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85-751: Defunct The oldest predecessor of the Revolutionary Socialist Party is the Revolutionary Socialist Union (Dutch: Revolutionair Socialistisch Verbond; RSV), a group of dissidents from the Communist Party Holland (CPH) led by Henk Sneevliet . Another predecessor is the Socialist Party (Dutch: Socialistische Partij; SP), a syndicalist party, which was closely linked to the anarcho-syndicalist trade union National Labor Secretariat (NAS). In 1929 former members of both

170-623: A common list for the European Election together with the green Political Party of Radicals (PPR) and the Greens . In the 1989 the CPN, PSP and PPR were joined by the left-wing Christian Evangelical People's Party in the formation of the GroenLinks . Relationships with the other parties whether liberal or Christian democratic were very poor. The CPN is one of the few communist parties to be formed before

255-627: A march past the De Dokwerker  [ nl ] , the memorial made for the strike in 1951 and first unveiled in December 1952. This statue was made by Dutch sculptor Mari Andriessen . All political parties, as well as the city public transport authorities and organizations of Holocaust survivors, participate in the remembrance. Three communist organizers were shot to death after the strike and 12 communist organizers were sent to jails in Germany, but during

340-524: A new generation of younger, often female MPs entered politics. She was able to keep the three seats. The CPN tried to renew its political program, emphasizing New Left issues like feminism and gay rights. In reaction to this working class-oriented members founded the Horizontal Council of Communists (called so because they were members from different local branches, breaking the vertical organization of democratic centralism ). The group tried to pressure

425-485: A pitched battle on 11 February 1941 on the Waterlooplein . WA member Hendrik Koot was badly wounded and died of his injuries on 14 February. On 12 February, German soldiers, assisted by Dutch police, encircled and cordoned the old Jewish neighbourhood from the rest of the city by putting up barbed wire, raising bridges, and setting up police checkpoints. The neighbourhood was now forbidden for non-Jews. On 19 February,

510-720: A year. Of the 425, only two survived the war. After the pogrom, on 24 February, an open-air meeting was held on the Noordermarkt to organise a strike to protest against the pogrom and the forced labour to Germany. The Communist Party of the Netherlands , which was made illegal by the Germans, printed and spread a call to strike throughout the city the next morning. The first to strike were the city's tram drivers, followed by other city services as well as companies like department store De Bijenkorf and schools. Eventually 300,000 people joined in

595-507: The Tesnjaki ("Narrowist") group . On 14 March 1909 the dissenters founded the new Social Democratic Party (SDP). They had a membership of around 400 spread across different cities: Amsterdam (160), Rotterdam (65), The Hague (45), Leiden (56), Utrecht (25), Bussum (15). In the 1910s, the SDAP paid much attention to attacking the newly formed SDP. The mobilization for World War I , which

680-672: The 1929 general election and both CPHs won one seat each, whilst the RSP failed to win any. In 1930, the CPHs were forced to merge by the Comintern. After the mutiny on the Zeven Provinciën in the same year, the independence of the Dutch Indies became an important theme at the 1933 general election . The party performed particularly well at this election, doubling its seats to four. Among those elected

765-538: The 1948 general election , the party lost two seats. In 1949, a group of Frisian Communists were removed from the party ranks; they founded the Socialist Union, but they were unable to play a significant role in Dutch politics. In the 1952 general election , the party lost two additional seats. In 1956 , the CPN lost votes again; however, because of the expansion of parliament it won an additional seat. The party supported

850-528: The 1981 general election , the placement of American nuclear weapons is a major issue. The CPN, which prominently led one of the campaigning groups, The Committee against the N-bomb, was rewarded with another seat. In the 1982 elections, the party got its first mayor in the Communist stronghold of Beerta . Before the general election of the same year Marcus Bakker stepped down in favour of Ina Brouwer . With her

935-584: The Bruggroep were prominent Resistance figures like Gerben Wagenaar and Henk Gortzak. The General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD) claimed to be behind the split, while the CPN leadership claimed that the dissenters were agents working for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . The Bruggroep founded a new party, the Socialist Workers' Party (SWP). In 1957, the Pacifist Socialist Party

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1020-676: The CPH and the moderate reformism of the SDAP . It united all kinds of groups that did not feel welcome within the CPH and SDAP: leninists , orthodox marxists , council communists and anarcho-socialists . The party's main goal was the proletarian world revolution , which would replace the capitalist system by a system of workers' councils . In the end this would result in a communist society, where exploitation and class would be eliminated. It also had several concrete issues it campaigned on: This table shows

