The Churni River is a distributary of the Mathabhanga River and a tributary of the Hooghly River, flowing through Nadia district in West Bengal, India. The Mathabhanga River itself is a distributary of the Padma River. The Mathabhanga-Churni is one of the three Nadia Rivers —Bhagirathi, Jalangi, and Mathabhanga. The Mathabhanga-Churni system is also an Indo-Bangladesh transboundary river.
31-635: Radhanagar may refer to: Radhanagar, Nadia in Nadia district of West Bengal, India Radhanagore (also spelt Radhanagar) in Hooghly District of West Bengal, India Radhanagar, Bankura in Bankura district, West Bengal, India Radhanagar, Sonarpur in West Bengal, India Radhanagar, Paschim Medinipur , a village in West Bengal, India Radhanagar, Sahibganj ,
62-525: A Muslim majority district in the 1941 census of British India . Due to protests rectification was made and on the night of August 17, 1947, Ranaghat, Krishnanagar, Shikarpur in Karimpur and Plassey were placed in India. Since then some parts of this district have been celebrating Independence day on August 17 and August 18. Nadia district is also historically significant as the birthplace of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu ,
93-624: A revered figure in Hinduism . He was born in Nabadwip , a town in the Nadia district, on the full moon night of 18 February 1486. Known as Gauranga for his molten gold-like complexion, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is considered an avatar of Lord Krishna by his followers. He founded Gaudiya Vaishnavism and popularized the chanting of the Hare Krishna Maha-mantra. His birthplace, known as Yogpeeth in Mayapur,
124-669: A segment of the Ichamati River's flow. The river was named 'Churni,' meaning 'female thief'. In 1742, fearing a Bargi invasion, Maharaja Krishnachandra is said to have shifted his capital from Krishnagar to Shibnibas, where he built a moat around the new capital and connected it by cutting the artificial Churni River to make the area impassable to invaders. A thorough review of existing literatures Nadia Kahini, ( Mallik, Kumudnath 1919 ) Kshitish Vansabali Charita, ( Ray, Kartikeya Chandra 1876 ) and Sri Maharaj Krishnachandra Rayasya Charitang ( Mukhopadhyay, Rajeev Lochan 1811 ) and an analysis of
155-500: A village in West Bengal, India [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radhanagar&oldid=1031908529 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
186-443: Is a direct correlation between ploughed land, nitrogen fertilizer use, and river nitrate loading. Unused nitrogen from crops enters water bodies, influenced by factors like fertilizer type and rainfall. Nitrate levels at Majhdia hit 1.21 mg L−1 post-monsoon, and Ranaghat recorded 1.14 mg L−1. All seasons exceeded the safe limit, causing respiratory issues and nerve damage in fish. Ammonia: Ammonia concentrations have surpassed
217-541: Is a major pilgrimage site for devotees. The District of Nadia has its headquarter at Krishnanagar town. The British district of Nadia was formed in 1787. The present district of Nadia after partition was formed by Notification No.545-GA dated 23 February 1948. The District Administration is headed by the District Magistrate & District Collector, Nadia. The district comprises four subdivisions: Krishnanagar Sadar , Kalyani , Ranaghat and Tehatta . Krishnanagar
248-409: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Radhanagar, Nadia Nadia ( pronounced [nɔd̪iːaː] ) is a district in the state of West Bengal , India . It borders Bangladesh to the east, North 24 Parganas and Hooghly districts to the south, Purba Bardhaman to the west, and Murshidabad to the north. Nadia district
279-471: Is divided into 17 assembly constituencies, which are part of four Lok Sabha constituencies. According to the 2011 census Nadia district has a population of 5,167,600, roughly equal to the US state of Colorado . This gives it a ranking of 18th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 1,316 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,410/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over
310-510: Is highly influential in the cultural history of Bengal. The standard version of Bengali , developed in the 19th century, is based on the dialect spoken around Shantipur region of Nadia. Known as the " Oxford of Bengal", Nabadwip made many contributions to Indian philosophy, such as the Navya-Nyaya system of logic, and is the birthplace of the Vaishnava saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu . The district
341-505: Is home to many rivers. The Padma, now the main distributary of the Ganga, touches the district on its northeastern end. The Jalangi , which flows from Murshidabad district, forms much of the northwestern border of the district with Murshidabad, before flowing south into Nadia district. Around Krishnanagar, it turns west and flows into the Bhagirathi near Nabadwip. The Mathabhanga originates in
