Misplaced Pages

#534465

82-845: The company operates a research and development center for its corner modules and its vehicle software in Israel, and an engineering and manufacturing center in the United Kingdom. Final vehicle assembly, sales, and customer service operations are based in the United States. REE Automotive plans as of June 2024 to sell truck fleets to rental companies such as Penske and U-Haul , provide its corner modules to truck manufacturers such as Hino , and sell trucks to various fleet operators through its distributor network. The company expects as of September 2024 to start deliveries of scale-production vehicles in early 2025. Before changing its name to REE Automotive,

164-749: A class 5 truck powered by the P7 modules and platform. REE Automotive showcased its first prototype production corner module at CES 2022. Seven months later, the company demonstrated a P7-based class 3 box truck , dubbed the P7-B. At the ACT Expo in May 2023, the company showcased its pre-production P7-C class 4 cab chassis truck. The prototype P7 corner modules and chassis underwent road tests and durability testing, leading to production-intent prototypes suitable for 350,000 kilometres (220,000 mi) of service life and designed for

246-423: A "supply chain". At the end of the supply chain, materials and finished products only flow there because of the customer behaviour at the end of the chain; academics Alan Harrison and Janet Godsell argue that "supply chain processes should be coordinated in order to focus on end customer buying behaviour", and look for "customer responsiveness" as an indicator confirming that materials are able to flow "through

328-575: A 606,000-square-foot refrigerated regional distribution center in Romulus, Michigan in June 2019. Penske Used Trucks is an operating unit of Penske Truck Leasing that sells off-lease trucks, semi-trucks, trailers, and other trucking-related equipment directly to businesses and to the used truck wholesale marketplace. This unit sells semi-tractors, semi-trailers, straight trucks, and other equipment for light-, medium-, and heavy-duty transportation applications. In

410-588: A bank, for example, may play a supporting role in certain supply chains, but acts as either the customer or the nearest supplier to the customer in the supply chain for security printing . Brown et al. refer to supply chains as either "loosely coupled" or "tightly coupled": Cutting-edge companies are swapping their tightly coupled processes for loosely coupled ones, making themselves not only more flexible but also more profitable . These ideas refer to two polar models of collaboration: tightly coupled, or "hard-wired", also known as "linked", collaboration represents

492-456: A baseline of 10 years or 250,000 kilometres (160,000 mi). The P7 platform Microvast battery pack has been tested for a service life of 5000 to 7000 full charge cycles . Platforms may be outfitted with two, three, or four 42 kWh battery packs depending on range and payload considerations. The company's first manufacturing facility was established in 2022 in Coventry , United Kingdom, and

574-440: A close relationship between a buyer and supplier within the chain, whereas a loosely-coupled link relates to low interdependency between buyer and seller and therefore greater flexibility. The Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply 's professional guidance suggests that the aim of a tightly coupled relationship is to reduce inventory and avoid stock-outs . There are a variety of supply-chain models, which address both

656-409: A company's decision-making on the number of suppliers it will engage with for each product or service as an important aspect of the design of a supply chain. Determining the number of suppliers logically precedes an RFP process for determining which suppliers will form part of the supply chain. Morgan refers to an "n + 1 rule" example in the business practice of IT component supplier Intel , whereby

738-565: A company. Starting in the 1990s, several companies chose to outsource the logistics aspect of supply-chain management by partnering with a third-party logistics provider (3PL). Companies also outsource production to contract manufacturers. Technology companies have risen to meet the demand to help manage these complex systems. Cloud-based SCM technologies are at the forefront of next-generation supply chains due to their impact on optimization of time, resources, and inventory visibility. Cloud technologies facilitate work being processed offline from

820-467: A fleet of more than 450,000 vehicles. Brian Hard is the president and CEO of the company. Of note, Penske Truck Leasing has been investing in and expanding its fleet of commercial electric trucks and adding electric truck charging stations infrastructure to its locations. In September 2017, General Electric sold the last of its stake in Penske for $ 674 million. The 15.5% stake was purchased by Penske and

902-405: A fundamentally new system. This leads to a panarchical interpretation of a supply chain, embedding it into a system of systems , allowing to analyze the interactions of the supply chain with systems that operate at other levels (e.g. society, political economy, planet Earth). For example, these three components of resilience can be identified in relation to the 2021 Suez Canal obstruction , when

