76-818: Radio Veronica was an offshore radio station that began broadcasting in 1960, and was on air for over fourteen years. It was set up by independent radio, TV and household electrical retailers in the Netherlands, to stimulate the sales of radio receivers by providing an alternative to the Netherlands state-licensed stations in Hilversum . Test transmissions began in Amsterdam on 16 December 1959. Test broadcasts on Borkum Riff began on 18 or 21 April 1960. Regular broadcasts began on 6 May 1960. The station first named itself as VRON (Vrije Radio Omroep Nederland; Free Radio Station [of the] Netherlands) but later changed to Radio Veronica, after
152-472: A radio station which would otherwise require a full-scale assault ." Railroads, where strategically important to the regime the coup is against, are prime targets for sabotage—if a section of the track is damaged entire portions of the transportation network can be stopped until it is fixed. A sabotage radio was a small two-way radio designed for use by resistance movements in World War II, and after
228-600: A foreign agent or an indigenous supporter, in particular when actions result in the destruction or damaging of a productive or vital facility, such as equipment, factories, dams, public services, storage plants or logistic routes. Prime examples of such sabotage are the events of Black Tom and the Kingsland Explosion . Like spies, saboteurs who conduct a military operation in civilian clothes or enemy uniforms behind enemy lines are subject to prosecution and criminal penalties instead of detention as prisoners of war . It
304-451: A four-hour fire that destroyed half a million 3-inch explosive shells and destroyed the plant for an estimated at $ 17 million in damages. Wozniak's involvement was not discovered until 1927. On 12 February 1917, Bedouins allied with the British destroyed a Turkish railroad near the port of Wajh , derailing a Turkish locomotive. The Bedouins traveled by camel and used explosives to demolish
380-665: A game of soccer while part of their team entered the plant and destroyed machinery. In December 1944, the Germans ran a false flag sabotage infiltration, Operation Greif , which was commanded by Waffen-SS commando Otto Skorzeny during the Battle of the Bulge . German commandos , wearing US Army uniforms , carrying US Army weapons, and using US Army vehicles, penetrated US lines to spread panic and confusion among US troops and to blow up bridges, ammunition dumps , and fuel stores and to disrupt
456-612: A good idea. On 1 January 1984, the Cuscatlan bridge over the Lempa river in El Salvador , critical to the flow of commercial and military traffic, was destroyed by guerrilla forces using explosives after using mortar fire to "scatter" the bridge's guards, causing an estimated $ 3.7 million in required repairs, and considerably impacting on El Salvadoran business and security. In 1982 in Honduras ,
532-459: A group of nine Salvadorans and Nicaraguans destroyed a main electrical power station, leaving the capital city Tegucigalpa without power for three days. Some criminals have engaged in acts of sabotage for reasons of extortion . For example, Klaus-Peter Sabotta sabotaged German railway lines in the late 1990s in an attempt to extort DM 10 million from the German railway operator Deutsche Bahn . He
608-416: A non-cooperative attitude, and to induce others to follow suit. There are many examples of physical sabotage in wartime. However, one of the most effective uses of sabotage is against organizations. The OSS manual provides numerous techniques under the title "General Interference with Organizations and Production": From the section entitled, "General Devices for Lowering Morale and Creating Confusion" comes
684-691: A portion of track. In Ireland, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) used sabotage against the British following the Easter 1916 uprising. The IRA compromised communication lines and lines of transportation and fuel supplies. The IRA also employed passive sabotage, with dock and railroad workers refusing to work on ships and rail cars used by the government. In 1920, agents of the IRA committed arson against at least fifteen British warehouses in Liverpool. The following year,
760-460: A ski resort in Vail, Colorado . ELF used sabotage tactics often in loose coordination with other environmental activist movements to physically delay or destroy threats to wildlands as the political will developed to protect the targeted wild areas that ELF engaged. In war, the word is used to describe the activity of an individual or group not associated with the military of the parties at war, such as
836-473: A tongue-in-cheek rivalry aimed at poaching Veronica's listeners. Veronica returned to the air on 557 kHz as scheduled, and listeners in the Netherlands and Belgium reported improved reception. On the same day, the Mi ;Amigo began test transmissions in preparation for Radio Caroline's return. RNI 2 broadcast for a few days and then went off the air. Radio Veronica broadcast a top 40 format during
