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62-490: The Raelettes (or occasionally The Raelets or The Raeletts ) were an American girl group formed in 1958 to provide backing vocals for Ray Charles . They were reformed from the group The Cookies . Between 1966 and 1973, the Raelettes recorded on Tangerine Records as a separate act produced and accompanied by Charles. Reformed by Ray Charles from the all-girl singing group The Cookies , Charles first invited The Cookies for

124-518: A big band , partly as a response to increasing royalties and touring fees, becoming one of the few black artists to cross over into mainstream pop with such a level of creative control. This success, however, came to a momentary halt during a concert tour in November 1961, when a police search of Charles' hotel room in Indianapolis, Indiana, led to the discovery of heroin in the medicine cabinet. The case

186-408: A cover artist , giving his own eclectic arrangements of existing songs. With " Georgia on My Mind ", his first hit single for ABC-Paramount in 1960, Charles received national acclaim and four Grammy Awards , including two for "Georgia on My Mind" ( Best Vocal Performance Single Record or Track, Male , and Best Performance by a Pop Single Artist ). Written by Stuart Gorrell and Hoagy Carmichael ,

248-469: A radio format , appeared in 1960. The Top 40, whether surveyed by a radio station or a publication, was a list of songs that shared only the common characteristic of being newly released. Its introduction coincided with a transition from the old ten-inch 78 rpm record format for single "pop" recordings to the seven-inch vinyl 45 rpm format, introduced in 1949, which was outselling it by 1954 and soon replaced it completely in 1958. The Top 40 thereafter became

310-475: A Chance" and Dizzy Gillespie 's "Emanon". After the success of his first two singles, Charles moved to Los Angeles in 1950 and spent the next few years touring with the blues musician Lowell Fulson as Fulson's musical director. In 1950, Charles' performance in a Miami hotel impressed Henry Stone , who went on to record a Ray Charles Rockin' record, which did not achieve popularity. During his stay in Miami, Charles

372-691: A Japanese TV advertisement for the Suntory brand, releasing it in Japan as "Ellie My Love", where it reached No.   3 on its Oricon chart. In the same year he was a special guest at the Arena di Verona during the tour promoting Oro Incenso & Birra of the Italian singer Zucchero Fornaciari . In 2001–02, Charles appeared in commercials for the New Jersey Lottery to promote its campaign "For every dream, there's

434-508: A biopic portraying his life and career between the mid-1930s and 1979, was released in October 2004, starring Jamie Foxx as Charles. Foxx won the 2005 Academy Award for Best Actor for the role. Top 40 According to producer Richard Fatherley, Todd Storz was the inventor of the format, at his radio station KOWH in Omaha, Nebraska . Storz invented the format in the early 1950s, using

496-595: A cover of the Brothers Johnson 's " I'll Be Good to You ", a duet with his lifelong friend Quincy Jones and the singer Chaka Khan , which hit number one on the R&;B chart in 1990 and won Charles and Khan a Grammy for their duet. Prior to this, Charles returned to the pop charts with " Baby Grand ", a duet with singer-songwriter Billy Joel . In 1989, he recorded a cover of the Southern All Stars ' "Itoshi no Ellie" for

558-756: A jackpot." In 2003, he headlined the White House Correspondents' Association Dinner in Washington, D.C., attended by President George W. Bush , Laura Bush , Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice . Also in 2003, Charles presented Van Morrison with Morrison's award upon being inducted in the Songwriters Hall of Fame , and the two sang Morrison's song " Crazy Love " (the performance appears on Morrison's 2007 album The Best of Van Morrison Volume 3 ). In 2003, Charles performed "Georgia on My Mind" and "America

620-510: A man her father worked with, took her in. The Robinson family—Bailey, his wife Mary Jane, and his mother— informally adopted her and Aretha took the surname Robinson. A few years later Aretha became pregnant by Bailey. During the ensuing scandal, she left Greenville late in the summer of 1930 to be with family back in Albany. After the birth of the child, Ray Charles, she and the infant Charles returned to Greenville. Aretha and Bailey's wife, who had lost