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#1732869260299372-514: Is often referred to as the “ Oxford of Bengal". One of the Indian schools of logic ( Tarka sastra ) called Navya Nyaya system was developed in Nabadwip , which produced great logicians in the 15th century. Nabadwip was an important seat of political power and the capital of Bengal under Ballal Sen and later Lakshman Sen , kings of the Sena Empire , who ruled from 1159 to 1206. In 1202, Nabadwip
403-415: Is on the stream's oxygen levels. Decomposition of organic matter by bacteria leads to dissolved oxygen depletion (0.2 mg/L) and increased BOD (68 mg/L). Additionally, free CO₂ levels rose from 12.8 mg/L to 31 mg/L, while primary productivity plummeted from 18.4 mg C/m /hour to zero. Consequently, industrial pollution is a major factor in habitat degradation, abnormal fish behavior, and
434-462: Is still largely agricultural. "Nadia" is a shortened name for a historic city in the district. Nabadwip, literally "new island", was formerly an island created by alluvial deposits of the Ganga. Nadia district is located in southern West Bengal, in the west-central Bengal region. The district is largely an alluvial plain, formed by the constant shifting of the various rivers of the Ganges Delta. To
465-859: Is the district headquarters. There are 19 police stations, 2 women's and 1 cyber crime police stations, 18 community development blocks, 11 municipalities, 187 gram panchayats (3114 sets) and 2639 villages in this district. Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocks which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 26 urban units: 9 municipalities and 15 census towns and two notified areas . Ranaghat , Aistala , Satigachha , Nasra and Cooper's Camp together forms Ranaghat urban agglomeration . Nabadwip , Char Maijdia and Char Brahmanagar forms Nabadwip UA. Chakdaha , Gopalpur and Parbbatipur forms Chakdaha UA. Krishnanagar and Badkulla together forms Krishnanagar UA. Birnagar , Phulia and Taherpur together forms Birnagar UA. The district
496-665: The Bethuadahari Wildlife Sanctuary , which has an area of 0.7 km (0.3 sq mi). Kalyani Churni River Char-Mahishkunadi village is located to the east of Char-Madhugori, along the northeastern border of Karimpur-1 block. To the east of the border fence of Char-Mahishkunadi lies a narrow bypass channel of the Padma River in Bangladesh. The Mathabhanga River branches off from this bypass channel at coordinates 24° 03' 43" N and 88° 44' 21" E. However,
527-699: The Hooghly River was entirely within India and to maintain connectivity between Kolkata and Guwahati through Darjeeling district. But, later Nadia and West Dinajpur became Hindu majority districts due to the arrival of large number of Bengali Hindu refugees from East Bengal of Pakistan during 1947 and Bangladesh ( East Bengal ) liberation war in 1971. Pre-independence Nadia had five subdivisions: Krishnagar sadar, Ranaghat, Kushtia , Meherpur and Chuadanga . Due to some cartographic error in 1947, large part of Nadia except Nabadwip initially were included into East Pakistan (now Bangladesh ) due to it being
558-550: The Churni River. Phosphate: Expected phosphate levels in uncontaminated water are 0.01–0.03 mg L−1. Levels above 0.1 mg L−1 cause eutrophication. At Majhdia, phosphate peaked at 0.109 mg L−1 post-monsoon, while Ranaghat reached 0.119 mg L−1. Both locations exceed the desirable limit of 0.03 mg L−1, leading to excessive aquatic plant growth that depletes oxygen and harms aquatic life. Low dissolved oxygen levels, results in reduced fish diversity. Nitrate: There
589-593: The Churni flows northwest to Shibnibas, then southeast, passing through Chandannagar, Benali, Hanskhali, Bapujinagar, Byaspur, Aranghata, Kailarayanpur, Ranaghat, and Masunda, before emptying into the Hooghly River at Shibpur. The Churni River covers a distance of approximately 53 km from its source at Pabakhali near Majdia to its confluence with the Hooghly River at Shibpurrr (23°07′58″ N, 88°30′08″ E), although other sources report it as 56 km. The sediment deposited at
620-584: The Mathabhanga is "beheaded" because its source from the Padma feeder channel is blocked by a large sandbar, except during the monsoon when water flows for one or two months. The Mathabhanga River runs 196.40 km from its offtake at Char-Mahishkunadi to Pabakhali near Majdia, where it splits into the Churni and Ichhamati rivers. The right-bank distributary of the Mathabhanga River is the Churni River. From Majdia,
651-691: The claim that Maharaja Krishnachandra named the river 'Churni'. As recently as the 1930s, the river was an important route for water travel and trade. However, in the 21st century it has partly silted up, has many small bars, and is no longer navigable. Industrial wastewater significantly degrades fish habitats in the Mathabhanga-Churni River, particularly impacting species near the Carew and Company sugar and chemical industry. Sites RE1 and RE2, closer to this industrial complex, experience higher pollution levels than RE3. The primary effect of this wastewater