SECTION 10

#1732884788535

984-438: A global map of the organization's supply network. In the 1980s, the term supply-chain management (SCM) was developed to express the need to integrate the key business processes, from end user through original suppliers. Original suppliers are those that provide products, services, and information that add value for customers and other stakeholders. The basic idea behind SCM is that companies and corporations involve themselves in

1066-405: A mobile app which solves the common issue of inventory residing in areas with no online coverage or connectivity. Supply chain managers are under constant scrutiny to secure the best pricing for their resources, which becomes a difficult task when faced with the inherent lack of transparency. Cost benchmarking helps to identify competitive pricing within the industry but benchmarking across

1148-466: A new module fastened to the platform in 20 minutes, with a further 40 minutes of calibration for the vehicle to become operational again. Redundancy is implemented at the vehicle level and at the component level for fail-operational safety and fault detection. At the vehicle level, the central ECU can compensate for the failure of a corner module or one of its components by using the other three modules for corrective steering, braking, and propulsion. At

1230-422: A product design is completed, it drives the structure of the supply chain, limiting the flexibility of engineers to generate and evaluate different (and potentially more cost-effective) supply-chain alternatives. Design for Supply Chain is described as a process that aims to drastically reduce the product life cycle costs ... improve product quality, improve efficiency and improve profitability for all partners in

1312-453: A product for automobiles, raising a total of 15 million USD , with plans for two more assembly lines in addition to its existing ones for wheelchair wheels in Israel and the United States. The company raised an additional $ 25 million in 2018 in an effort to pivot its business to the automotive market, for a total of $ 40 million, partly from investors in the automotive industry such as Mitsubishi and Musashi Seimitsu. Daniel Barel announced

1394-440: A range of supply chain performance factors has been recommended as best practice. The SCOR model contains more than 150 key indicators which measure the performance of supply chain operations: see also Supply chain operations reference#Performance measurements . Debra Hofman has noted that "measuring supply chain performance is not a new practice. Most companies today measure at least some aspect of their supply chain and understand

1476-487: A sequence of supply chain processes in order to meet end customer buying behaviour". Many of the exchanges encountered in the supply chain take place between varied companies that seek to maximize their revenue within their sphere of interest but may have little or no knowledge or interest in the remaining players in the supply chain. More recently, the loosely coupled, self-organizing network of businesses who cooperate in providing product and service offerings has been called

1558-483: A ship blocked the canal for several days. Persistence means to "bounce back"; in our example it is about removing the ship as quickly as possible to allow "normal" operations. Adaptation means to accept that the system has reached a "new normal" state and to act accordingly; here, this can be implemented by redirecting ships around the African cape or use alternative modes of transport. Finally, transformation means to question

1640-672: A subsidiary of Mitsui. Penske Truck Rental is an operating unit of Penske Truck Leasing that has more than 2,500 consumer truck rental locations across the United States and Canada. Penske rents commercial semi-trucks, straight trucks and semi-trailers to businesses that haul freight. Its truck rental fleet has more than 85,000 units. In addition, the business unit also rents trucks ranging from 12 feet in length to 26 feet in length to consumers for do-it-yourself moves that are either local moves or one-way moves. Penske's commercial and consumer rental vehicles are typically branded bright yellow with black lettering and blue stripes. Penske Logistics

1722-508: A supply chain by exchanging information about market demand , distribution capacity and production capabilities. Keith Oliver , a consultant at Booz Allen Hamilton , is credited with the term's invention after using it in an interview for the Financial Times in 1982. The term was used earlier by Alizamir et al. in 1981, and Burns and Sivazlian in 1978. If all relevant information is accessible to any relevant company, every company in

SECTION 20

#1732884788535

1804-585: A supply chain seeks to match demand with supply and do so with minimal inventory . Various aspects of optimizing the supply chain include liaising with suppliers to eliminate bottlenecks; sourcing strategically to strike a balance between lowest material cost and transportation , implementing just-in-time techniques to optimize manufacturing flow; maintaining the right mix and location of factories and warehouses to serve customer markets; and using location allocation, vehicle routing analysis, dynamic programming , and traditional logistics optimization to maximize

1886-503: A supply chain, such as wholesale and retail determine their break-even point by considering transaction costs , relative to market price. Additionally, there are financial costs associated with all the stages of a supply chain model. The Global Supply Chain Forum has introduced an alternative supply chain model. This framework is built on eight key business processes that are both cross-functional and cross-firm in nature. Each process