1105-589: The Cominform . For a long time the communists were methodically isolated, partially because of its revolutionary ideology and partially because of the antagonistic style of its politics. The communists used this style to prevent its electorate from moving to its competitors. The relationship between the Social Democratic Workers' Party (before World War II) and the Labour Party (PvdA, after World War II)

1190-470: The Communist Workers' Party of the Netherlands which advocated council communism . In the 1922 general election the CPH retained its two seats. One of its unsuccessful candidates that year, Tan Malaka , was the first subject of the colonial Dutch East Indies to run for office in the Netherlands. Before the 1925 general election , Wijnkoop was replaced as party leader by Louis de Visser under

1275-585: The German Democratic Republic . In 1989, the party merged with three other small left-wing parties, namely the Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP), the left-wing Christian Political Party of Radicals (PPR) and the Evangelical People's Party (EVP) to form the GroenLinks . In 1991, the party officially disbanded; the VCN was joined by other former members of the CPN, who left because they disagreed with

1360-649: The NAS . The SDP entered the election again in July 1918 , winning two seats that were occupied by Willem van Ravesteyn and Wijnkoop; Wijnkoop assumed the leadership of the party. The SDP formed a revolutionary parliamentary party with the League of Christian Socialists and the Socialist Party , both of which had one seat. In 1921, Willy Kruyt , the MP for the League of Christian Socialists, joined

1445-729: The National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam in the Vietnam War . It played an important role in the popular opposition against the placement of nuclear weapons in the Netherlands. The party also emphasised the radical democratisation of the Dutch political system. It opposed monarchy . It sought to abolish the Council of State and the Senate . A referendum and trial by jury should be implemented. Citizens should appoint civil servants. In

1530-521: The Prague Spring . In 1971 yet another seat was added, and in 1972 the party had seven seats. The 1977 general election saw a conflict between the social democrat Joop den Uyl and the Christian democrat Dries van Agt . Many CPN sympathizers voted for the social democratic PvdA and the CPN lost all but two seats. In 1978, under pressure from new young members, De Groot lost his honorary membership. In

1615-692: The Rosenstrasse protest . The Netherlands surrendered to Nazi Germany in May 1940, and the first anti-Jewish measures—the barring of Jews from the air-raid defence services—began in June 1940. In November 1940 all Jews were removed from public positions, including universities, which led directly to student protests in Leiden and elsewhere. Meanwhile, there was an increasing feeling of unrest by workers in Amsterdam , especially

1700-476: The Senate for the first time. This electoral success was linked to the role of the CPN in the resistance. The following period was characterized by decreasing popularity for communism, the rise of internal divisions, and the methodical isolation of the CPN by other parties. With the rise of the Cold War , the party began to lose popularity. The 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état tainted the reputation of Communism. In

1785-582: The Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) founded De Tribune ("The Tribune"), a magazine in which they criticized the party leadership. They maintained orthodox Marxist views and expected a proletarian revolution . They opposed the leadership of the SDAP, who were more oriented towards more a revisionist ideology and a parliamentary and reformist political strategy. At a party congress in Deventer held on 14 February 1909, SDAP leaders demanded that they stop publishing De Tribune or be expelled from

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1870-632: The Trotskyist movement (e.g. the French Workers' Struggle or American Workers Party , or parties formed as Marxist opposition within social-democratic parties, like Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany . Trotsky criticised the RSP/RSAP as " centrist ". Communist Party Holland The Communist Party of the Netherlands ( Dutch : Communistische Partij Nederland , Dutch pronunciation: [kɔmyˈnɪstisə pɑrˈtɛi ˈneːdərlɑnt] , CPN )

1955-458: The parliamentarianism of the majority. The Russian Revolution fractured most European parties between their revolutionary and reformist factions; this had already happened in the Netherlands, but it profoundly changed the SDP. Previously a party of orthodox Marxist intellectuals with little working class support, the SDP saw an influx of members coming from the free socialist organisations, primarily

2040-495: The 1930s. The Pacifist Socialist Party , which was partially composed of those expelled from the CPN, was denounced as a party of agents of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . The CPN methodically voted against proposals of the PSP, even when they supported them. In the 1980s the PSP and the CPN grew closer as they both campaigned against nuclear armament and both began to embrace New Left and libertarian politics . In 1984 they formed

