63-508: RSV may refer to: Biology and medicine [ edit ] Respiratory syncytial virus , causing respiratory disease Rous sarcoma virus , causing cancer in chickens Organisations [ edit ] Royal Society of Victoria , a scientific society in Australia Rijn-Schelde-Verolme , a former Dutch shipbuilder Transportation [ edit ] Minicar RSV ,
126-470: A CX3C fractalkine-like motif that binds to the CX3C chemokine receptor 1 ( CX3CR1 ) on the surface of ciliated bronchial host cells. This binding may alter cellular chemotaxis and reduce the migration of immune cells into the lungs of infected individuals. G protein also alters host immune response by inhibiting signaling from several toll-like receptors , including TLR4 . Surface protein F (fusion protein)
189-467: A sensitivity and specificity approaching 100%. However, they tend to be more expensive and require more complex equipment than other testing methods, making them less practical in resource limited areas. Molecular testing for RSV is not routinely recommended for all people with respiratory symptoms. However, it may be recommended for those at high risk of RSV complications, such as infants, older adults, and people with chronic medical conditions. RT-PCR has
252-483: A US safety concept car RSV, a prefix for several Aprilia motorcycles Renard, Stampe & Vertongen, a prefix for several Stampe et Vertongen aircraft Research Survey Vessel ( ship prefix ) USV RSV (Marine Tech) , a French unmanned remote survey vehicle Other uses [ edit ] Revised Standard Version , an English Bible translation Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
315-433: A microscope (direct fluorescence assay, or DFA) or using a commercially available rapid antigen detection test (RADT). Overall, antigen testing is highly sensitive in young children (80–90%) but substantially less reliable in older children and adults, who have less viral shedding. Antigen tests are also subject to higher false positive rates outside of the peak RSV season, such as in the summer months. In these scenarios,
378-452: A more stable and elongated form of the protein (postfusion, PostF). Opposite of the RSV G protein, the RSV F protein also binds to and activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), initiating the innate immune response and signal transduction. Following fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, the viral nucleocapsid (containing the viral genome) and the associated viral polymerase are delivered into
441-657: A result of "an initial encounter with RSV" that "fails to initiate adequate humoral and cellular immune responses to generate protective memory lymphocytes." RSV reinfection can happen throughout life. As a result, it can cause "winter/early spring epidemics in temperate regions, but synchronization of RSV activity can vary widely" depending on the region that an individual lives in. Usually, "unless immunocompromised," adults have mild symptoms when becoming reinfected. The mild symptoms tend to be restricting upper airways. However, individuals that are younger are extremely vulnerable to developing "severe symptoms," which typically involve
504-415: A sensitivity of 90-95% and a specificity of 98-99%, while LAMP has a sensitivity of 95-100% and a specificity of 99-100%. In traditional viral culture , a sample of the virus is introduced to different cell lines and allowed to replicate so it can be studied. Benefits of this technique include the ability to perform genetic characterization, strain typing, and antiviral susceptibility testing. However, it
567-525: A severe threat to vulnerable populations such as infants and the elderly, potentially leading to life-threatening lung disease characterized by immune dysregulation. RSV has evolved numerous strategies to evade the host's antiviral response, with over half of its proteins exerting immunomodulatory effects. A variety of laboratory tests are available for the diagnosis of RSV infection. While the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) does not routinely recommend
630-492: A significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and in adults, particularly the elderly and those with underlying heart or lung diseases. RSV was discovered in 1956 when researchers isolated a virus from a population of chimpanzees with respiratory illness. They named the virus chimpanzee coryza agent (CCA). In 1957, this same virus was identified by Robert M. Chanock in children with respiratory illness. Studies of human antibodies in infants and children revealed that
693-439: A wide variety of signs and symptoms that range from mild upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) to severe and potentially life-threatening lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) requiring hospitalization and mechanical ventilation . While RSV can cause respiratory tract infections in people of all ages and is among common childhood infections, its presentation often varies between age groups and immune status. Reinfection
SECTION 10
#1732863218848756-402: Is a laboratory technique in which samples of a virus are placed to different cell lines which the virus being tested for its ability to infect. If the cells show changes, known as cytopathic effects , then the culture is positive. Traditional viral culture has been generally superseded by shell vial culture, in which the sample is centrifuged onto a single layer of cells and viral growth
