26-543: (Redirected from RV-4 ) RV4 may refer to: Mandala 4 , the fourth mandala of the Rigveda Norwegian National Road 4 (Norwegian: Riksvei 4 ) Van's Aircraft RV-4 , a kit aircraft [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
52-698: A hallucinogen, its status as a serious candidate for the Rigvedic Soma and Avestan Haoma still stands". The Soviet archeologist Viktor Sarianidi wrote that he had discovered vessels and mortars used to prepare soma in Zoroastrian temples in the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex . He said that the vessels have revealed residues and seed impressions left behind during the preparation of soma. This has not been sustained by subsequent investigations. Alternatively Mark Merlin, who revisited
78-740: A mortal, o immortal one? In the Vedas, soma "is both a plant and a god." The finishing of haoma in Zoroastrianism may be glimpsed from the Avesta (particularly in the Hōm Yast , Yasna 9), and Avestan language *hauma also survived as Middle Persian hōm . The plant haoma yielded the essential ingredient for the ritual drink, parahaoma . In Yasna 9.22, haoma grants "speed and strength to warriors, excellent and righteous sons to those giving birth, spiritual power and knowledge to those who apply themselves to
104-517: A place in heaven where they will enjoy all of the divine pleasure that are enjoyed by the Deities. The Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 's Transcendental Meditation-Sidhi Program involves a notion of "soma", said to be based on the Rigveda. There has been much speculation as to the original Sauma plant. Candidates that have been suggested include honey , mushrooms, psychoactive and other herbal plants. When
130-463: A representative botanical equivalent of the haoma as described in the texts and as used in living Zoroastrian practice. In the late 19th century, the highly conservative Zoroastrians of Yazd (Iran) were found to use ephedra , which was locally known as hum or homa and which they exported to the Indian Zoroastrians. During the colonial British era scholarship, cannabis was proposed as
156-566: Is derived from Indo-Iranian roots *sav- (Sanskrit sav-/su ) "to press", i.e. *sau-ma- is the drink prepared by pressing the stalks of a plant, but the word and the related practices were borrowed by the Indo-Aryans from the Bactria–Margiana culture (BMAC). Although the word is only attested in Indo-Iranian traditions, Manfred Mayrhofer has proposed a Proto-Indo-European origin from
182-3772: Is in square brackets 4.1 (297) [Agni.] tuvâṃ hí agne sádam ít samanyávo 4.2 (298) [Agni.] yó mártiyeṣu amŕta ṛtâvā 4.3 (299) [Agni.] â vo râjānam adhvarásya rudráṃ 4.4 (300) [Agni.] kṛṇuṣvá pâjaḥ prásitiṃ ná pṛthvîṃ 4.5 (301) [Agni.] vaiśvānarâya mīḷhúṣe sajóṣāḥ 4.6 (302) [Agni.] ūrdhvá ū ṣú ṇo adhvarasya hotar 4.7 (303) [Agni.] ayám ihá prathamó dhāyi dhātŕbhir 4.8 (304) [Agni.] dūtáṃ vo viśvávedasaṃ 4.9 (305) [Agni.] ágne mṛḷá mahâṁ asi 4.10 (306) [Agni.] ágne tám adyá 4.11 (307) [Agni.] bhadráṃ te agne sahasinn ánīkam 4.12 (308) [Agni.] yás tvâm agna inádhate yatásruk 4.13 (309) [Agni.] práti agnír uṣásām ágram akhyad 4.14 (310) [Agni.] práti agnír uṣáso jātávedā 4.15 (311) [Agni.] agnír hótā no adhvaré 4.16 (312) [Indra.] â satyó yātu maghávāṁ ṛjīṣî 4.17 (313) [Indra.] tuvám mahâṁ indara túbhya * ha kṣâ 4.18 (314) [Indra and Others.] ayám pánthā ánuvittaḥ purāṇó 4.19 (315) [Indra.] evâ tuvâm indara vajrin átra 4.20 (316) [Indra.] â na índro dūr~âd â na āsâd 4.21 (317) [Indra.] â yātu índro ávasa úpa na 4.22 (318) [Indra.] yán na índro jujuṣé yác ca váṣṭi 4.23 (319) [Indra.] kathâ mahâm avṛdhat kásya hótur 4.24 (320) [Indra.] kâ suṣṭutíḥ śávasaḥ sūnúm índram 4.25 (321) [Indra.] kó adyá ? náriyo devákāma 4.26 (322) [Indra.] ahám mánur abhavaṃ sûriyaś ca 4.27 (323) [The Falcon.] gárbhe nú sánn ánu eṣām avedam 4.28 (324) [Indra- Soma .] tuvâ yujâ táva tát soma sakhyá 4.29 (325) [Indra.] â na stutá úpa vâjebhir ūtî 4.30 (326) [Indra.] nákir indra tvád úttaro 4.31 (327) [Indra.] káyā naś citrá â bhuvad 4.32 (328) [Indra.] â tû na indra vṛtrahann 4.33 (329) [ Rbhus .] prá rbhúbhyo dūtám iva vâcam iṣya 4.34 (330) [Rbhus.] ṛbhúr víbhvā vâja índro no ácha 4.35 (331) [Rbhus.] ihópa yāta śavaso napātaḥ 4.36 (332) [Rbhus.] anaśvó jātó anabhīśúr ukthíyo 4.37 (333) [Rbhus.] úpa no vājā adhvarám ṛbhukṣā 4.38 (334) [ Dadhikras .] utó hí vāṃ dātarâ sánti pûrvā 4.39 (335) [Dadhikras.] āśúṃ dadhikrâṃ tám u nú ṣṭavāma 4.40 (336) [ Dadhikravan .] dadhikrâvṇa íd u nú carkirāma 4.41 (337) [Indra- Varuna .] índrā