1968-482: A year (often seasonally). The supply chain for clothing often requires constant analysis of new fashion trends to manage the quantity needed for various markets. Supply chain security has become particularly important in recent years. As a result, supply chains are often subject to global and local regulations. In the United States, several major regulations emerged in 2010 that have had a lasting impact on how global supply chains operate. These new regulations include

2050-688: Is a joint venture of Penske Corporation , Penske Automotive Group , and Mitsui & Co . Headquartered in Reading, Pennsylvania , the company was founded by Team Penske owner Roger Penske on December 1, 1969. It is Penske’s flagship and best known division. The firm serves customers in North America , South America , Europe , Asia , and Australia ; among its services are full-service commercial truck leasing, truck fleet maintenance, truck rentals, and used truck sales. The company currently employs more than 40,000 workers worldwide and operates and maintains

2132-517: Is a high-level, industry-neutral enterprise process model that allows organizations to see their business processes from a cross-industry viewpoint. The PCF was developed by APQC and its member organizations as an open standard to facilitate improvement through process management and benchmarking, regardless of industry, size, or geography. The PCF organizes operating and management processes into 12 enterprise-level categories, including process groups, and over 1,000 processes and associated activities. In

2214-467: Is a wholly owned subsidiary of Penske Truck Leasing that has operations in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. Penske Logistics provides supply chain management and logistics services such as dedicated carriage, distribution center management, transportation management, lead logistics, supply chain consulting, and freight brokerage services. Penske Logistics had 2018 revenues of $ 2.3 billion and

2296-526: Is in terms of creating demand. In other words, it is the ability of a product's design to generate demand by satisfying customer expectations. But product design affects not only demand generation but also manufacturing processes, cost, quality, and lead time. The product design affects the associated supply chain and its requirements directly, including manufacturing, transportation, quality, quantity, production schedule, material selection, production technologies, production policies, regulations, and laws. Broadly,

2378-463: Is increasingly being utilized in supply chain management, especially in the strategic purchasing and supply management sector. Effective application of big data can improve the performance of supply chain activities through improved decision-making capabilities. Moore et al. note a trend towards strategic supply-base reduction as a mechanism for leading businesses to reduce costs and improve supplier-related performance, and similarly Ogden identifies

2460-448: Is managed by a cross-functional team including representatives from logistics, production, purchasing, finance, marketing, and research and development. While each process interfaces with key customers and suppliers, the processes of customer relationship management and supplier relationship management form the critical linkages in the supply chain. The American Productivity and Quality Center (APQC) Process Classification Framework (PCF) SM

2542-402: Is more significant than ever. In addition, as supply, and therefore competition, among companies for the limited market demand increases and as pricing and other marketing elements become less distinguishing factors, product design likewise plays a different role by providing attractive features to generate demand. In this context, demand generation is used to define how attractive a product design

REE Automotive - Misplaced Pages Continue

2624-542: Is ranked among the top 20 for-hire trucking companies by industry publication Transport Topics. This subsidiary is also headquartered in Reading, Pennsylvania . Marc Althen is the president of Penske Logistics. Penske Logistics made two notable acquisitions in the last few years including that of Transfreight North America from Mitsui in 2015 and the acquisition of Greensboro, N.C.-based EPES Transport Systems in 2018. Both acquisitions were private transactions. Of note, Penske Logistics completed construction and opened

2706-532: Is structured for a capex -light business model with horizontal alliances with tier-one manufacturers. Among its partners are American Axle , Mahindra & Mahindra , Musashi Seimitsu, and KYB . The company says that unlike Tesla or Rivian who spend billions of dollars building manufacturing capacity, REE Automotive uses its partners' existing excess manufacturing capacity which allows it to quickly scale up production. The company assembles parts provided by its partners onto its corner modules and platforms at

2788-702: The extended enterprise , and the use of the term "chain" and the linear structure it appears to represent have been criticized as "harder to relate to the way supply networks really operate. A chain is actually a complex and dynamic supply and demand network. As part of their efforts to demonstrate ethical practices , many large companies and global brands are integrating codes of conduct and guidelines into their corporate cultures and management systems . Through these, corporations are making demands on their suppliers (facilities, farms, subcontracted services such as cleaning, canteen, security etc.) and verifying, through social audits , that they are complying with

2870-593: The 2009 IndyCar Series , Will Power drove four races for Team Penske with Penske Truck Leasing sponsorship. Teammate Hélio Castroneves had Penske Truck Leasing sponsorship for three races in 2011 and seven races in 2012. Simon Pagenaud carried Penske Truck Leasing sponsorship for eight races in the 2015 IndyCar Series. Supply chain A supply chain is a complex logistics system that consists of facilities that convert raw materials into finished products and distribute them to end consumers or end customers . Meanwhile, supply chain management deals with