819-496: Is a negative-sense , single-stranded RNA virus. The scientific name for this viral species is human orthopneumovirus . This is synonymous with human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), which is often shortened to just RSV. It belongs to the genus Orthopneumovirus , family Pneumoviridae , order Mononegavirales . Its name comes from the fact that F proteins on the surface of the virus cause neighboring cell membranes to merge, creating large multinucleated syncytia . RSV
882-465: Is a contagious virus that causes infections of the respiratory tract . It is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus . Its name is derived from the large cells known as syncytia that form when infected cells fuse. RSV is a common cause of respiratory hospitalization in infants, and reinfection remains common in later life, though often with less severity. It is a notable pathogen in all age groups. Infection rates are typically higher during
945-441: Is a medium-sized (~150 nm ) enveloped virus . While many particles are spherical, filamentous species have also been identified. The genome rests within a helical nucleocapsid and is surrounded by matrix protein and an envelope containing viral glycoproteins. There are 11 proteins, described further in the table below. Surface protein G (glycoprotein) is primarily responsible for viral attachment to host cells. This protein
1008-744: Is associated with increased antibiotic use. Chest X-ray is sometimes considered when the diagnosis of bronchiolitis is unclear or when there is an unexpected worsening. In adults with RSV infection, chest films are often normal or demonstrate nonspecific changes consistent with viral pneumonia, such as patchy bilateral infiltrates. The differential diagnosis for individuals presenting with signs and symptoms of upper and lower respiratory tract infection includes other viral infections (such as rhinovirus , metapneumovirus , and influenza) and primary bacterial pneumonia. In children, inhaled foreign bodies and congenital conditions such as cystic fibrosis or asthma are typically considered. The main prevention measure
1071-532: Is common throughout life, but infants and the elderly remain at risk for symptomatic infection. Nearly all children in the United States experience at least one RSV infection before two years of age. Childhood RSV infections are fairly self-limited with typical upper respiratory tract signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose , cough, and low-grade fever. Inflammation of the nasal mucosa ( rhinitis ) and throat ( pharyngitis ), as well as redness of
1134-469: Is divided into two antigenic subtypes, A and B, based on the reactivity of the F and G surface proteins to monoclonal antibodies. The subtypes tend to circulate simultaneously within local epidemics, although subtype A tends to be more prevalent. Generally, RSV subtype A (RSVA) is thought to be more virulent than RSV subtype B (RSVB), with higher viral loads and faster transmission time. To date, 16 RSVA and 22 RSVB clades have been identified. Among RSVA,
1197-405: Is highly variable between strains. G protein exists in both membrane-bound and secreted forms. The membrane-found form is responsible for attachment by binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as heparan sulfate , on the surface of host cells. The secreted form acts as a decoy, interacting with antigen presenting cells to inhibit antibody-mediated neutralization . G protein also contains
1260-405: Is limited by its prolonged turnaround time of 3–7 days, making it less common in patient care and more common in research settings. Serology (the measurement of virus-specific antibodies in the serum ) is not frequently used in RSV diagnosis. The time required for the body to mount a significant serologic response (and demonstrate a significant rise in antibodies that can be detected in serum)
1323-757: Is measured by antigen detection methods. This greatly reduces the time to detection for slow growing viruses such as cytomegalovirus , for which the method was developed. In addition, the centrifugation step in shell vial culture enhances the sensitivity of this method because after centrifugation, the viral particles of the sample are in close proximity to the cells. Human and monkey cells are used in both traditional viral culture and shell vial culture. Human virus types that can be identified by viral culture include adenovirus , cytomegalovirus , enteroviruses , herpes simplex virus , influenza virus , parainfluenza virus , rhinovirus , respiratory syncytial virus , varicella zoster virus , measles and mumps . For these,
SECTION 20
#17328632188481386-496: Is possible that the age you are infected with RSV can be a vital factor in "determining the phenotype of airway response to subsequent RSV infection." Genetic variations in viral epitopes and adjacent regions affect protein folding, post-transcriptional modifications, and antigenic processing, influencing B and T cell immunity during viral infections. This alteration in conformation can lead to immune evasion, potentially impacting disease severity, outbreaks, and reinfections. Notably,
