Misplaced Pages

#721278

37-581: Radzin may refer to: Radzyń Podlaski , town in eastern Poland Izhbitza-Radzin , Hasidic dynasty Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Radzin . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radzin&oldid=933076714 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

74-423: A garrison, with beatings and instances of women getting killed by them in drunken rages. Sex slaves were obliged to drink with the clients as a general rule. Officers had their own brothels under the chief of police (1888–1895), known sex connoisseur Nikolai Kleigels ( Russian : Николай Клейгельс ) who was selling young Polish girls dressed in exotic costumes for 10 roubles a visit. The girls were categorized by

111-613: A policeman for directions. In 1909, a gendarme chief was severely wounded in an ambush in Warsaw. In 1910, a bomb exploded at the Grodzisk station, killing or wounding several gendarmes. Ukrainians were officially considered "part of the Russian people " and at the time mostly referred to as Little Russians . Since they were seen as Russians they were not discriminated against at the individual level and (if they could speak Russian ) any career

148-617: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Radzy%C5%84 Podlaski Radzyń lies on the Białka River within the South Podlasie Lowland, at the height of 150 metres (490 ft) above sea level. The town has the area of 20,29 square kilometers, of which forests make only 5%. It is located along the Expressway S19 , which passes through Białystok , Lublin and Rzeszów . In

185-636: The Duchy of Warsaw (a French client state in a personal union under Saxony ), most of which was then reconstituted as the Kingdom of Poland within the Russian Empire in 1815. To both Russians and Poles, the term Russian Poland was not acceptable. To the Russians after partition, Poland ceased to exist, and their newly acquired territories were considered the long lost parts of Mother Russia . To Poles, Poland

222-693: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania ). The first Russian partition took place in the late 17th century when the forced Treaty of Andrusovo signed in 1667 granted Russia the Commonwealth's territory in the Eastern Ukraine . Under the Third Partition of Poland Russia acquired Courland , all Lithuanian territory east of the Nieman River , and the remaining parts of Volhynian Ukraine . Major historical events of

259-718: The January Uprising , broke out. This time, the Carmelite friars who helped the insurgents were sent on death marches to Siberia chained by their necks together. The January Uprising lead to the Kingdom's autonomy being drastically reduced, and its renaming as Vistula Land . There is debate as to whether the Kingdom of Poland , as a state, was formally replaced by the Vistula Land . Towns were stripped of their charters in reprisal and turned into villages. The Russian Partition of Poland

296-761: The Lublin Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown . Since 1741 until the late 18th century, Radzyń belonged to the Potocki family . General Eustachy Potocki built a rococo palace here. His son Ignacy Potocki (1750–1809) was born here. Following the Partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Radzyń was annexed by Austria , then following the Austro-Polish War , in 1809, it

333-537: The Polish–Lithuanian union under the Union of Krewo . Settlers from other part of Lesser Poland, as well as Mazovia , came to Radzyń, churches were built and villages were founded. According to historical documents, the town of Radzyń was preceded by a settlement called Kozirynek (also spelled as Cozirynek and Kozyrynek ; this name appears in documents as late as 1580). In 1456, first Roman Catholic parish at Radzyń

370-737: The Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907) resulted in the general improvement of the situation soon before the dissolution of the Empire. Some major political parties of the Second Polish Republic developed around that time in the Russian partition (ex. Polish Socialist Party ). The New York Times noted some aspects of society that were still "risky" or "distressing" in 1907. Police units sometimes feared being stabbed or shot, while civilians sometimes feared being imprisoned while merely asking

407-694: The Russian Empire . The territories of the Russian Partition saw very moderate economic growth over time. No business activity could take place without bribing the Tsarist officials first. Much of the output of the Polish Partition was exported to Russia proper, especially after the border between Congress Poland and Russia was abolished in 1851. The emancipation reform of 1861 was a major step towards industrialization and urbanization . Particularly,

SECTION 10

#1732880807722

444-625: The 19th century, it became known as an important center of Jewish learning. The town had a Jewish population of 2,900 before World War II. It was home to the Radzyn Hasidic dynasty . Among the local points of interest are the St. Trinity Church (1641), built in the so-called Lublin Renaissance style, as well as the Potocki Palace (1740s), built by a Polish-Italian architect Jakub Fontana . Its interior