2125-545: The 1970s and 1980s the party began to embrace New Left issues like the fight for women's and gay rights . This table shows the CPN's results in elections to the House of Representatives , Senate , provincial councils , and the European Parliament Also shown is the party's political leadership: the parliamentary leader and the lead candidate; these posts are normally taken by the party leader. The total membership of

2210-585: The CPN and it was not allowed separate time on public radio or television. The party's unequivocal support for decolonization of the Dutch East Indies isolated the party in parliament. Because of its anti- NATO and European Economic Community stances the party was blocked from the Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Nuclear Energy committees in parliament. The AIVD kept close tabs on the party. All other parties in parliament were deeply anti-communist, especially

2295-486: The CPN into returning to its Old Left course. In 1983 they left the party and formed the League of Communists in the Netherlands (VCN, Verbond van Communisten In Nederland ). In 1986 , both the CPN and VCN contested the elections. Neither won a seat in the House of Representatives. The CPN still had two senators . As one of the last acts of the party, the party leadership attended the festivities surrounding 40th anniversary of

2380-421: The CPN is also given. * separate CPH-Central Committee party. ** estimate of the seats in combined CPN/PSP/(PPR) lists. *** chair of the parliamentary party in the Senate . Although the CPN was particularly strong in several provinces, especially Groningen , it never cooperated in any provincial executive . The party supplied only one mayor , namely Hanneke Jagersma in the CPN stronghold of Beerta . In

2465-524: The Dutch government: civil servants were forbidden to be member of NAS or the RSAP and prominent members of the RSAP were persecuted for insulting 'friendly heads of state' like Hitler . The communist CPN which had gained strength after several purges, also campaigned strongly against the "Trotskyite counterrevolutionary sect". Strong arm squads of the CPN attacked several prominent RSAP-members. Finally Trotsky and Sneevliet entered in an ideological conflict, cutting

2550-571: The February strike is considered to be the first public protest against the Nazis in occupied Europe , it was quickly suppressed. There was no major citizen action public action after the top Nazi official, Reichskommissar Seyss-Inquart, warned the Dutch public that there would be draconian consequences. There was a smaller public action against the deportation of Jews to be organized by non-Jews in Berlin, known as

2635-745: The German Grüne Polizei stormed into the Koco ice-cream parlour on Van Woustraat in Rivierenbuurt . In the fight that ensued, several police officers were wounded. Revenge came in the weekend of 22–23 February, when a large-scale pogrom was undertaken by the Germans in which 425 Jewish men of age 20–35 were taken hostage and imprisoned in Kamp Schoorl and eventually sent to the Buchenwald and Mauthausen concentration camps , where most of them had died within

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2720-880: The Luxemburgers in August 1942 , the Belgians in May 1941 , a strike in Norway in September 1941 when shipyard workers lost their daily quota of milk, and the Northern French miners in May–June 1941. However, the February strike 1941 in Amsterdam was the only strike against how Jews were treated by the Germans in Nazi-occupied Europe . The strike is remembered each year on 25 February, with

2805-706: The Nazis' treatment of Jews in Europe. The next strikes would be student strikes in November 1941 and the so-called "milk strike" (because of the farmers’ refusal to supply milk) in April–May in 1943, which ushered in a period of armed covert resistance on a national scale. The rest of Nazi-occupied Europe also went on strike later on, the Greeks in April 1942 , the Danes from the summer of 1943,

2890-573: The Netherlands. After the war, the party was led by Paul de Groot , who had a strong grip on the party's organization. In 1945 the CPN was offered one ministry in the Schermerhorn–Drees cabinet , mainly because of the CPN's role in the Dutch Resistance. The CPN refused, demanding a second ministry. In the 1946 general election , the CPN received nearly 11% of the vote and won 10 seats in the House of Representatives . The CPN also won seats in

2975-409: The Netherlands; CPN), to express its allegiance to the Netherlands and Dutch institutions. The SDP was founded as an orthodox Marxist party advocating an economic and social revolution that would overthrow the capitalist economic and political system, in favour for a socialist dictatorship of the proletariat , which would in turn evolve into a classless, communist society. They broke away from

3060-502: The RSAP off from its international contacts. One day before the Dutch capitulation , May 14, 1940, the RSAP was officially dissolved. In 1938 it was already secretly decided that if the Germans would invade, the RSAP would dissolve and go underground. The party was reformed into the resistance organization Marx-Lenin-Luxemburg Front . As such it supported the February strike . In 1942 Sneevliet