1449-421: Is primarily supportive, including oxygen therapy and more advanced breathing support with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or nasal high flow oxygen , as required. In cases of severe respiratory failure , intubation and mechanical ventilation may be required. Ribavirin is an antiviral medication licensed for the treatment of RSV in children. RSV infection is usually not serious, but it can be
1512-406: Is responsible for fusion of viral and host cell membranes, as well as syncytium formation between viral particles. Its sequence is highly conserved between strains. While viral attachment appears to involve both F and G proteins, F fusion occurs independently of G. F protein exists in multiple conformational forms. In the prefusion state (PreF), the protein exists in a trimeric form and contains
1575-836: Is the mainstay for treating RSV disease, as effective vaccines and antiviral drugs are awaited. The introduction of antivirals and vaccines, coupled with advanced diagnostic techniques, holds promise for reducing RSV's global impact in the coming years. These interventions may alter infection dynamics and weaken RSV's hold on communities worldwide. Potential vaccines being researched fall into five broad categories: live-attenuated , protein subunit , vector-based , virus particle subunit , and messenger RNA . Each targets different immune responses, and thus may be better suited to prevent disease in different at-risk groups. Live-attenuated vaccines have shown some success in RSV-naive infants. Other vaccine candidates hope to target vulnerable populations across
1638-455: Is to avoid close contact with infected individuals. Airborne precautions such as respirators , ventilation , and HEPA / high MERV filters, are likely protective against RSV-laden aerosols. There is interest and research in RSV vaccine discovery, given the virus's disease burden and the lack of disease-specific therapies. Vaccine development has faced obstacles that have blocked its progress. Among these are infant-specific factors, such as
1701-487: Is used as a template to construct genomic negative-sense RNA, which is packaged into nucleocapsids and transported to the plasma membrane for assembly and particle budding. RSV is highly contagious and can cause outbreaks from both community and hospital transmission. For each person infected with RSV, it is estimated that an average of 5 to 25 uninfected people will become infected. RSV can spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing contaminated droplets into
1764-621: Is usually not useful in guiding patient care. Up to 30% of patients with documented RSV infection will have negative serology results. As such, this method is generally reserved for research and surveillance studies. Chest X-rays findings in children with RSV bronchiolitis are generally nonspecific and include perihilar markings, patchy hyperinflation, and atelectasis . However, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) does not recommend routine imaging for children with presumed RSV bronchiolitis because it does not change clinical outcomes and
1827-642: The common cold or sinus infection . Infection may also be asymptomatic . If present, symptoms are generally isolated to the upper respiratory tract: runny nose, sore throat, fever, and malaise . In the vast majority of cases, nasal congestion precedes the development of cough. In contrast to other upper respiratory infections, RSV is also more likely to cause new onset wheeze in adults. About 25% of infected adults will progress to significant lower respiratory tract infection, such as bronchitis or tracheobronchitis . While RSV very rarely causes severe disease in healthy adults, it can cause morbidity and mortality in
1890-572: The GA1, GA2, GA5, and GA7 clades predominate; GA7 is found only in the United States. Among RSVB, the BA clade predominates worldwide. RSV has a negative-sense , single-stranded RNA genome. The genome is linear and approximately 15,000 nucleotides in length. It has 10 genes encoding for 11 proteins. The gene order is NS1-NS2-N-P-M-SH-G-F-M2-L, with the NS1 and NS2 gene serving as nonstructural promoter genes. RSV
1953-421: The United States are hospitalized annually with RSV. Between 6,000-10,000 of older adults die from RSV infection each year. Additionally RSV can ". . . lead to worsening of serious conditions such as, Asthma , Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – a chronic disease of the lungs that makes it hard to breathe, and even Congestive heart failure – when the heart can't pump enough blood and oxygen through
RSV - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-635: The air. Transmission usually occurs when these droplets come into contact with another person's eyes, nose, or mouth. As with all respiratory pathogens once presumed to transmit via respiratory droplets, it is highly likely to be carried by the aerosols generated during routine breathing, talking, and even singing. RSV can also live for up to 25 minutes on contaminated skin (i.e. hands) and several hours on other surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. It has an incubation period of 2 to 8 days. Once infected, people are usually contagious for 3 to 8 days. In infants and in people with weakened immune systems, however,