SECTION 10
#1732869557579912-718: A work') in Le Père Peinard and in 1911 he also wrote a book entitled Le Sabotage . At the inception of the Industrial Revolution , skilled workers such as the Luddites (1811–1812) used sabotage as a means of negotiation in labor disputes. Labor unions such as the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) have advocated sabotage as a means of self-defense and direct action against unfair working conditions. The IWW
988-502: Is "counterintelligence designed to detect and counteract sabotage". The United States Department of Defense definition, found in the Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms , is "action designed to detect and counteract sabotage. See also counterintelligence ". During World War II, British subject Eddie Chapman , trained by the Germans in sabotage, became a double agent for the British. The German Abwehr entrusted Chapman to destroy
1064-470: Is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity , government , effort, or organization through subversion , obstruction, demoralization , destabilization , division , disruption , or destruction. One who engages in sabotage is a saboteur . Saboteurs typically try to conceal their identities because of the consequences of their actions and to avoid invoking legal and organizational requirements for addressing sabotage. The English word derives from
1140-620: Is alleged to have sabotaged a Siberian pipeline during the Cold War , using information from the Farewell Dossier . A more recent case may be the Stuxnet computer worm , which was designed to subtly infect and damage specific types of industrial equipment. Based on the equipment targeted and the location of infected machines, security experts believe it was an attack on the Iranian nuclear program by
1216-454: Is carried out in such a way as to involve a minimum danger of injury, detection, and reprisal . There are two main methods of sabotage: physical destruction and the "human element". While physical destruction as a method is self-explanatory, its targets are nuanced, reflecting objects to which the saboteur has normal and inconspicuous access in everyday life. The "human element" is based on universal opportunities to make faulty decisions, to adopt
1292-404: Is common for a government in power during war or supporters of the war policy to use the term loosely against opponents of the war. Similarly, German nationalists spoke of a stab in the back having cost them the loss of World War I. A modern form of sabotage is the distribution of software intended to damage specific industrial systems. For example, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
1368-502: Is found in 1873–1874 in the Dictionnaire de la langue française of Émile Littré . Here it is defined mainly as 'making sabots, sabot maker'. It is at the end of the 19th century that it really began to be used with the meaning of 'deliberately and maliciously destroying property' or 'working slower'. In 1897, Émile Pouget , a famous syndicalist and anarchist wrote " action de saboter un travail " ('action of sabotaging or bungling
1444-503: Is now serving a sentence of life imprisonment . In 1989, ex- Scotland Yard detective Rodney Whitchelo was sentenced to 17 years in prison for spiking Heinz baby food products in supermarkets, in an extortion attempt on the food manufacturer. On October 8, 2022, the GSM-R radio communication system of the Deutsche Bahn was sabotaged by the cutting of two cables of crucial importance. In
1520-678: The REM Island , an artificial structure. The Dutch government passed a law banning broadcasts from such structures and raided the REM ;Island, but left Veronica alone because of its popularity. In August 1964, the station acquired a new ship, a converted fishing trawler named MV Norderney , and equipped it with a more efficient antenna and a 10 kilowatt transmitter, as well as an anchor designed to keep it correctly oriented. The Norderney took over Veronica's broadcasts in November that year and
1596-599: The Black Tom explosion occurred when German agents set fire to a complex of warehouses and ships in Jersey City, New Jersey that held munitions, fuel, and explosives bound to aid the Allies in their fight. On 11 January 1917, Fiodore Wozniak, using a rag saturated with phosphorus or an incendiary pencil supplied by German sabotage agents, set fire to his workbench at an ammunition assembly plant near Lyndhurst, New Jersey , causing
SECTION 20
#17328695575791672-466: The Borkum Riff was sold for scrap. During 1965, the station was influenced by English-language pirates like Radio London and adopted a faster format with jingles . When another UK pirate, Swinging Radio England , went bankrupt, it was briefly replaced by two Dutch-language successors, Radio Dolfijn and then Radio 227, which targeted Veronica's audiences, but competition was short-lived because of