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#1732869260299682-421: The confluence of the Churni and Hooghly rivers has created 'Mangaldwip' island, which now hosts an Eco-Tourism Park. In various cultural narratives—including popular folklore, newspaper columns, local literature, and some research articles —the Churni River is consistently described as an artificially constructed canal. These accounts credit Maharaja Krishnachandra of Nadia with creating this waterway by diverting
713-456: The current channel morphology of the river reveals that the myths and rumors about its origins—claiming it was artificially constructed by Maharaja Krishnachandra—are unsupported by evidence. Instead, a more likely explanation suggests that the Maharaja's efforts were directed at restoring the silted and deteriorating course of an already existing river. Additionally, there is no evidence to support
744-412: The decade 2001-2011 was 12.24%. Nadia has a sex ratio of 947 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 75.58%. 27.84% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 29.93% and 2.72% of the population respectively. Bengali is the predominant language, spoken by 98.02% of the population. As per the 2011 Census, Hinduism is the majority religion of
775-560: The decline of fish species. Urban wastewater discharge poses a significant pollution threat to the Churni River, particularly impacting fish habitats. Only the downstream part (RE3) is affected by untreated sewage from Ranaghat Municipality, which generates approximately 9,490 tons of municipal solid waste annually. The municipality's water consumption and sewage generation are estimated at 15.49 and 10.14 million liters per day (MLD), respectively, with no sewage treatment plant currently in place. Nine major point sources of pollution exist within
806-641: The district, followed by 73.15% of the population. Hinduism became majority in the district after Independence, when Nadia became the destination for millions of refugees from East Pakistan, and from Bangladesh after 1971. Over 90% of Muslims live in rural areas. Muslims are majority in Karimpur II (60.38%), Kaliganj (58.51%), Nakashipara (54.06%), and Chapra (59.00%) CD blocks. Muslims are a significant minority in Tehatta II (47.89%), Krishnanagar II (42.84%), and Nabadwip (35.20%). In 1980, Nadia district became home to
837-620: The far northeast of the district and forms part of the border with Bangladesh. It then flows into Bangladesh until it, again forming part of the border, reenters the district at Gede. At Maijdia, it splits into the Churni and Ichamati . The Churni flows southwest and merges with the Bhagirathi at Shibpur near Ranaghat. The Ichamati flows into Bangladesh near Mubarakpur and reenters India near Duttaphulia. It then flows south into North 24 Parganas district. Nabadwip , an ancient town within Nadia district,
868-701: The municipality, with Sreenathpur (2.799 MLD) and Basko Khal (3.638 MLD) contributing significantly to sewage levels, both having a high BOD of 48 mg/L and fecal coliform counts of 900,000 MPN/100 mL and 230,000 MPN/100 mL, respectively. These outfalls greatly increase water pollution and habitat degradation. Agricultural activities in the river basin, marked by excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, significantly contribute to nonpoint source pollution. Unlike measurable point sources, nonpoint discharges are estimated. High concentrations of phosphate, nitrate, and ammonia are often due to agricultural runoff. This study evaluates how these practices elevate nutrient levels in
899-574: The next two days Nadia , along with Murshidabad , Malda , and West Dinajpur (present-day North Dinajpur and South Dinajpur ) due to Muslim majority , were part of the Dominion of Pakistan (specifically East Bengal or East Pakistan , which seceded as Bangladesh in 1971). On 17 August 1947 the final boundary adjustment of the Radcliffe Commission transferred these districts to the Dominion of India (specifically West Bengal ) , to ensure
930-494: The west of the district is the Bhagirathi (or Hooghly) river, which was once the main distributary of the Ganga towards the Bay of Bengal, and is still considered to be the continuation of the Ganga for Hindus. As the main flow of the Ganga ran east into the Padma, the Bhagirathi largely dried up. Most of the rivers flowing through Nadia now have little water in them. Nearly all the district has been converted into farmland. Nadia district
961-626: Was captured by Bakhtiyar Khilji . This victory paved the way for Muslim rule in Bengal. The British defeated Siraj ud-Daulah , Nawab of Bengal, at Palashi in this district. The 1859 revolt against European Indigo planters started from the village of Chaugacha in Krishnanagar, Nadia . Nadia is thought to have had trade relations with Tibet , Nepal and Bhutan . On 15 August 1947 the Indian Independence Act 1947 came into force, and for