kó vāṃ varuṇā sumnám āpa 4.42 (338) [Indra-Varuna.] máma dvitâ rāṣṭaráṃ kṣatríyasya 4.43 (339) [ Asvins .] ká u śravat katamó yajñíyānāṃ 4.44 (340) [Asvins.] táṃ vāṃ ráthaṃ vayám adyâ huvema 4.45 (341) [Asvins.] eṣá syá bhānúr úd iyarti yujyáte 4.46 (342) [ Vayu . Indra-Vayu.] ágram pibā mádhūn~āṃ 4.47 (343) [Vayu. Indra-Vayu.] vâyo śukró ayāmi te 4.48 (344) [Vayu.] vihí hótrā ávītā 4.49 (345) [Indra- Brhaspati .] idáṃ vām āsíye havíḥ 4.50 (346) [Brhaspati.] yás tastámbha sáhasā ví jmó ántān 4.51 (347) [ Dawn .] idám u tyát purutámam purástāj 4.52 (448) [Dawn.] práti ṣyâ sūnárī jánī 4.53 (349) [ Savitar .] tád devásya savitúr vâriyam mahád 4.54 (350) [Savitar.] ábhūd deváḥ savitâ vándiyo nú na 4.55 (351) [ Visvedevas .] kó vas trātâ vasavaḥ kó varūtâ 4.56 (352) [ Heaven and Earth .] mahî dyâvāpṛthivî ihá jyéṣṭhe 4.57 (353) [ Ksetrapati , Etc.] kṣétrasya pátinā vayáṃ 4.58 (354) [ Ghrta .] samudrâd ūrmír mádhumāṁ úd ārad Soma (drink) Traditional In
208-419: Is now unknown and debated among scholars. Both in the ancient religions of Historical Vedic religion and Zoroastrianism , the name of the drink and the plant are not exactly the same. There has been much speculation about the most likely identity of the original plant . Traditional Indian accounts, such as those from practitioners of Ayurveda , Siddha medicine , and Somayajna called Somayajis , identify
234-537: Is well attested in Vedic ritual. The Soma Mandala of the Rigveda is completely dedicated to Soma Pavamana, and is focused on a moment in the ritual when the soma is pressed, strained, mixed with water and milk, and poured into containers. These actions are described as a representation of a variety of things, including a king conquering territory, the Sun's journey through the cosmos, or a bull running to mate with cows (represented by
260-603: The BMAC religion. His rise to prominence was a peculiar trait of the Old Indic speakers. In the Vedas , the same word (soma) is used for the drink, the plant, and its deity. Drinking soma produces immortality ( Amrita , Rigveda 8.48.3). Indra and Agni are portrayed as consuming soma in copious quantities. In the vedic ideology, Indra drank large amounts of soma while fighting the serpent demon Vritra . The consumption of soma by human beings
286-622: The Kurgan culture of the Central Asian steppes . The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised Proto-Indo-European religion , and show relations with rituals from the Andronovo culture , from which the Indo-Aryan people descended. According to Anthony, the Old Indic religion probably emerged among Indo-European immigrants in the contact zone between
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#1732894745546312-497: The Rigveda has 58 hymns, mainly to Agni and Indra . It is one of the "family books" (mandalas 2–7), the oldest core of the Rigveda, which were composed in early vedic period(1500-1000 BCE). The Rigveda Anukramani attributes all hymns in this book to Vāmadeva Gautama (son of Maharishi Gautama ), except for hymns 43 and 44, attributed to Purumīḍha Sauhotra and Ajamīḍha Sauhotra . The dedication as given by Griffith
338-568: The Vedic tradition, soma ( Sanskrit : सोम , romanized : sóma ) is a ritual drink of importance among the early Vedic Indo-Aryans . The Rigveda mentions it, particularly in the Soma Mandala . Gita mentions the drink in chapter 9. It is equivalent to the Iranian haoma . The texts describe the preparation of soma by means of extracting the juice from a plant, the identity of which
364-470: The Zeravshan River (present-day Uzbekistan ) and (present-day) Iran. It was "a syncretic mixture of old Central Asian and new Indo-European elements" which borrowed "distinctive religious beliefs and practices" from the Bactria–Margiana culture (BMAC). This syncretic influence is supported by at least 383 non-Indo-European words that were borrowed from this culture, including the god Indra and
390-699: The consciousness altering effects of an entheogen , and that "there is nothing shamanistic or visionary either in early Vedic or in Old Iranian texts", Falk also asserted that the three varieties of ephedra that yield ephedrine ( Ephedra gerardiana , E. major procera and E. intermedia ) also have the properties attributed to haoma by the texts of the Avesta. At the conclusion of the 1999 Haoma-Soma workshop in Leiden, Jan E. M. Houben writes: "despite strong attempts to do away with ephedra by those who are eager to see sauma as