1748-630: The Dutch coastline. The ship was fitted with a horizontal antenna between the fore and aft masts, fed by a one-kilowatt transmitter. Most of its programmes were recorded in a studio on the Zeedijk in Hilversum. At the end of the 1960s, the studios and offices moved to bigger premises on the Utrechtseweg in Hilversum. Initially, advertisers were reluctant to buy airtime, but those that did reported increases in sales and
1824-691: The Jewish Military Union as well as more reluctantly helping the Jewish Combat Organization , was responsible for the greatest number of acts of sabotage in German-occupied Europe. The Home Army's sabotage operations Operation Garland and Operation Ribbon are just two examples. In all, the Home Army damaged 6,930 locomotives, set 443 rail transports on fire, damaged over 19,000 rail cars, and blew up 38 rail bridges, not to mention
1900-715: The Norderney for a few days. In the summer of 1973 Britain's Independent Broadcasting Authority began test transmissions on 557 kHz from an antenna at Lots Road Power Station in west London . In October 1973 Capital Radio was launched on the same frequency. These broadcasts caused serious interference to Veronica in Britain and Belgium, although Dutch listeners were largely unaffected. Meanwhile, Caroline, which had helped Veronica in April ;1973, offered it new rivalry in July, in
1976-440: The Norderney lost its anchor in a storm and ran aground on Scheveningen beach. The ship suffered no serious damage and the crew were taken ashore safely, but it seemed unlikely that the ship could be refloated in time for the rally. RNI offered its facilities, but Veronica refused because of the bad blood between them. Caroline, although off the air with technical problems, also made an offer and Veronica accepted. Working around
2052-680: The United States or Israel . Sabotage, done well, is inherently difficult to detect and difficult to trace to its origin. During World War II , the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigated 19,649 cases of sabotage and concluded the enemy had not caused any of them. Sabotage in warfare, according to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) manual, varies from highly technical coup de main acts that require detailed planning and specially trained operatives, to innumerable simple acts that ordinary citizen-saboteurs can perform. Simple sabotage
2128-474: The Vietnam War . Between 1969 and 1970, swimmer saboteurs sunk, destroyed, or damaged 77 assets of the U.S. and its allies. Viet Cong swimmers were poorly equipped but well-trained and resourceful. The swimmers provided a low-cost/low-risk option with high payoff; possible loss to the country for failure compared to the possible gains from a successful mission led to the obvious conclusion the swimmer saboteurs were
2204-537: The British Marine Broadcasting Offences Act 1967 which had closed most of the similar British stations by August 1967. The arrival of a more powerful rival was to cause repercussions for Veronica. Radio Nordsee International (RNI), owned by two Swiss businessmen, initially broadcast German and English programmes from its ship MV Mebo II anchored off the Dutch Coast. It moved to
2280-573: The British coast in early 1970 but was jammed by the British government. The jamming stopped when the ship returned to the Netherlands, taking up position just 1 mile (1,600 m) from the Norderney . The German language programmes were subsequently replaced by all-English programmes. The Mebo II was equipped with a 100 kW AM transmitter as well as FM and shortwave equipment. Although power did not guarantee RNI an audience, Radio Veronica's management were sufficiently worried about loss of advertising revenue that they planned to put RNI off
2356-527: The British de Havilland Company's main plant which manufactured the outstanding Mosquito light bomber but required photographic proof from their agent to verify the mission's completion. A special unit of the Royal Engineers known as the Magic Gang covered the de Havilland plant with canvas panels and scattered papier-mâché furniture and chunks of masonry around three broken and burnt giant generators. Photos of
Radio Veronica - Misplaced Pages Continue
2432-527: The British to hold refugees, and radar installations that could be used to detect illegal immigrant ships. The Stern Gang and the Irgun used terrorism and sabotage against the British government and against lines of communications. In November 1946, the Irgun and Stern Gang attacked a railroad twenty-one times in a three-week period, eventually causing shell-shocked Arab railway workers to strike. The 6th Airborne Division