682-533: A more liberal contract than other artists had at the time, with ABC offering him a $ 50,000 (US$ 522,603 in 2023 dollars ) annual advance, higher royalties than before, and eventual ownership of his master tapes —a very valuable and lucrative deal at the time. During his Atlantic years, Charles had been hailed for his inventive compositions, but by the time of the release of the largely instrumental jazz album Genius + Soul = Jazz (1960) for ABC's subsidiary label Impulse! , he had given up on writing in favor of becoming

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744-641: A music editor for Rolling Stone , "The hit records he made for Atlantic in the mid-1950s mapped out everything that would happen to rock 'n' roll and soul music in the years that followed." Charles was also an inspiration to Pink Floyd member Roger Waters , who told the Turkish newspaper Hürriyet : "I was about 15. In the middle of the night with friends, we were listening to jazz. It was " Georgia on My Mind ", Ray Charles' version. Then I thought 'One day, if I make some people feel only one-twentieth of what I am feeling now, it will be quite enough for me. ' " Ray ,

806-625: A musician, Charles was also a record producer, producing Guitar Slim 's number 1 hit, " The Things That I Used to Do ". In June 1952, Atlantic bought Charles' contract for $ 2,500 (US$ 28,684 in 2023 dollars ). His first recording session for Atlantic ("The Midnight Hour"/"Roll with My Baby") took place in September 1952, although his last Swing Time release ("Misery in My Heart"/"The Snow Is Falling") would not appear until February 1953. In 1953, " Mess Around " became his first small hit for Atlantic; during

868-472: A pianist for Charles Brantley's Honey Dippers. In his early career, Charles modeled himself on Nat King Cole . His first four recordings—"Wondering and Wondering", "Walking and Talking", "Why Did You Go?" and "I Found My Baby There"—were allegedly done in Tampa, although some discographies claim he recorded them in Miami in 1951 or else Los Angeles in 1952. Charles had always played piano for other people, but he

930-621: A recording session in New York City, in August 1956, where they taped "Lonely Avenue", "I Want To Know" and "Leave My Woman Alone". The Cookies' lineup at the time consisted of Margie Hendrix , Dorothy Jones, and Darlene McCrea. The Raelettes were officially established in 1958. The first lineup consisted of Darlene McCrea, Margie Hendricks , Patricia Lyles, and Gwendolyn Berry. The Raelettes were an integral part of Charles' organization and provided backing vocals on various hits, such as " Night Time Is

992-563: A reputation as a talented musician in Jacksonville, but the jobs did not come fast enough for him to construct a strong identity, so, at age 16, he moved to Orlando , where he lived in borderline poverty and went without food for days. Charles eventually started to write arrangements for a pop music band, and in the summer of 1947, he unsuccessfully auditioned to play piano for Lucky Millinder and his sixteen-piece band. In 1947, Charles moved to Tampa , where he held two jobs, including one as

1054-561: A son, then shared in Charles' upbringing. The father had left Greenville and married another woman elsewhere. By his first birthday, Charles had a brother, George. Charles was deeply devoted to his mother and later recalled, despite her poor health and adversity, her perseverance, self-sufficiency, and pride as guiding lights in his life. In his early years, Charles showed an interest in mechanical objects and often watched his neighbors working on their cars and farm machinery. His musical curiosity

1116-474: A survey of the popularity of 45 rpm singles and their airplay on the radio. Some nationally syndicated radio shows, such as American Top 40 , featured a countdown of the 40 highest-ranked songs on a particular music or entertainment publication. Although such publications often listed more than 40 charted hits, such as the Billboard Hot 100 , time constraints allowed for the airing of only 40 songs; hence,

1178-686: Is a master of sounds. His records disclose an extraordinary assortment of slurs, glides, turns, shrieks, wails, breaks, shouts, screams and hollers, all wonderfully controlled, disciplined by inspired musicianship, and harnessed to ingenious subtleties of harmony, dynamics and rhythm... It is either the singing of a man whose vocabulary is inadequate to express what is in his heart and mind or of one whose feelings are too intense for satisfactory verbal or conventionally melodic articulation. He can't tell it to you. He can't even sing it to you. He has to cry out to you, or shout to you, in tones eloquent of despair—or exaltation. The voice alone, with little assistance from