2079-505: The antiviral response. In addition, positive selection pressure drives the dominance of certain genotypes over others, potentially driven by mutations within specific regions of the G gene. The F protein is a major target for neutralizing antibodies, but its variability enables viral evasion from neutralization, affecting the efficacy of antibodies like Palivizumab. Cross-reactions between RSV subtypes and genotypes are observed, but immune responses are subtype or genotype-specific, indicating
2142-564: The body." Expedient and proper medical care is important for older adults as waiting, or receiving a misdiagnosis can be associated with increased risk of complications. As of August 2023, adults aged 60 years and older qualify for vaccination against RSV in Canada and the United States. Long term, children are at risk of developing the following chronic conditions that may persist into adulthood: Risk factors for development of severe lower respiratory tract infection with RSV vary by population. RSV
2205-769: The cold winter months, causing bronchiolitis in infants, common colds in adults, and more serious respiratory illnesses, such as pneumonia , in the elderly and immunocompromised . RSV can cause outbreaks both in the community and in hospital settings. Following initial infection via the eyes or nose, the virus infects the epithelial cells of the upper and lower airway, causing inflammation, cell damage, and airway obstruction. A variety of methods are available for viral detection and diagnosis of RSV including antigen testing , molecular testing, and viral culture . Other than vaccination, prevention measures include hand-washing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. The detection of RSV in respiratory aerosols, along with
2268-458: The committee voted 10 to 4 for safety, with concerns about a slightly higher premature birth rate in the vaccinated group. GSK halted its own trial due to a 38% higher likelihood of premature births in the vaccine group. In May 2023, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first RSV vaccines , Arexvy (developed by GSK plc ) and Abrysvo ( Pfizer ). Mresvia is an mRNA vaccine that
2331-672: The elderly and in those with underlying immune compromise or cardiopulmonary disease. Older adults have a similar presentation to younger adults but tend to have greater symptom severity with increased risk of lower respiratory tract involvement. In particular, the elderly are more likely to experience pneumonia , respiratory distress , and death. In both adults and children, those who are immunocompromised are at an increased risk of severe infection with RSV. Infected individuals in this group are more likely to progress from upper to lower respiratory tract involvement and have prolonged viral shedding . Symptom severity seems to be closely related to
2394-647: The extent of immune suppression. Those who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), intensive chemotherapy , and lung transplant are particularly susceptible. Bone marrow transplant patients appear to be at highest risk, especially prior to marrow engraftment. In this group, RSV infection carries a nearly 80% risk of both pneumonia and death. RSV or Respiratory syncytial (sin-SISH-uhl) virus affects many populations differently. The most at risk population for RSV complications are older adults and those with underlying medical conditions or immunocompromised individuals. Between 60,000-160,000 older adults in
2457-410: The eyes ( conjunctival infection ), may be seen on exam. Approximately 15–50% of children will go on to develop more serious lower respiratory tracts infections, such as bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia , or croup . Infants are at the highest risk of disease progression. Bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection characterized by inflammation and obstruction of the small airways in
2520-408: The final identification method is generally by immunofluorescence , with exception of cytomegalovirus and rhinovirus, whose identification in a viral culture are determined by cytopathic effects. Research explored the suitability of viral culture testing of SARS-CoV-2 . This medical diagnostic article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This virus -related article
2583-432: The host cell cytoplasm . Transcription and translation both occur within the cytoplasm. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase transcribes the genome into 10 segments of messenger RNA ( mRNA ) which is translated into structural proteins by host cell machinery. During replication of the negative-sense viral genome, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase synthesizes a positive-sense complement called the antigenome. This complementary strand
RSV - Misplaced Pages Continue