3145-477: The RSP to Sneevliets personal need for power and glory, from which he was blocked in the CPH which distrusted the " Trotskyite " Sneevliet. The RSP entered in the 1929 elections but was unable to win a seat, due to heavy opposition of the CPH and the Communist Party of Holland-Central Committee , an opposition group that had left the CPH. Just before the 1933 elections Sneevliet was apprehended for supporting

3230-404: The RSP's results in elections to the House of Representatives and Senate , as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter, is the chair of the parliamentary party and the lijsttrekker is the party's top candidate in the general election, these posts are normally taken by the party's leader. * as RSAP The party was particularly strong in the city of Amsterdam. Here Sneevliet

3315-473: The Revolutionary Socialist Union and the Socialist Party founded the Revolutionary Socialist Party. Both parties opposed both the reformist social-democracy of the SDAP and the CPH. A leading person in the foundation was Henk Sneevliet , a prominent former member of CPH and an associate of Leon Trotsky . The Central Intelligence Service, the Dutch secret service at the time, attributed the foundation of

3400-646: The Russian Revolution. It lies between the Northern European communist parties, like the Communist Party of Sweden and the Southern European communist parties, like the Italian Communist Party . Like its Italian counterparts, and unlike its Swedish counterparts it was methodically isolated in parliament. Like its Swedish counterparts, but unlike its Italian counterparts, it gained around 5% of

3485-420: The Russian intervention against the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . After the invasion, the party office, in Felix Meritis in Amsterdam, was attacked by opponents of the invasion. Meanwhile, internal dissent against the strict leadership of De Groot was rising. In 1958, the Bruggroep ("Bridge group") left the CPN in a conflict over the role of the Communist Eenheidsvakcentrale ( Unity Trade Union ). Leaders of

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3570-411: The SDAP supported and the SDP opposed, further strengthened the differences between the parties. In the 1917 general election the SDP was still unable to win any seats. In May 1918, the left wing founded the journal De Internationale , uniting four opposition groups within the SDP, with groups in Amsterdam , Rotterdam and The Hague plus the Zimmerwald Left Propaganda Union. This group did not favour

3655-410: The SDAP, when the reformist leadership blocked their publication of an autonomous journal. After the Russian Revolution , the party adopted the name Communist. With the departure of the left-wing grouped around De Internationale , the party adopted Marxism–Leninism , the official ideology of the USSR and the Comintern. This advocated the overthrow of the state by a vanguard party , which would lead

3740-442: The SDP while the MP for the Socialist Party left the revolutionary parliamentary party. As the German Revolution (and the related Brussels Soldiers' Council ) developed across the borders in November 1918, the Netherlands was also affected by strikes and mutinies. On 10 November, the SDP called for the formation of soldiers' and workers councils with a view to forming a popular government. A week later at their Leiden Congress,

3825-441: The alliance with the United States , while the CPN advocated stronger links with the USSR . The PvdA had the strongest anti-communists in its ranks. During the 1970s when a more radicalized PvdA advocated a large progressive coalition, they still excluded the CPN. The relationship between left-wing splinter groups and the communists was notoriously bad. The CPH ignored the Revolutionary Socialist Party during its four-year term in

3910-406: The anti- Jewish measures and the activities of Nazism in general. The direct causes were a series of arrests and pogroms held by the Germans in the Jewish neighbourhood of Amsterdam , the Jodenbuurt . It started on 25 February 1941 and lasted for two days. On 26 February, 300,000 Amsterdam people joined the strike. The strike was harshly suppressed by the Germans after three days. Although

3995-424: The city. Protests were violently quelled, often by gunfire. Four strikers were later executed by firing squad, 22 sentenced to prison, and the city was ordered to pay five million guilders in restitution. The suppression was successful, and most strikers were back at work by 27 February. Although ultimately unsuccessful, the strike was significant in that it was the first and only large-scale direct action against

4080-424: The communist party. The RSP was shunned by other leftwing parties, because of its strong opposition to the social-democratic SDAP and the communist CPH. Cooperation with the leftwing opposition of the SDAP, united the OSP resulted in the foundation of the RSAP in 1935. The RSP and the RSAP are very comparable to other dissident Marxist groups within the anti-Stalinist left , including the left-communist movement,