1240-703: The Billboard Hot 100 . His 1962 album Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music became his first album to top the Billboard 200 . Charles had multiple singles reach the Top 40 on various Billboard charts: 44 on the US R&;B singles chart, 11 on the Hot 100 singles chart, and two on the Hot Country singles charts. Charles cited Nat King Cole as a primary influence, but his music

1302-613: The Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind in St. Augustine from 1937 to 1945. Charles further developed his musical talent at school and was taught to play the classical piano music of Bach , Mozart and Beethoven . His teacher, Mrs. Lawrence, taught him how to use braille music , a difficult process that requires learning the left hand movements by reading braille with the right hand and learning

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1364-755: The Kennedy Center Honors , the National Medal of Arts , and the Polar Music Prize . He was one of the inaugural inductees at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986. He has won 18 Grammy Awards (five posthumously), the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1987, and 10 of his recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . Rolling Stone ranked Charles No. 10 on their list of

1426-613: The Shrine Auditorium on August 3. The other headliners were Little Willie John , Sam Cooke , Ernie Freeman , and Bo Rhambo . Sammy Davis Jr. was also there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest. The event featured the top four prominent disc jockeys of Los Angeles. Charles reached the pinnacle of his success at Atlantic with the release of "What'd I Say", which combined gospel, jazz, blues and Latin music. Charles said he wrote it spontaneously while he

1488-683: The " 100 Greatest Artists of All Time ", and No. 2 on their list of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time". In 2022, he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame , as well as the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame . Charles was born on September 23, 1930, in Albany, Georgia . He was the son of Bailey Robinson, a laborer, and Aretha (or Reatha) Robinson (née Williams), a laundress, of Greenville, Florida . During Aretha's childhood, her mother died. Her father could not keep her. Bailey,

1550-615: The 1970s his music was rarely played on radio stations. The rise of psychedelic rock and harder forms of rock and R&B music had reduced Charles' radio appeal, as did his choosing to record pop standards and covers of contemporary rock and soul hits, since his earnings from owning his master tapes had taken away the motivation to write new material. Charles nonetheless continued to have an active recording career. Most of his recordings between 1968 and 1973 evoked strong reactions: either adored or panned by fans and critics alike. His recordings during this period, especially 1972's A Message from

1612-524: The 1–5 A.M. shift at the Rocking Chair. Publicity photos of this trio are some of the earliest known photographs of Charles. In April 1949, he and his band recorded " Confession Blues ", which became his first national hit, soaring to the second spot on the Billboard R&;B chart. While still working at the Rocking Chair, Charles also arranged songs for other artists, including Cole Porter 's "Ghost of

1674-588: The Beautiful" at a televised annual banquet of electronic media journalists held in Washington, D.C. His final public appearance was on April 30, 2004, at the dedication of his music studio as a historic landmark in Los Angeles. Charles possessed one of the most recognizable voices in American music. In the words of musicologist Henry Pleasants : Sinatra, and Bing Crosby before him, had been masters of words. Ray Charles

1736-473: The People , moved toward the progressive soul sound popular at the time. A Message from the People included his unique gospel-influenced version of " America the Beautiful " and a number of protest songs about poverty and civil rights. Charles was often criticized for his version of "America the Beautiful" because it was very drastically changed from the song's original version. On July 14, 1973, Margie Hendrix ,

1798-508: The R&B chart. "I've Got a Woman" combined gospel , jazz , and blues elements. In 1955, he had hits with " This Little Girl of Mine " and " A Fool for You ". In upcoming years, hits included " Drown in My Own Tears " and " Hallelujah I Love Her So ". Charles also recorded jazz, such as The Great Ray Charles (1957). He worked with vibraphonist Milt Jackson , releasing Soul Brothers in 1958 and Soul Meeting in 1961. By 1958, he

1860-571: The Right Time " (1958), " What'd I Say " (1959) and " Hit the Road Jack " (1961). In the early years, Margie Hendrix was the Raelette's foremost member. Ray Charles said about her: " Aretha , Gladys , Etta James — these gals are all bad, but on any given night, Margie will scare you to death." Ray and Margie had many affairs, but she started using drugs and alcohol and after a final argument in 1964, she