2646-692: The immature infant immune system and the presence of maternal antibodies , which make infantile immunization difficult. RSV infection is widespread in early childhood, contributing significantly to global disease burden. The association between severe childhood infections and subsequent respiratory issues is not fully understood, particularly the suggested link between bronchiolitis, recurrent infantile wheeze, and childhood asthma. Unlike other vaccine-preventable respiratory pathogens, RSV has proven challenging for vaccine development. Ongoing efforts focus on creating vaccines that confer durable protection, with field trials eagerly anticipated. Currently, supportive care
2709-493: The impact of gene mutations, particularly in the G protein, on immune evasion. Additionally, differences in cytokine expression and immune cell responses highlight the complexity of immune interactions during RSV infection. Genomic variations in RSV, particularly in proteins like G and F, influence immune responses and contribute to immune evasion. This multifaceted immunomodulatory arsenal likely contributes to RSV's ability to cause mild respiratory symptoms in most cases, yet it poses
2772-575: The infection was common in early life. The virus was later renamed human orthopneumovirus, or human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV). Several other pneumoviruses show great similarity to hRSV. Bovine RSV ( bRSV ) shares approximately 80% of its genome with hRSV. It also shares hRSV's predilection for the young, causing more severe disease in calves less than six months old. Because bRSV-infected calves have almost identical symptoms to hRSV-infected children, they have proven to be an important animal model in RSV research. RSV infection can present with
2835-466: The lifespan, including pregnant women and the elderly. The primary pharmaceutical developers, GSK and Pfizer, obtained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for RSV vaccines targeting adults aged 60 and above. GSK's Arexvy boasts 94% efficacy against severe and 83% against symptomatic RSV in this age group, while Pfizer's Abrysvo is 86% effective against severe symptoms and 67% against symptomatic disease in adults aged 60 and older. Addressing
2898-410: The lower airways. Since infants have smaller airways than children do, "they might be obstructed by inflammation, edema, and mucus." This can contribute to developing a "more severe lower respiratory tract illness." As mentioned, RSV reinfection is frequent among all ages and the type of host response to reinfection can determine "which children will develop persistent wheezing and possibly asthma." It
2961-408: The lungs. While several viruses can cause bronchiolitis, RSV is responsible for about 70% of cases. It usually presents with 2 to 4 days of runny nose and congestion followed by worsening cough, noisy breathing, tachypnea (fast breathing), and wheezing . As infants work harder to breathe, they can also show signs of respiratory distress , such as subcostal retractions (when the belly pulls under
3024-436: The major antigenic site Ø. Ø serves as a primary target of neutralizing antibodies in the body. After binding to its target on the host cell surface (its exact ligand remains unclear), PreF undergoes a conformational change during which Ø is lost. This change enables the protein to insert itself into the host cell membrane and leads to fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. A final conformational shift results in
3087-436: The more challenging aspect, the need for a newborn vaccine, researchers employed a pregnancy-administered approach to protect infants during the first six months, a critical period for RSV susceptibility. The FDA's advisory committee endorsed Pfizer's parental RSV vaccine, acknowledging its 82% effectiveness against severe RSV in newborns up to three months and 69% efficacy through six months. While unanimous in favor of efficacy,
3150-585: The production of fine and ultrafine aerosols during normal breathing, talking, and coughing, and the emerging scientific consensus around transmission of all respiratory infections, airborne precautions may also be required for reliable protection. In May 2023, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first RSV vaccines , Arexvy (developed by GSK plc ) and Abrysvo ( Pfizer ). The prophylactic use of palivizumab or nirsevimab (both are monoclonal antibody treatments) can prevent RSV infection in high-risk infants. Treatment for severe illness
3213-890: The ribcage), intercostal retractions (when the muscles between the ribs pull inward), grunting, and nasal flaring. If the child has not been able to feed adequately, signs of dehydration may also be present. Fever may be present, but high-grade fever is uncommon. Crackles and wheezing can often be heard on auscultation , and oxygen saturation levels may be decreased. In very young infants under six weeks of age, and particularly in premature infants, signs of infection may be less specific. They may have minimal respiratory involvement. Instead, they may exhibit decreased activity, irritability, poor feeding, or breathing with difficulties. This can also be accompanied by apneic spells , or brief pauses in breathing. Reinfection with RSV remains common throughout life. Reinfection in adulthood often produces only mild to moderate symptoms indistinguishable from
SECTION 50