2952-458: The 2013 Savar building collapse with more than 1,100 victims have led to widespread discussions about corporate social responsibility across global supply chains. Wieland and Handfield (2013) suggest that companies need to audit products and suppliers and that supplier auditing needs to go beyond direct relationships with first-tier suppliers (those who supply the main customer directly). They also demonstrate that visibility needs to be improved if

3034-636: The European Commission issued a Communication concerning "a better functioning food supply chain in Europe", addressing the three sectors of the European economy which comprise the food supply chain: agriculture, food processing industries, and the distribution sectors. An earlier interim report on food prices (published in December 2008) had already raised concerns about the food supply chain. Arising out of

3116-615: The ISO 26262 standard level D . Vehicle cybersecurity is specified by the ISO/SAE 21434 standard and UNCE regulations 155, 156, and 157 , and implemented using dedicated cryptographic modules that encrypt all communication between the ECUs and the drive system components. REE Automotive presented its first public prototype at the EcoMotion convention in June 2019. Early prototypes shown in 2019 were dubbed

3198-547: The Importer Security Filing (ISF) and additional provisions of the Certified Cargo Screening Program. EU's draft supply chain law are due diligence requirements to protect human rights and the environment in the supply chain. With the increasing globalization and easier access to different kinds of alternative products in today's markets, the contribution of product design to generating demand

3280-429: The electric bicycle market with its in-wheel selective suspension system, which is stiff while riding on level surfaces, and becomes shock-absorbent upon impacts. Faced with its investors potentially pulling funding and shutting down the company, SoftWheel began developing in-wheel shock absorbers for bicycles, motorcycles, and automobiles. By mid-2017, the company planned to manufacture products for bicycles and develop

3362-534: The required standard . A lack of transparency in the supply chain can bar consumers from knowledge of where their purchases originated and facilitate socially irresponsible practices. In 2018, the Loyola University Chicago 's Supply and Value Chain Center found in a survey that 53% of supply chain professionals considered ethics to be "extremely" important to their organization. Marshall L. Fisher (1997) asks

REE Automotive - Misplaced Pages Continue

3444-436: The scaling-up of its business. After beginning production in 2023, the company raised $ 24 million and planned to raise a further $ 10 million in working capital for production in 2024 and for tooling for its full-scale production in the United States in 2025, alongside a 25% reduction in its cash burn rate in 2023 and a further planned 25% reduction in 2024. The company revised its production plans in 2024, choosing to utilize

3526-495: The total addressable market of its P7 platform is over 200,000 class 3 to class 5 trucks a year in the US, according to research by BloombergNEF . The core technology developed by REE Automotive is the corner module. These modules are located directly adjacent to each wheel, housing all of the vehicle's drive systems. The modules are controlled by-wire , eliminating the use of mechanical connections that are traditionally housed throughout

3608-464: The 10X Capital shares were redeemed by investors upon the merger, reducing the raised capital by about $ 153 million. A total of $ 285 million were raised by the company when going public on NASDAQ on July 23, 2021, resulting in about $ 318 million in cash on-hand, and a valuation of about three billion dollars. The CEO said that while vertical automotive companies require 20 billion dollars or more to develop their supply chain and manufacturing capabilities,

3690-544: The Air, Share, and Bolder. The prototypes offered two or four wheel-end motors with varying power ratings, attached to flat chassis platforms of varying sizes. Later, similar prototypes were dubbed the P1, P2, and P4. They were designed for 1.3, 2.5, and 4.5 tonne gross vehicle weight , respectively. All the prototypes were autonomous-ready, driven entirely electronically, by-wire . An autonomous modular concept vehicle , dubbed Flatformer,

3772-538: The assumptions of globalization, outsourcing, and linear supply chains and to envision alternatives; in this example this could lead to local and circular supply chains. Supply chain resilience has been identified as an important business issue. The United Kingdom's Confederation of British Industry reported in 2014 that a significant number of businesses had reshored parts of their supply chain to European locations, with many identifying supply chain resilience as "a key factor in their decision to do so". Incidents like

3854-406: The chassis, like a steering column, drive-train, and so on. This design allows for a flat platform chassis with more space for passengers or cargo, and easy replacement of each module. Prior to its initial fundraising on the stock market , the company developed five classes of corner modules for different vehicle classes up to 7 tonnes gross vehicle weight . Following its fundraising shortfall,