481-589: The Commonwealth: It consisted of 9 guberniyas : six Belarusian and Lithuanian ones that constituted the Northwestern Krai ( Vilna Governorate , Kovno Governorate , Grodno Governorate , Minsk Governorate , Mogilev Governorate and Vitebsk Governorate ) and three Ukrainian ones that constituted the Southwestern Krai ( Volhynia Governorate , Podolia Governorate and Kiev Governorate ). In

518-523: The Russian Empire created a separate entity called Congress Poland out of some of the above governorates. See administrative division of Congress Poland for details. Territories in the Russian partition which were not incorporated into Congress Poland were officially known as the Western Krai , and in Poland as the taken lands ( Polish : ziemie zabrane ). The Western Krai comprised the following lands of

555-463: The Russian Partition included the Warsaw Uprising (1794) soon after Kościuszko's victory at Racławice . It ended up in the massacre of Praga district of Warsaw , in which the Russian imperial army killed up to 20,000 civilians in reprisal or revenge, regardless of gender and age. "The whole of Praga was strewn with dead bodies, blood was flowing in streams" wrote Suvorov himself. In 1807,

592-440: The Russian authorities as either inexpensive, medium-priced, or exclusive based on age, beauty and demeanour. In all cities with the Russian garrisons, army-licensed brothels were required to provide so-called "patriotic duty" to their regiments by giving one free visit per soldier, at least once a week. The battalions of 186 men each, divided into 9 companies, were taken to brothels under the command of an infantry sergeant. Each girl

629-512: The Russians during the Polish–Soviet War in mid-August 1920, and recaptured by Poles on August 16, 1920. After a major fire in 1930, the houses on the market square, formerly from wood, were rebuilt of stone and brick. During the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland , which started World War II , on September 9, 1939, Radzyń was bombed by the Luftwaffe . In late September of that year, it

666-460: The aftermath of the November Uprising (1830–1831) and later, the January Uprising of 1863–1864. Many Poles were exiled to Siberia , some 80,000 of them in 1864 in the single largest deportation action commenced by the empire. Polish language was discriminated against, and it lost its official status. "Books were burned; churches destroyed; priests murdered;" wrote Norman Davies . There

703-506: The complete loss of Poland 's and Lithuania 's sovereignty, with their territories split between Russia, Prussia and Austria . The majority of Lithuania's former territory was annexed by the Russian Empire, except for Užnemunė  [ lt ] (a geographical area on the left bank of the River Neman ) which was annexed by Prussia. The Napoleonic Wars saw significant parts of Prussia's and Austria's partitions reconstituted as

740-431: The early years of Polish statehood Radzyń was located in extreme northeastern corner of Lesser Poland, near the border with Podlachia , which often passed between Poland, Ruthenia and the Duchy of Lithuania . The region was frequently raided by its neighbors, which had a negative impact on the economy. This sparsely populated borderland of Lesser Poland began to see improvements after 1385, when Poland and Lithuania formed

777-409: The first partition, Russia gained 92,000 km and 1.3 million people. In the second, 250,000 km and 1 million people. In the third, 120,000 km and 1.2 million people. Overall, Russia had gained about 62 percent of the former Commonwealth territory (462,000 km ) and about 45 percent of the population (3.5 million people). The Russian partition was thus the largest and most populous of

SECTION 20

#1732880807722

814-616: The former territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that were annexed by the Russian Empire in the course of late-18th-century Partitions of Poland . The Russian acquisition encompassed the largest share of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's population, living on 463,200 km (178,800 sq mi) of land constituting the eastern and central territory of the former Commonwealth. The three partitions, which took place in 1772, 1793 and 1795, resulted in

851-515: The last three or four decades before World War I saw significant economic development and urbanization. However, in many areas of the economy, development stalled. The Russian Empire divided the former territories of the Commonwealth it obtained ( Rech Pospolitaya in Russian) by creating or enlarging the following guberniyas (Tsarist governorates, or provinces). After the Congress of Vienna in 1815,

888-540: The territory returned to Russia with the Tsar taking the title of King of Poland . The protectorate was gradually integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century. Notwithstanding, the relentless Russian exploitation activities led to the 1830–1831 November Uprising which took place in the heartland of partitioned Poland, forming a government . Its subsequent defeat resulted in a new wave of Tsarist mass repressions and punitive actions. In 1863–1864 another insurrection,

925-420: The town began a period of development. During World War I , the town was occupied by Germany . In November 1918, Poland regained independence, and the occupying German forces opened fire on Poles who tried to liberate the town, but it was still reintegrated with the reborn Polish state. Within the Second Polish Republic , Radzyń was the seat of a county in Lublin Voivodeship . The town was briefly occupied by