4165-420: The conflict between the People's Republic of China and the USSR. Nevertheless, a Maoist group, called the Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands split from the Party. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Party began to move away from its Marxist/Leninist roots and began embrace a more libertarian and Eurocommunist programme with a strong emphasis on feminism . The Communist Party has always been an advocate of

4250-418: The country towards socialism. The party remained faithful to the USSR's version of Marxism–Leninism during the 1920s, when Trotsky's interpretation became an important ideological competitor of Joseph Stalin 's. This led to a split when a group around a prominent ally of Trotsky, Henk Sneevliet , left the party to form the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP). In the 1960s, the party did not choose sides in

4335-425: The formulation of the new liberal course, Herman Meijer, was one of the gay rights activists who joined the CPN in the 1970s. The CPN changed its name two times. It was founded as Sociaal-Democratische Partij (Social-Democratic party; SDP). It followers were commonly known as "Tribunists" after their main organ. After the Russian Revolution the term social-democracy became linked to the reformist socialists, while

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4420-545: The interests of the working class as shown by their advocacy of higher wages and lower prices. They also campaigned for work conditions in factories should be improved, that child labour should be banned completely, that the work day should be regulated and that laws against striking should be repealed. The CPN advocated a strong role of the state in the economy. They believed the state should supply cheap housing, free and neutral education and health care insurance. They felt that important industries should be nationalized in

4505-404: The late 1940s, the CPN participated in several municipal executives but after the USSR's intervention in Hungary, these all fell. In the 1950s the party got an absolute majority in the municipal council of Finsterwolde the municipality was consequently put under control of the national government. In the 1980s the party again started to cooperate in local executives. The following table shows

4590-418: The much smaller anti-Stalinist communist Revolutionary Socialist Party , the only pre-war organisation that had protested against the anti-Semitic measures by the German occupiers, it founded a resistance movement called Raad van Verzet ("Resistance Council"). It published a resistance newspaper called De Waarheid (The Truth). Both took part in the February strike in 1941, the largest act of resistance in

4675-412: The mutiny on the De Zeven Provinciën . The RSP saw the mutiny as part of the liberation of the Dutch Indies . The RSP raised a large campaign with slogans as: "From the Cell to Parliament", "Make Sneevliet the public prosecutor in the House of Representatives" and "I accuse" (a clear reference to Émile Zola 's " J'accuse "). The campaign worked and the party won one seat, which was taken by Sneevliet, who

4760-417: The new course, and founded the New Communist Party of the Netherlands (NCPN), which still exists today. There is no influence left of the old Marxist wing of the CPN in GroenLinks. The "new" generation has been very prominent: Ina Brouwer led the party in the 1994 general election and one of the party's senators Jos van der Lans was a member of the CPN. The former party chair who was very influential in

4845-414: The party name was changed to Communist Party Holland (CPH), to stress its identification with the workers councils. The following year, on 10 April 1919 the CPH joined the Comintern , which helped transform the party from a mix of anarchists , syndicalists and orthodox Marxists into a tightly-knit Leninist community. In 1920, prominent left communists Gorter and Pannekoek left the party to form

4930-406: The party should ally with. In 1936 Schmidt was expelled, after he had publicly criticized the Moscow Trials as show trials . Sneevliet took the position of chair. Schmidt's sympathy for democracy and his fear of totalitarian dictatorship was the direct reason of this split. In the elections of 1937 the party was unable to win any seats. After these elections the party received more opposition from

5015-403: The party was active in the resistance movement . After the war, its foreign policy was explicitly anti- West German and pro-USSR. It favoured Soviet interventions in Czechoslovakia and Hungary and sought Dutch recognition of East Germany . It opposed Dutch membership of NATO and the European Economic Community . In the 1970s and 1980s its policy became more critical of the USA, supporting

5100-445: The party won near absolute majorities. In these municipalities, which now form Reiderland the refounded CPN, NCPN still performs particularly well. In the 1950s the general support for the CPN weakened with the rise of Cold War. In the 1960s and 1970s the CPN began to gain support form students. In the 1980s the party lost its working class support. The party was organized on the principle of democratic centralism . The party's board

5185-451: The party. Wijnkoop and Ceton refused; they and their supporters, including the poet Herman Gorter and the mathematician Gerrit Mannoury , left to form a new party. This was the first such split in a Western European socialist party, although others followed. There had already been a split between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party , and between the Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party and