2508-511: The French word saboter , meaning to "bungle, botch, wreck or sabotage"; it was originally used to refer to labour disputes, in which workers wearing wooden shoes called sabots interrupted production through different means. A popular but incorrect account of the origin of the term's present meaning is the story that poor workers in the Belgian city of Liège would throw a wooden sabot into
2584-481: The German rail, wheeled, and horse transports. As for Stalin's proxies, their actions led to a great number of the Polish and Jewish hostages, mostly civilians, being murdered in reprisal by the Germans. The Gwardia Ludowa destroyed around 200 German trains during the war, and indiscriminately threw hand grenades into places frequented by Germans. The French Resistance ran an extremely effective sabotage campaign against
2660-602: The Germans during World War II. Receiving their sabotage orders through messages over the BBC radio or by aircraft, the French used both passive and active forms of sabotage. Passive forms included losing German shipments and allowing poor quality material to pass factory inspections. Many active sabotage attempts were against critical rail lines of transportation. German records count 1,429 instances of sabotage from French Resistance forces between January 1942 and February 1943. From January through March 1944, sabotage accounted for three times
2736-651: The Government began to draw up plans for anti-pirate legislation, the two stations began to campaign against it. In September 1972, the two radio ships were joined by Radio Caroline 's MV Mi Amigo , which anchored between the Norderney and Mebo II . Veronica had been experiencing interference on 1562 kHz (192 m) from the Beromünster transmitter in Switzerland. Originally allocated 10 kW on that frequency, Beromünster had upgraded to 160 kW and
2812-565: The IRA set fire to numerous British targets again, including the Dublin Customs House, this time sabotaging most of Liverpool's firetrucks in the firehouses before lighting the matches. Lieutenant Colonel George T. Rheam was a British soldier, who ran Brickendonbury Manor from October 1941 to June 1945 during World War II , which was Station XVII of the Special Operations Executive (SOE), which trained specialists for
2888-635: The IWW, sabotage's meaning expanded to include the original use of the term: any withdrawal of efficiency , including the slowdown , the strike , working to rule , or creative bungling of job assignments. One of the most severe examples was at the construction site of the Robert-Bourassa Generating Station in 1974, in Québec, Canada, when workers used bulldozers to topple electric generators, damaged fuel tanks, and set buildings on fire. The project
2964-590: The Malaysian population, who gradually withdrew support for the Communist movement as their livelihoods became threatened. In Mandatory Palestine from 1945 to 1948, Jewish groups opposed British control. Though that control was to end according to the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1948, the groups used sabotage as an opposition tactic. The Haganah focused their efforts on camps used by
3040-476: The Netherlands. This ended in 2001; in 2000 it sold its shares, and in 2001 the television station V8 was renamed Veronica TV , which began broadcasting on 20 September 2003. Starting on 31 August 2003, the radio station became part of the Sky Radio Group , where it currently remains. Lex Harding and Erik de Zwart also founded the station Radio 538 in 1992, referring to the former wavelength of
3116-457: The SOE. Rheam innovated many sabotage techniques and is considered by M. R. D. Foot the "founder of modern industrial sabotage." Sabotage training for the Allies consisted of teaching would-be saboteurs' key components of working machinery to destroy. "Saboteurs learned hundreds of small tricks to cause the Germans big trouble. The cables in a telephone junction box ... could be jumbled to make
Radio Veronica - Misplaced Pages Continue
3192-621: The Veronica Broadcasting Organisation (in Dutch Veronica Omroep Organisatie , abbreviated as VOO) in the hopes of applying for a broadcasting license. After some bureaucratic obstruction, which one critic described as a mini- Watergate , the VOO was finally granted a licence and was invited to open the new Hilversum 4 radio network on 28 December 1975. Hilversum 4 was a classical music service, and
3268-563: The actions and expenditures of private entities, corporations, and organizations against democratically approved or enacted laws, policies and programs. After the Cold War ended, the Mitrokhin Archives were declassified, which included detailed KGB plans of active measures to subvert politics in opposing nations. Sabotage is a crucial tool of the successful coup d'etat , which requires control of communications before, during, and after