416-449: The likely candidate. Since its introduction in 1968, this theory has gained both detractors and followers in the anthropological literature. Wasson and his co-author, Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty , drew parallels between Vedic descriptions and reports of Siberian uses of the fly-agaric in shamanic ritual. In 1989 Harry Falk noted that, in the texts, both haoma and soma were said to enhance alertness and awareness, did not coincide with
442-452: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RV4&oldid=933100989 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Norwegian-language text Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Mandala 4 The fourth Mandala of
468-449: The milk). The most important myth about Soma is about his theft. In it, Soma was originally held captive in a citadel in heaven by the archer Kṛśānu. A falcon stole Soma, successfully escaping Kṛśānu, and delivered Soma to Manu , the first sacrificer. Additionally, Soma is associated with the moon in the late Rigveda and Middle Vedic period. Sūryā, the daughter of the Sun, is sometimes stated to be
494-400: The plant as "Somalata" ( Cynanchum acidum ). Non-Indian researchers have proposed candidates including Amanita muscaria , Psilocybin mushrooms , Peganum harmala and Ephedra sinica . Soma is a Vedic Sanskrit word that literally means "distill, extract, sprinkle", often connected in the context of rituals. Soma's Avestan cognate is the haoma . According to Geldner (1951), the word
520-484: The ritual drink Soma. According to Anthony, Many of the qualities of Indo-Iranian god of might/victory, Verethraghna , were transferred to the adopted god Indra, who became the central deity of the developing Old Indic culture. Indra was the subject of 250 hymns, a quarter of the Rig Veda . He was associated more than any other deity with Soma , a stimulant drug (perhaps derived from Ephedra ) probably borrowed from
546-514: The ritual of somayajna is held today in South India by the traditional Srautas called Somayajis , the plant used is the somalatha (Sanskrit: soma creeper, Sarcostemma acidum ) which is procured as a leafless vine . Since the late 18th century, when Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron and others made portions of the Avesta available to western scholars, several scholars have sought
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#1732894745546572-671: The root * sew(h)- . The Vedic religion was the religion of some of the Vedic Indo-Aryan tribes, the aryas , who migrated into the Indus River valley region of the Indian subcontinent. The Indo-Aryans were speakers of a branch of the Indo-European language family, which originated in the Sintashta culture and further developed into the Andronovo culture , which in turn developed out of
598-495: The soma candidate by Jogesh Chandra Ray, The Soma Plant (1939) and by B. L. Mukherjee (1921). In the late 1960s, several studies attempted to establish soma as a psychoactive substance . A number of proposals were made, including one in 1968 by the American banker R. Gordon Wasson , an amateur ethnomycologist , who asserted that soma was an inebriant but not cannabis, and suggested fly-agaric mushroom, Amanita muscaria , as
624-595: The study of the nasks". As the religion's chief cult divinity he came to be perceived as its divine priest. In Yasna 9.26, Ahura Mazda is said to have invested him with the sacred girdle, and in Yasna 10.89, to have installed haoma as the "swiftly sacrificing zaotar " (Sanskrit hotar ) for himself and the Amesha Spenta . Soma has been mentioned in Chapter 9, verse 20 of Bhagavad Gita : Those who perform actions (as described in
650-534: The three Vedas ), desiring fruit from these actions, and those who drink the juice of the pure Soma plant, are cleansed and purified of their past sins. Those who desire heaven, (the Abode of the Lord known as Indralok ) attain heaven and enjoy its divine pleasures by worshipping me through the offering of sacrifices. Thus, by performing good action ( Karma , as outlined by the three Vedas), one will always undoubtedly receive
676-409: The wife of Soma. The Rigveda (8.48.3) says: ápāma sómam amŕ̥tā abhūma áganma jyótir ávidāma devā́n kíṃ nūnám asmā́n kr̥ṇavad árātiḥ kím u dhūrtír amr̥ta mártiyasya Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton translates this as: We have drunk the soma; we have become immortal; we have gone to the light; we have found the gods. What can hostility do to us now, and what the malice of
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