1922-542: The air before he was finally able to see through a small part of the windshield and land the plane. Charles placed a spiritual interpretation on the experience, claiming that "something or someone which instruments cannot detect" was responsible for creating the small opening in the ice on the windshield which enabled the pilot to eventually land the plane safely. The 1962 album Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music and its sequel, Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music, Vol. 2 , helped to bring country music into

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1984-496: The album True to Life , remaining with his old label until 1980. However, the label had now begun to focus on rock acts, and some of their prominent soul artists, such as Aretha Franklin , were starting to be neglected. In November 1977 he appeared as the host of the NBC television show Saturday Night Live . In April 1979, his version of "Georgia on My Mind" was proclaimed the state song of Georgia, and an emotional Charles performed

2046-467: The audience of black and white fans would integrate while he was there. In 1983, Charles signed a contract with Columbia . He recorded a string of country albums and had hit singles in duets with singers such as George Jones , Chet Atkins , B. J. Thomas , Mickey Gilley , Hank Williams Jr. , Dee Dee Bridgewater ("Precious Thing") and his longtime friend Willie Nelson , with whom he recorded " Seven Spanish Angels ". In 1985, Charles participated in

2108-469: The dance number " I Don't Need No Doctor " and " Let's Go Get Stoned ", which became his first number-one R&B hit in several years. His cover version of " Crying Time ", originally recorded by country singer Buck Owens , reached No. 6 on the pop chart and helped Charles win a Grammy Award the following March. In 1967, he had a top-twenty hit with another ballad, " Here We Go Again ". Charles' renewed chart success, however, proved to be short lived, and by

2170-404: The genres of rhythm and blues and jazz had an influence on a number of highly successful artists, including, as Jon Pareles has noted, Elvis Presley , Aretha Franklin , Stevie Wonder , Van Morrison , and Billy Joel . Other singers who have acknowledged Charles' influence on their own styles include James Booker , Steve Winwood , Richard Manuel , and Gregg Allman . According to Joe Levy,

2232-459: The high tenor range of A, B flat, B, C and even C sharp and D, sometimes in full voice, sometimes in an ecstatic head voice, sometimes in falsetto. In falsetto he continues up to E and F above high C. On one extraordinary record, 'I'm Going Down to the River'...he hits an incredible B flat...giving him an overall range, including the falsetto extension, of at least three octaves." His style and success in

2294-404: The integration of country music , rhythm and blues, and pop music during the 1960s with his crossover success on ABC Records , notably with his two Modern Sounds albums. While he was with ABC, Charles became one of the first black musicians to be granted artistic control by a mainstream record company. Charles' 1960 hit " Georgia on My Mind " was the first of his three career No. 1 hits on

2356-465: The invention of Storz and others like him, radio would be reborn". Storz is credited by some sources as helping to popularize rock and roll music. By the mid-1950s, his station, and the numerous others which eventually adopted the Top 40 format, were playing records by artists such as " Presley , Lewis , Haley , Berry and Domino ". From the 1980s onwards, different recording formats have competed with

2418-488: The label: a jazz record ( The Genius After Hours , 1961); a blues record ( The Genius Sings the Blues , 1961); and a big band record ( The Genius of Ray Charles , 1959) which was his first Top 40 album, peaking at No. 17. Charles' contract with Atlantic expired in 1959, and several big labels offered him record deals. Choosing not to renegotiate his contract with Atlantic, he signed with ABC-Paramount in November 1959. He obtained

2480-509: The mother of Ray's son Charles Wayne Hendrix, died at 38 years old, which led to Ray having to care for the child. The official cause of her death is unknown. In 1974, Charles left ABC Records and recorded several albums on his own label, Crossover Records. A 1975 recording of Stevie Wonder's hit " Living for the City " later helped Charles win another Grammy. In 1977, he reunited with Ahmet Ertegun and re-signed to Atlantic Records, for which he recorded

2542-613: The musical mainstream. Charles' version of the Don Gibson song " I Can't Stop Loving You " topped the Pop chart for five weeks, stayed at No. 1 on the R&B chart for ten weeks, and gave him his only number-one record in the UK. In 1962, he founded his record label, Tangerine , which ABC-Paramount promoted and distributed. He had major pop hits in 1963 with " Busted " (US No. 4) and " Take These Chains from My Heart " (US No. 8). In 1964, Margie Hendrix