3344-511: The aftermath, the railway traffic in Northern Germany was completely shut down for several hours. German criminal police took over the investigation. The term political sabotage is sometimes used to define the acts of one political camp to disrupt, harass or damage the reputation of a political opponent, usually during an electoral campaign, such as during Watergate . Smear campaigns are a commonly used tactic. The term could also describe
3420-476: The air, listeners heard RNI's theme tune on 1562 kHz. RNI DJ Tony Allan , in Dutch, thanked Veronica for its 12½ years of broadcasting and reminded listeners of Veronica's new frequency, then welcomed them to the new sound of "RNI 2". RNI's management claimed the new service had been launched to prove that RNI could broadcast additional frequencies in case of emergency, but it was widely seen by listeners as
3496-453: The air, with a Dutch as well as an English service. In March, Veronica sued RNI for breach of contract . The court found in favour of RNI and the case tarnished Veronica's reputation. Worse was to come. On the night of 15 May 1971, three men in a rubber dinghy started a fire on the Mebo ;II which damaged the stern. RNI broadcast mayday calls. All on board were rescued and the fire
3572-467: The air. RNI closed on 24 September 1970, claiming it was trying to stop the Dutch government from passing legislation that might force Veronica, "so dearly loved by the peoples of the Netherlands", to close. In fact, Veronica had paid RNI 1 million guilders to go off the air for two months and, to enforce that agreement, Veronica replaced the Mebo II's crew with their own staff. RNI's management became unhappy with that arrangement and, once
3648-552: The attacks against the railroads. The Home Army was also responsible for 4,710 built-in flaws in parts for aircraft engines and 92,000 built-in flaws in artillery projectiles, among other examples of significant sabotage. In addition, over 25,000 acts of more minor sabotage were committed. It continued to fight against both the Germans and the Soviets; however, it did aid the Western Allies by collecting constant and detailed information on
3724-442: The clock, Caroline's technicians put the Mi Amigo back on the air on 11 April 1973, transmitting Radio Veronica programmes on Caroline's frequency of 1187 kHz (253 metres, announced as 259). Meanwhile, work on refloating the Norderney continued. This took several days, but the ship was in fact back at sea on 18 April and soon returned to the air. Thereafter the Mi Amigo relayed Veronica programmes from
3800-422: The coup is staged. Simple sabotage against physical communications platforms using semi-skilled technicians, or even those trained only for this task, could effectively silence the target government of the coup, leaving the information battle space open to the dominance of the coup's leaders. To underscore the effectiveness of sabotage, "A single cooperative technician will be able temporarily to put out of action
3876-625: The daytime, but in the evenings and late at night some specialist shows were aired, some in Indonesian. Following its move to 538 metres, Veronica became known for its well-crafted jingles and commercials. News summaries were broadcast each hour, at 2 minutes before the hour. As the Dutch government drew up its legislation Veronica organised a major rally that was due to take place in The Hague on 18 April 1973, and planned to broadcast special programmes in support. Unfortunately on 2 April
SECTION 50
#17328695575793952-421: The environment. The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and other law enforcement agencies use the term eco-terrorist when applied to damage of property. Proponents argue that since property cannot feel terror, damage to property is more accurately described as sabotage. Opponents, by contrast, point out that property owners and operators can indeed feel terror. The image of the monkey wrench thrown into
4028-429: The evening of 31 August 1974. Radio Caroline had already decided to continue, as it had in 1967 (although as a precaution the ship moved to a new anchorage to reduce the likelihood of a "raid" by Dutch authorities), and after some debate, Radio Mi Amigo also decided to stay on the air. After Veronica's closure, Radio Mi Amigo "borrowed" many of Veronica's programming formats. After 1974 some of Veronica's staff set up
4104-491: The following quintessential simple sabotage advice: "Act stupid." The United States Office of Strategic Services , later renamed the CIA, noted the specific value in committing simple sabotage against the enemy during wartime: "... slashing tires, draining fuel tanks, starting fires, starting arguments, acting stupidly, short-circuiting electric systems, abrading machine parts will waste materials, manpower, and time." To underline
4180-448: The form of Belgian millionaire Adriaan van Landschoot's Radio Atlantis , which hired airtime on the Mi Amigo . This lasted until October. Radio Atlantis subsequently resumed broadcasting from its own ship, while a new Dutch / Flemish station Radio Mi Amigo was launched on 1 January 1974 from the Mi Amigo . Despite all the pro-Veronica campaigning, the Dutch government passed its anti-pirate legislation and announced that