3936-625: The company focused on developing and bringing a single product line to market, based on the P7 corner module for up to 8.9 tonnes gross vehicle weight. Each P7 corner module houses the following: a wheel-end drive unit co-developed with American Axle consisting of an electric motor with regenerative braking, a transmission , and an inverter ; steering actuators developed by Trio; double wishbone suspension with twin dampers; brakes and braking actuators co-developed with Brembo ; sensors; and an electronic control unit (ECU) based on Infineon AURIX running REE Automotive software that manages all

4018-428: The company intends to use as working capital for full-scale production in 2025. The company expects as of September 2024 to start deliveries of scale-production vehicles in early 2025. The company expects break-even for BOM on the sale of 300 vehicles, and positive EBITDA in 2025 with mass-manufacturing in the United States. The company plans to fund itself on its own earnings by the end of 2025. REE Automotive

4100-613: The company is set to achieve serial manufacturing and commercialization of its first product line through its horizontal business alliances using its $ 300 million in cash. Following the merger, REE Automotive's valuation dropped significantly, reaching a low of about $ 40 million in September 2024. The company had no substantial revenue by February 2023, when it laid-off 31 employees which were approximately 11% of its workforce. The company expected in May 2023 that its cash runway will finance its operations past its test fleet deliveries and into

4182-400: The company was called SoftWheel. SoftWheel was founded in 2011 by Gilad Woolf. Woolf engaged the services of Amihai Gros and the services of Ahishai Sardes of Ziv Av Engineering, who developed a wheelchair wheel with an embedded suspension system. Daniel Barel joined as CEO in 2013 after learning of the company through Gros. In 2014 SoftWheel raised three million dollars in an effort to enter

SECTION 50

#1732884788535

4264-479: The company's manufacturing facilities. The company aims to provide, along with its partners, "a full turn-key solution" for electric vehicle fleets, which includes the sale of full vehicles, and services such as vehicle financing and charging infrastructure . These services are meant to allow companies' fleets to transition from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles . Small commercial electric vehicle startups like REE Automotive attempted to fill

4346-525: The company's new name, REE, at the EcoMotion convention in June 2019, where he unveiled an automotive platform for autonomous delivery vehicles. The name-change signifies "reinventing" the car by discarding the mechanical connections between the wheels in favor of electronic by-wire control. The company expected to raise 436 million USD through a special-purpose acquisition company merger with 10X Capital Venture Acquisition Corp, of which $ 200 million were expected from 10X Capital investors. Three-quarters of

4428-558: The component level, many have built-in redundancy: the central ECU and each corner module ECU features two Infineon AURIX micro-controllers operating in a lockstep configuration, allowing for fault-detection; the ECUs are powered by redundant low-voltage batteries connected to redundant low-voltage power grids; there are redundant micro-controller communication networks ; there are redundant medium voltage sources that power redundant steering actuators for each wheel; there are redundant sensors; and so on. These safety features are specified by

4510-835: The contract manufacturing services of Roush Industries and the supply-chain services of Samvardhana Motherson , reducing its cash burn rate while pushing the start of production to the fourth quarter of 2024 and the start of customer deliveries of scale-produced vehicles to the first quarter of 2025. The first P7 vehicles obtained FMVSS certification and were received by customers in early 2024. The company had orders for approximately 150 vehicles by August 2023 and approximately 600 trucks by September 2024. The company sold individual trucks to rental companies such as Penske and U-Haul so they can evaluate them for their truck rental fleets. The company expects as of September 2024 to start deliveries of scale-production vehicles in early 2025. Penske Truck Leasing Penske Truck Leasing Co., L.P.

4592-602: The contract manufacturing services of Roush Industries and the supply-chain services of Samvardhana Motherson , reducing its cash burn rate while pushing the start of production to the fourth quarter of 2024 and the start of customer deliveries of scale-produced vehicles to the first quarter of 2025. The company entered an agreement in September 2024 with Motherson, which became its exclusive supply chain expansion and management partner, and shared commercial operations partner. Motherson invested $ 45 million in REE Automotive which

4674-578: The developing country public health setting, John Snow, Inc. has developed the JSI Framework for Integrated Supply Chain Management in Public Health, which draws from commercial sector best practices to solve problems in public health supply chains. Similarly, supply chain mapping involves documenting information regarding all participants in an organization's supply chain and assembling the information as