#17328632188483276-436: The sloughed epithelial cells, mucous plugs, and accumulated immune cells cause obstruction of the lower airway. After recovery of "respiratory diseases associated with RSV infection, the virus interferes with the establishment of immunological memory, which leads to recurrent reinfections." An estimated of "36% of individuals" can be reinfected with RSV "at least once, during the winter season." Reinfections like these can be
3339-491: The smaller bronchioles of the lower airway. This sloughing mechanism is also thought to be responsible for the spread of virus from the upper to lower respiratory tract. Infection causes generalized inflammation within the lungs, including the migration and infiltration of inflammatory cells (such as monocytes and T-cells), necrosis of the epithelial cell wall, edema , and increased mucous production. Inflammation and cell damage tends to be patchy rather than diffuse. Together,
3402-402: The structural conformation of key proteins such as G, SH, and F, impacting immune responses. The emergence of novel genotypes like ON1 and BA9 is associated with distinct structural differences, particularly in the G protein, which may contribute to immune evasion. Evidence suggests that RSV glycoprotein G plays a crucial role in immune modulation during infection, affecting cytokine expression and
3465-612: The title RSV . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RSV&oldid=1242930658 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Ship disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Respiratory syncytial virus Respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ), also called human respiratory syncytial virus ( hRSV ) and human orthopneumovirus ,
3528-414: The use of either viral culture or nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) may aid in an accurate RSV diagnosis. Molecular assays, such as nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), enable sensitive detection of very small amounts of virus in nasopharyngeal swabs and aspirates. NAAT assays such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detect virus-specific genetic material, rather than viral antigens. They have
3591-547: The use of lab testing to diagnose RSV bronchiolitis (for which the treatment is largely supportive), confirmation of RSV infection may be warranted in high-risk groups if the result will guide clinical decisions. Common identification techniques include antigen testing, molecular testing, and viral culture. Antigen testing involves detection of RSV antigen fragments (or pieces of molecular viral structures), usually from an nasopharyngeal swab or aspirate. This can be accomplished either by viewing fluorescently labeled antigens under
3654-449: The variability observed in the G gene, followed by the SH and F genes, suggests a correlation between structural differences in proteins and their immunogenicity. Specifically, the irregular curl and low bond energy of the G protein make it prone to conformational changes, affecting its immunogenicity and potentially modulating the immune response. Different genotypes of RSV exhibit variations in
3717-413: The virus may continue to spread for up to 4 weeks (even after they are no longer showing symptoms). Following transmission through the nose or eyes, RSV infects ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the upper and lower airway. RSV continues to replicate within these bronchial cells for about 8 days. After the first several days, RSV-infected cells will become more rounded and ultimately slough into
3780-401: The world. More potent derivatives of this antibody have since been developed (including motavizumab ) but were associated with considerable adverse events. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP 2014) recommends RSV prophylaxis with palivizumab during RSV season for: Per AAP guidelines, palivizumab prophylaxis may also be considered in infants with: Viral culture Viral culture
3843-455: Was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2024. Historically, RSV-specific intravenous immunoglobin (IVIG) was used to provide passive immunity to prevent RSV infection and hospitalization in the highest risk infants. This involved monthly administration of RSV-neutralizing antibodies (or immunoglobins) from human donors recovering from the disease. While this transfer of antibodies
SECTION 60
#17328632188483906-494: Was licensed in 1998 and is effective in providing temporary prophylaxis against both RSV A and B. It is given by monthly injections, which are begun just prior to the RSV season and are usually continued for five months. Palivizumab has been shown to reduce both hospitalization rates and all-cause mortality in certain groups of high-risk children (such as those with chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, and those born preterm). However, its cost limits its use in many parts of
3969-399: Was reasonably effective in providing short-term immunization to at-risk infants, it was limited by both its intravenous administration and cost. RSV-IVIG has since been replaced with the use of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) that can be delivered through muscular injection . Palivizumab (Synagis) is a monoclonal antibody directed against the surface fusion (F) protein of the RSV virus. It
#847152