4256-582: The importance of simple sabotage on a widespread scale, they wrote, "Widespread practice of simple sabotage will harass and demoralize enemy administrators and police." The OSS was also focused on the battle for hearts and minds during wartime; "the very practice of simple sabotage by natives in enemy or occupied territory may make these individuals identify themselves actively with the United Nations War effort, and encourage them to assist openly in periods of Allied invasion and occupation." On 30 July 1916,
4332-476: The irony was not lost on Veronica, which began its first legal programme by "accidentally" playing a snatch of The Beatles ' " Long Tall Sally " instead of the announced classical piece. Beginning in 1975, the VOO was part of the Dutch State broadcasting System , but in 1995 Veronica formed a joint-venture with CLT to create the new Holland Media Groep and became a commercial independent broadcasting station in
4408-491: The law was to come into effect on 1 September 1974. Veronica chose to close down at 6:00 pm on 31 August 1974. The final hour was, like most of Veronica's programmes, pre-recorded in the station's studios in Hilversum. However, the station's final news bulletin was read live from the news studio on board the MV Norderney . A number of the station's directors, including Bull Verweij and his brother Jaap, were on board
4484-855: The lines of communication. Many of the commandos were captured by the Americans. Because they were wearing US uniforms, a number of the Germans were executed as spies, either summarily or after military commissions . From 1948 to 1960, the Malayan Communists committed numerous effective acts of sabotage against the British Colonial authorities, first targeting railway bridges, then hitting larger targets such as military camps. Most of their efforts were intended to weaken Malaysia 's colonial economy and involved sabotage against trains, rubber trees, water pipes, and electric lines. The Communists' sabotage efforts were so successful that they caused backlash among
4560-489: The lives of RNI's crew but was found guilty, together with Jurgens and the crew of the dinghy. All five were sentenced to a year in prison. The damage to Veronica's reputation was incalculable and, just as the 1966 Radio City shooting had motivated the British government to pass anti-pirate legislation, the RNI fire similarly motivated the Dutch authorities. Both Veronica and RNI continued to broadcast without further incident but, as
4636-411: The machines to disrupt production. One of the first appearances of saboter and saboteur in French literature is in the Dictionnaire du Bas-Langage ou manières de parler usitées parmi le peuple of d'Hautel, edited in 1808. In it the literal definition is to 'make noise with sabots' as well as 'bungle, jostle, hustle, haste'. The word sabotage appears only later. The word sabotage
SECTION 60
#17328695575794712-513: The moving parts of a machine to stop it from working was popularized by Edward Abbey in the novel The Monkey Wrench Gang and has been adopted by eco-activists to describe the destruction of earth damaging machinery. From 1992 to late 2007 a radical environmental activist movement known as Earth Liberation Front (ELF) engaged in a near-constant campaign of decentralized sabotage of any construction projects near wildlands and extractive industries such as logging and even an arson attack against
4788-558: The number of locomotives damaged by Allied air power. See also Normandy landings for more information about sabotage on D-Day . During World War II, the Allies committed sabotage against the Peugeot truck factory. After repeated failures in Allied bombing attempts to hit the factory, a team of French Resistance fighters and Special Operations Executive (SOE) agents distracted the German guards with
4864-516: The offshore Radio Veronica. DJs on Radio Veronica included: 51°13′55″N 4°24′58″E / 51.23194°N 4.41611°E / 51.23194; 4.41611 Offshore radio Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 815548530 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 08:39:17 GMT Sabotage Sabotage
4940-419: The poem "Het Zwarte Schaap Veronica" — The Black Sheep Veronica — by the children's poet Annie M. G. Schmidt . After the station's closure, some of its staff applied for a broadcasting licence and continued as a legal organisation with the same name. The original Radio Veronica became the most popular station in the Netherlands . It broadcast from a former lightship Borkum Riff , anchored off