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5270-429: The party. Sneevliet founded the Revolutionary Socialist Union, which later became the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP). In 1926, the entire Rotterdam branch was expelled. These expellees joined Wijnkoop to form a separate Communist Party of Holland-Central Committee . All three, the RSP, the CPH-central committee and the old CPH (which ran under the name "CPH – Dutch section of the Communist International"), contested

5355-487: The pressure of the Comintern; this was the cause of heavy internal division within the party. Jacques de Kadt had already left the party in 1924 to help set up The League of Communist Struggle & Propaganda Clubs . In the background of several of these divisions was the conflict in the Soviet Union between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky . Wijnkoop, Henk Sneevliet (a prominent international communist and an ally of Trotsky), and other prominent members, were expelled from

5440-420: The results of the provincial election of 1962 by province. It shows the areas where the CPN was strong, namely North Holland and to a lesser extent Groningen and South Holland. The party was very weak in rural and Catholic Limburg and Brabant. The support for the SDP, which was founded before the introduction of universal suffrage , was strong among left-wing intellectuals and educated working class circles. This

5525-416: The secretary of LJG in 1936. The party-magazine of the RSP was called The Revolutionary (Dutch: De Baanbreker), it continued as the New Torch, after the foundation of the RSAP. The RSP was in close contact with Leon Trotsky and his followers in the International Left Opposition (which became the International Communist League) and signed the Declaration of the Four with the ICL in 1933. The OSP, however,

5610-421: The short term and in the long term the entire economy should be planned , that taxation should be progressive and that those without jobs should receive benefits. The communist movement emerged from other strands of the workers movement because of their vigorous opposition to World War I . After 1918, the recognition of the USSR and the independence of Indonesia became important issues. During World War II

5695-420: The small groups formed the Socialist Party , which became a successful political party from the mid-1990s. The CPN took a rather ambiguous stance in the conflict between the USSR and the PRC. Before the 1967 general election De Groot was replaced by Marcus Bakker. De Groot was made an honorary member of the CPN. The party won another seat, making the total five. The CPN condemned the Soviet intervention against

5780-479: The social democratic PvdA. In the 1963 general election the party gained one seat. The developing students' movement was an important impetus for the party. In 1964, the international conflict between the People's Republic of China and the USSR also split the CPN. A group called Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (Marxist–Leninist) left the CPN in that year. They went through several intense splits based on ideological and personal conflicts. In 1971 one of

5865-446: The strike, which brought much of the city to a halt and caught the Germans by surprise. The strike grew spontaneously as other workers followed the example of the tram drivers, and spread to other areas, including Zaanstad and Kennemerland in the west; Bussum , Hilversum and Utrecht in the east; and in the south. In response, a curfew was declared and a German police battalion and two SS Totenkopf regiments were drafted into

5950-440: The term communist was linked to Leninist revolutionary socialism. All sections of the Comintern were obliged to adopt the name 'Communist Party'. In 1919 the party changed its name to Communistische Partij Holland (Communist Party Holland; CPH). The name implied that the CPH was the Dutch section of the worldwide Communist International . In 1935 the party changed its name to Communistische Partij van Nederland (Communist Party of

6035-461: The vote. Like its Italian counterpart it was closely linked to Moscow until the 1960s. In the 1970s, it became involved in New Left politics, like its Swedish counterpart. February strike The February strike ( Dutch : Februaristaking ) of 1941 was a general strike in the Nazi-occupied Netherlands during World War II . It was organized by the outlawed Communist Party of the Netherlands in defence of persecuted Dutch Jews and against

6120-650: The workers at the shipyards in Amsterdam-Noord , who were threatened with forced labour in Germany. As tensions rose, the Dutch Nazi party Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging and its militant arm, the WA ( Weerbaarheidsafdeling ), were involved in a series of provocations in Jewish neighbourhoods in Amsterdam. This led to a series of street battles between the WA and Jewish self-defence groups and their supporters, and culminated in

6205-660: Was a communist party in the Netherlands . The party was founded in 1909 as the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and merged with the Pacifist Socialist Party , the Political Party of Radicals and the Evangelical People's Party in 1991, forming the GroenLinks . Members opposed to the merger founded the New Communist Party of the Netherlands . In 1907, Jan Ceton , Willem van Ravesteyn , and David Wijnkoop of