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2604-513: The musical recording and video " We Are the World ", a charity single recorded by the supergroup United Support of Artists (USA) for Africa. In 1990 he participated for the first time in the Sanremo Music Festival with song Good Love Gone Bad , written by Toto Cutugno . Before the release of his first album for Warner, Would You Believe , Charles made a return to the R&B charts with

2666-515: The next year, he had hits with " It Should've Been Me " and "Don't You Know". He also recorded the songs "Midnight Hour" and "Sinner's Prayer" around this time. Late in 1954, Charles recorded " I've Got a Woman ". The lyrics were written by bandleader Renald Richard. Charles claimed the composition. They later admitted that the song went back to the Southern Tones ' "It Must Be Jesus" (1954). It became one of his most notable hits, reaching No. 2 on

2728-559: The number of times a record was played on jukeboxes to compose a weekly list for broadcast. The format was commercially successful, and Storz and his father Robert, under the name of the Storz Broadcasting Company, subsequently acquired other stations to use the new Top 40 format. In 1989, Todd Storz was inducted into the Nebraska Broadcasters Association Hall of Fame. The term "Top 40", describing

2790-564: The piano for bands at the Ritz Theatre in LaVilla for over a year, earning $ 4 a night (US$ 46, in 2023 value ). He joined Local 632 of the American Federation of Musicians , in the hope that it would help him get work, and was able to use the union hall's piano to practice, since he did not have one at home; he learned piano licks from copying the other players there. He started to build

2852-489: The right hand movements by reading braille with the left hand, then combining the two parts. Charles' mother died in the spring of 1945, when he was 14. Her death came as a shock to him; he later said the deaths of his brother and mother were "the two great tragedies" of his life. Charles decided not to return to school after the funeral. After leaving school, Charles moved to Jacksonville to live with Charles Wayne Powell, who had been friends with his late mother. He played

2914-696: The song on the floor of the state legislature. In 1980 Charles performed in the musical film The Blues Brothers . Although he had notably supported the American Civil Rights Movement and Martin Luther King Jr. in the 1960s, Charles was criticized for performing at the Sun City resort in South Africa in 1981 during an international boycott protesting that country's apartheid policy. He later defended his choice of performing there, insisting that

2976-444: The song was Charles' first work with Sid Feller , who produced, arranged and conducted the recording. Charles' rendition of the tune helped elevate it to the status of an American classic, and his version also became the state song of Georgia in 1979. Charles earned another Grammy for the follow-up track " Hit the Road Jack ", written by R&B singer Percy Mayfield . By late 1961, Charles had expanded his small road ensemble to

3038-530: The term "top 40" gradually became part of the vernacular associated with popular music. An article in the Spring 2012 issue of Nebraska History magazine offered this comment as to Todd Storz' legacy: "the radio revolution that Storz began with KOWH was already sweeping the nation. Thousands of radio station owners had realized the enormous potential for a new kind of radio. When television became popular, social monitors predicted that radio would die. However, because of

3100-437: The text or the notated music, conveys the message. Pleasants continues, "Ray Charles is usually described as a baritone, and his speaking voice would suggest as much, as would the difficulty he experiences in reaching and sustaining the baritone's high E and F in a popular ballad. But the voice undergoes some sort of transfiguration under stress, and in music of gospel or blues character he can and does sing for measures on end in

3162-422: Was also influenced by Louis Jordan and Charles Brown . He had a lifelong friendship and occasional partnership with Quincy Jones . Frank Sinatra called Ray Charles "the only true genius in show business", although Charles downplayed this notion. Billy Joel said, "This may sound like sacrilege, but I think Ray Charles was more important than Elvis Presley ." For his musical contributions, Charles received

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3224-546: Was an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. He is regarded as one of the most iconic and influential musicians in history, and was often referred to by contemporaries as "The Genius". Among friends and fellow musicians, he preferred being called "Brother Ray". Charles was blinded during childhood, possibly due to glaucoma . Charles pioneered the soul music genre during the 1950s by combining elements of blues , jazz , rhythm and blues , and gospel into his music during his time with Atlantic Records . He contributed to