962-711: The transit point in the Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto . The pacification actions were conducted by the Nazi German Reserve Police Battalion 101 . The town was a major center of Home Army , with 4,200 members, and the German occupation lasted until July 23, 1944, when the Red Army entered the town. The Jewish community was never reconstituted. Jews settled in Radzyn Podlaski in the 16th century. In

999-517: The victorious Napoleon formed the Duchy of Warsaw after his War of the Fourth Coalition against Prussia and Russia. The new Duchy was held in personal union by King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony . However, the Duchy was dissolved after just a few years following the 1815 Congress of Vienna , and all its territory returned to its previous rulers. The Tsarist Kingdom of Poland was established in

1036-471: Was created, and in 1468, the town was incorporated based on Magdeburg rights . It was a royal possession, leased by kings to different noblemen, such as the Mniszech family . In 1690, King John III Sobieski granted several privileges to town's residents. At that time, Radzyń had Roman Catholic, Greek-Catholic and Orthodox churches, as well as a synagogue. Radzyń was a private town , administratively located in

1073-664: Was destroyed twice: in 1915 by Imperial Russian troops, and in 1944 by the Wehrmacht during the occupation of Poland in World War II. The palace was in 1920 the headquarters of General Edward Rydz-Śmigły , during the Battle of Warsaw . Since 1920, it has served as office of local administration. [REDACTED] Media related to Radzyń Podlaski at Wikimedia Commons Russian Partition The Russian Partition ( Polish : zabór rosyjski ), sometimes called Russian Poland , constituted

1110-414: Was liberated by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw , and after its dissolution, in 1815 it became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland . Many inhabitants participated in the large Polish uprisings of 1830–1831 and 1863–1864 . In 1867 Russian authorities created Radzyń County, which gave the town a boost. Later on, Radzyń got a rail connection with Lublin and Siedlce , and

1147-705: Was made an official province of the Russian Empire in 1867. In the early 20th century, a major part of the Russian Revolution of 1905 was the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907) . The return to Poland's independence was a result of the First World War on the Polish lands (1914–1918), the overthrow of the Tsarist regime, and the defeat of the Central Powers in 1918. The Russification policies were harsh, and there were many repressions, particularly in

Radzin - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-427: Was no education in the Polish language, and publications in Polish were few. The only elementary schools were constantly underfinanced. The city of Warsaw under the Tsarist rule resembled a military base with exclusively Russian stores and clubs as well as 12 Russian garrisons in the city, equipped with newly built horse stables, and amenities like laundry shacks, and cabbage pickleries. Polish stores – where Russian

1221-437: Was not being spoken – were routinely denied a license. Polish names were removed even from botanical signs. Hunger and poverty were rampant with record number of women forced to work at the Russian military brothels, of which there were some 185 in total, including 16 official ones (1884). In cheap army brothels sex could be bought for as little as 30 kopecks (less than 1/3 of a rouble); one woman for every 30 Russians stationed at

1258-792: Was one of centers of Polish resistance, with units of Independent Operational Group Polesie stationed there for some time. The first Germans appeared in Radzyń after the Battle of Kock , in early October 1939. In June 1940, during the AB-Aktion , the Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles , many of whom were afterwards imprisoned in the Lublin Castle and deported to concentration camps . From Radzyń, 6,000 local Jews were sent to Treblinka extermination camp in August 1942 amid gunfire and screams. Some went through

1295-538: Was open to them. Nonetheless, in 1804 Ukrainian as a subject and language of instruction was banned from schools. A following 1863 ban on Ukrainian books led to Alexander II 's secret Ems Ukaz , which prohibited publication and importation of most Ukrainian-language books, public performances and lectures, and even banned the printing of Ukrainian texts accompanying musical scores. Ukrainians living in Austria-Hungary were given more rights than Ukrainians living in

1332-422: Was required to service 20-21 members of a battalion, after which she would be allowed to take other men to make money in order to buy food. Jewish girls were especially vulnerable due to the totality of the tsarist official antisemitism including mass expulsions of Litvaks commanded by Alexander III of Russia which led to desperation and hunger. There was nonetheless growth in the national consciousness, and

1369-498: Was simply Polish, never Russian. While the Russians used varying administrative names for their new territories ( see below ), another popular term, used in Poland and adopted by most other historiographies, was the Russian Partition . Even before the partitions from the late 18th century, the Russian Empire had already acquired some territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (a real union of Kingdom of Poland with

#721278