6290-412: Was a member of the local legislative . The RSP was mainly supported by leftwing intellectuals, who were highly concentrated in the large cities. Out of the 48.405 votes it got in 1933, 20.000 were obtained in Amsterdam. The Leninist Young Guard (Dutch: Leninistische Jeugd Garde; LJG) was an independent youth organization linked to the RSAP. LJG published Arbeidersjeugd 1937–1940. Sal Santen became

6375-509: Was always troublesome. The SDP split from the SDAP over ideological differences, orthodox Marxist , revolutionary politics versus revisionist and reformist politics. The social democrats saw the communists as insignificant while the communists taunted the social democrats by calling them "servants to capitalism" and " social fascists ". During the Cold War, the PvdA embraced Atlanticism , NATO and

6460-594: Was consequently released from prison. The position in parliament was mainly used to propagandise. In 1935 the RSP and the Independent Socialist Party (OSP) merged to form the Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party (RSAP). The OSP saw this as a way to gain seats in the next election, while the RSP saw it as a way to strengthen its basis. Although the OSP had more members, the RSP, which had one MP,

6545-487: Was executed. This prevented the re-foundation of the RSP after the Second World War . The party's third way between authoritarian stalinism and social-democracy would later be reflected in the left-socialist Pacifist Socialist Party , which was also founded by former members of the communist CPN and the social-democratic PvdA . The RSP was a left-communist party, which opposed both the authoritarian stalinism of

6630-451: Was far stronger. Sneevliet remained the party's sole MP, while OSP leader Piet Schmidt became the party chairman . Sneevliet also became secretary of the party-board. Internal tensions between former members of the RSP and OSP caused the downfall of the party. In 1935 a group of former OSP'ers left the party to found the League of Revolutionary Socialists. The direct reason for this split was the question which group of left-wing German refugees

6715-535: Was founded. The PSP united former members of the CPN, including members of the Socialist Union, and the Labour Party (PvdA), and other left-wing independents. In the following 1959 general election the CPN lost all but three seats, while the PSP won two seats, and the SWP was unable to win any seats. Many SWP members, like Gortzak, later joined the PSP. In the 1940s and 1950s, the CPN was methodically isolated by other parties. Civil servants were forbidden to become members of

6800-725: Was in Felix Meritis in Amsterdam. The party had a small, but strong communist pillar around it. Important organizations were the communist trade union, the Rode Vakcentrale (Red Trade Union) before 1940 and the Eenheidsvakcentrale (Unity Trade Union) between 1945 and 1960, and the party's paper, De Tribune (the Tribune) before 1940 and De Waarheid (The Truth), which was founded as a resistance paper and named after its Soviet counterpart after 1940. The party's youth organization

6885-614: Was mainly limited to Amsterdam and Rotterdam . With the introduction of universal suffrage, the SDP, and later CPH began to branch out to the poorest circles of the working classes. In the Zaanstreek, around Zaandam and the port cities of Amsterdam and Rotterdam the party was especially strong. After the Second World War, the CPN branched out to the poor rural province of Groningen and other poor rural areas like West Friesland . In some Groningen municipalities like Finsterwolde, Beerta,

6970-622: Was part of the International Revolutionary Marxist Centre , along with the British Independent Labour Party . When the two merged into the RSAP, the alignment with the IRMC continued. Although the RSP was too small to have a real pillar of social organizations around it, it did have strong links with the anarcho-syndicalist trade union National Labour Secretariat, which previously had strong links with

7055-610: Was the Indonesian nationalist Rustam Effendi , the first subject from the Dutch Indies to enter parliament. At the 1937 general election , the party was able to retain its seats. On 15 May 1940, immediately after the German occupation, the party decided to organize an underground movement. In July 1940, the Nazi occupation force banned the CPN; the party continued illegally. In 1940, together with

7140-588: Was the formally independent General Dutch Youth League . The party's scientific organization was the Instituut voor Politiek en Sociaal Onderzoek (Institute for Political and Social Research) which published Politiek en Cultuur (Politics and Culture). The CPN had its own publisher called Pegasus. Since 1918, the party was a member of the Third International , first in the form of the Comintern , and after 1947 in

7225-470: Was the highest organ of the party, it decided the order of candidates on election lists for the Senate, House of Representatives and European Parliament, had the final say over the party program and had the ability to expel members. It was elected by the party's Congress . The party saw its political unity and strong discipline as conditions for its ideological zeal. Between 1946 and 1980, the party's headquarters

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