3286-415: Was eventually dropped, as the search lacked a proper warrant by the police, and Charles soon returned to music. In the early 1960s, on the way from Louisiana to Oklahoma City , Charles faced a near-death experience when the pilot of his plane lost visibility, as snow and his failure to use the defroster caused the windshield of the plane to become completely covered in ice. The pilot made a few circles in

3348-701: Was fired from the Raelettes and later died in 1973. The group always consisted of 4 or 5 singers. The ever-changing lineup included Minnie Riperton , Merry Clayton , Clydie King of the Blackberries , Edna Wright of Honey Cone , and latter-day Supreme Susaye Greene . Charles also produced and played piano on solo singles for various Raelettes. He formed Tangerine Records in 1962, and the Raeletts released three top 40 R&B hits between 1967 and 1971: "One Hurt Deserves Another" (1967), "I'm Gettin' 'Long All Right" (1968), and "Bad Water" (1971). The compilation Souled Out

3410-405: Was four years old. Charles started to lose his sight at the age of four or five, and was blind by the age of seven, likely as a result of glaucoma . Destitute, uneducated, and mourning the loss of her younger son, Aretha Robinson used her connections in the local community to find a school that would accept a blind African-American pupil. Despite his initial protest, Charles attended school at

3472-560: Was keen to have his own band. He decided to leave Florida for a large city, and, considering Chicago and New York City too big, followed his friend Gossie McKee to Seattle , Washington, in March 1948, knowing that the biggest radio hits came from northern cities. There he met and befriended, under the tutelage of Robert Blackwell , the 15-year-old Quincy Jones . With Charles on piano, McKee on guitar, and Milton Garred on bass, The McSon Trio (named for Mc Kee and Robin son ) started playing

3534-455: Was kicked out of the Raelettes after a big argument. In 1964, Charles' career was halted once more after he was arrested for a third time for possession of heroin. He agreed to go to a rehabilitative facility to avoid jail time and eventually kicked his habit at a clinic in Los Angeles. After spending a year on parole, Charles reappeared in the charts in 1966 with a series of hits composed with Ashford & Simpson and Jo Armstead , including

3596-686: Was not only headlining major black venues such as the Apollo Theater in New York, but also larger venues such as Carnegie Hall and the Newport Jazz Festival , where his first live album was recorded in 1958. He hired a female singing group, the Cookies , and renamed them the Raelettes . In 1958, Charles and the Raelettes performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at

3658-521: Was performing in clubs with his band. Despite some radio stations banning the song because of its sexually suggestive lyrics, the song became Charles' first top-ten pop record. It reached No. 6 on the Billboard Pop chart and No. 1 on the Billboard R&;B chart in 1959. Later that year, he released his first country song (a cover of Hank Snow 's " I'm Movin' On ") and recorded three more albums for

3720-462: Was released in 1970, featuring songs R&B duo Ike & Tina Turner had recorded for Tangerine. In the 1970s, Mable John sang lead vocals and the Raelttes toured independent of Charles. After she left the Raelettes returned to the background for good, with various lineups backing Charles until his death in 2004. Ray Charles Ray Charles Robinson (September 23, 1930 – June 10, 2004)

3782-483: Was required to stay in the segregated but thriving black community of Overtown . Stone later helped Jerry Wexler find Charles in St. Petersburg . After signing with Swing Time Records , Charles recorded two more R&B hits under the name Ray Charles: "Baby, Let Me Hold Your Hand" (1951), which reached No. 5, and "Kissa Me Baby" (1952), which reached No. 8. Swing Time folded the following year, and Ahmet Ertegun signed Charles to Atlantic . In addition to being

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3844-526: Was sparked at Wylie Pitman's Red Wing Cafe, at the age of three, when Pitman played boogie woogie on an old upright piano ; Pitman subsequently taught Charles how to play the piano. Charles and his mother were always welcome at the Red Wing Cafe and even lived there when they were in financial distress. Pitman also cared for Ray's younger brother George, to take some of the burden off their mother. George accidentally drowned in his mother's laundry tub when he

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