximately 14,000 who had joined the Resistance in northern and central Italy. In Yugoslavia, the Carabinieri formed a battalion of the Italian 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi" , which fought alongside the Yugoslav partisans against the Wehrmacht and

4489-417: Was used by all soldiers. For historical and ceremonial use, the Carabinieri uniform consists of a distinctive black uniform made of silver braids around the collar and cuffs, edges trimmed in scarlet and epaulettes in silver. The fringes of the mounted division are white, and the infantry has light blue. The headgear used is the traditional two-pointed hat for Carabinieri, known as the Lucerna, also called

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