5016-445: The ship during the final hour, as were many of the staff. In his final speech DJ Rob Out said "Part of the democracy in the Netherlands is dying with the closure of Radio Veronica and that is a tragedy for the country". Following the Dutch National Anthem , a Veronica jingle was played and the transmitter was switched off halfway through. Photos of the scene in the studio show workers openly weeping. Radio Atlantis and RNI also closed on
5092-488: The station's revenue improved gradually. For a short time, the station also ran an English language service under the call letters CNBC (Commercial Neutral Broadcasting Company) not related to CNBC or NBC . Although short-lived, CNBC was presented by professional broadcasters who were able to give invaluable technical advice to Veronica's Dutch staff. The station faced its first serious competition in 1964 when Radio Noordzee and TV Noordzee began broadcasting from
5168-411: The strikers into the army and then ordering them back to work. Undaunted, the workers carried their strike to the job. Suddenly, they could not seem to do anything right. Perishables sat for weeks, sidetracked and forgotten. Freight bound for Paris was misdirected to Lyon or Marseille instead. This tactic – the French called it "sabotage" – won the strikers their demands and impressed Bill Haywood. For
5244-400: The two months were up, one of RNI's Swiss directors, Erwin Bollier, attempted to refund the money. Veronica refused, claiming the right to renew the contract. On 5 January 1971, Bollier boarded the Mebo II , dismissed the Veronica-appointed captain, and took command himself. It was claimed that Veronica's staff had sabotaged RNI's equipment but, by February 1971, RNI was back on
5320-463: The war often used by expeditions and similar parties. Arquilla and Rondfeldt, in their work entitled Networks and Netwars , differentiate their definition of " netwar " from a list of "trendy synonyms", including "cybotage", a portmanteau from the words "sabotage" and " cyber ". They dub the practitioners of cybotage "cyboteurs" and note while all cybotage is not netwar, some netwar is cybotage. Counter-sabotage, defined by Webster's Dictionary ,
5396-488: The wrong connections when numbers were dialed. A few ounces of plastique , properly placed, could bring down a bridge, cave in a mine shaft, or collapse the roof of a railroad tunnel." The Polish Home Army Armia Krajowa , which commanded the majority of resistance organizations in Poland (even the National Forces, except the Military Organization Lizard Union ; the Home Army also included the Polish Socialist Party – Freedom, Equality, Independence ) and coordinated and aided
5472-689: Was called in to provide security as a means of ending the strike. Sabotage against British Forces was one of the primary methods used by EOKA during the Cyprus liberation campaign in order to weaken the British posture on Cyprus. One of the more famous sabotage operations undertaken by EOKA was the Sabotage at RAF Akrotiri where 3 members of the organisation entered the base and placed multiple bombs undetected and destroying 4 English Electric Canberra aircraft and one de Havilland Venom aircraft. The Viet Cong used swimmer saboteurs often and effectively during
5548-473: Was delayed a year, and the direct cost of the damage estimated at $ 2 million CAD. The causes were not clear, but three possible factors have been cited: inter-union rivalry, poor working conditions, and the perceived arrogance of American executives of the contractor, Bechtel Corporation. Certain groups turn to the destruction of property to stop environmental destruction or to make visible arguments against forms of modern technology they consider detrimental to
5624-459: Was extinguished. The studios and transmitters were undamaged and RNI went back on the air the following morning. On 17 May 1971, Veronica's advertising director Norbert Jurgens was arrested and, on the following day, Veronica's director Bull Verweij was also arrested. In a television interview, Verweij claimed he had paid a man to tow the Mebo II into Dutch waters so that the ship would be seized. Verweij denied any intention of endangering
5700-494: Was planning 300 kW. Veronica had been considering a new frequency since the late 1960s, and the threat of increased interference made a change imperative. At noon on 30 September 1972, Veronica broadcast a half-hour retrospective documentary. The station then closed at 12:30 pm, a time chosen to symbolise the station's 12½ years on the air, announcing it would reopen at 1:00 pm on its new frequency of 557 kHz (538 m). A moment after Veronica went off
5776-429: Was shaped in part by the industrial unionism philosophy of Big Bill Haywood , and in 1910 Haywood was exposed to sabotage while touring Europe: The experience that had the most lasting impact on Haywood was witnessing a general strike on the French railroads. Tired of waiting for parliament to act on their demands, railroad workers walked off their jobs all across the country. The French government responded by drafting
#578421