4756-538: The efficiency of distribution. The term "logistics" applies to activities within one company or organization involving product distribution, whereas "supply chain" additionally encompasses manufacturing and procurement, and therefore has a much broader focus as it involves multiple enterprises (including suppliers, manufacturers, and retailers) working together to meet a customer need for a product or service. However, John Mills et al . note that "early research" on supply chains focused on internal supply relationships within

4838-483: The enacting of policies that can improve occupational safety and health management in organizations. In fact, international organizations with presence in other nations have a responsibility to ensure that workers are well protected by policies in an organization to avoid safety related incidents. Many agribusinesses and food processors source raw materials from smallholder farmers. This is particularly true in certain sectors, such as coffee , cocoa and sugar . Over

4920-407: The face of change". For a long time, the interpretation of resilience in the sense of engineering resilience (or robustness) prevailed in supply chain management, leading to the notion of persistence . A popular implementation of this idea is given by measuring the time-to-survive and the time-to-recover of the supply chain, allowing identification of weak points in the system. More recently,

5002-821: The first tier, and so on. The phrase "supply chain" may have been first published in a 1905 article in The Independent which briefly mentions the difficulty of "keeping a supply chain with India unbroken" during the British expedition to Tibet . A typical supply chain can be divided into two stages namely, production and distribution stages. In the production stage, components and semi-finished parts are produced in manufacturing centres. The components are then put together in an assembly plant. The distribution stage consists of central and regional distribution centres that transport products to end-consumers. Mentzer et al. suggest that at least three entities are required for there to be

SECTION 60

#1732884788535

5084-423: The flow of goods in distribution channels within the supply chain in the most efficient manner. In sophisticated supply chain systems , used products may re-enter the supply chain at any point where residual value is recyclable. Supply chains link value chains . Suppliers in a supply chain are often ranked by "tier", with first-tier suppliers supplying directly to the client, second-tier suppliers supplying to

5166-547: The flow of information and finances is part of the chain as well as the product or service. Fazel Zarandi et al. add "buyer-seller relations" (at each stage), in addition to the flow of information, as the third main component of a supply chain. Mentzer et al. remind readers also that the focus of a supply chain is on the product or service in its end state: they refer to "the supply chain for candy " and "the supply chain for clothing". Individual supply chain actors may be positioned at different points in different supply chains:

5248-470: The interpretations of resilience in the sense of ecological resilience and social–ecological resilience have led to the notions of adaptation and transformation , respectively. A supply chain is thus interpreted as a social-ecological system which – similar to an ecosystem (e.g. forest) – is able to constantly adapt to external environmental conditions and – through the presence of social actors and their ability to foresight – also to transform itself into

5330-483: The motives for and performance efficacy of vertical integration differ by global region. Incorporating SCM successfully leads to a new kind of competition on the global market, where competition is no longer of the company-versus-company form but rather takes on a supply-chain-versus-supply-chain form. The primary objective of SCM is to fulfill customer demands through the most efficient use of resources, including distribution capacity, inventory , and labor. In theory,

5412-409: The need for a more comprehensive measurement program." However, the abundance of options for potential performance metrics to use is seen as a challenge for supply chain managers. One approach is to relate multiple measures in a hierarchical structure so that interdependencies and the contribution of multiple indicators to the "key" or most significant metrics can be more easily seen. Hofman suggests that

5494-443: The past 20 years, there has been a shift towards more traceable supply chains. Rather than purchasing crops that have passed through several layers of collectors, firms are now sourcing directly from farmers or trusted aggregators. The drivers for this change include concerns about food safety , child labor and environmental sustainability as well as a desire to increase productivity and improve crop quality. In October 2009,

5576-469: The question in a key article, "Which is the right supply chain for your product?" Fisher, and also Naylor, Naim and Berry (1999), identify two matching characteristics of supply chain strategy: a combination of "functional" and "efficient", or a combination of "responsive" and "innovative" (Harrison and Godsell). Mentzer et al. distinguish between "direct supply chains", "extended supply chains", and "ultimate supply chains"; in their usage: In each case,

5658-406: The success of the supply chain depends on the product design and the capabilities of the supply chain, but the reverse is also true: the success of the product depends on the supply chain that produces it. According to an industrial engineering study which looked at a process for Design for Supply Chain (DFSC), since the product design imposes multiple requirements on the supply chain, then once

5740-554: The supplier's supplier to the customer's customer". It includes delivery and order fulfillment performance, production flexibility, warranty and returns processing costs, inventory and asset turns, and other factors in evaluating the overall effective performance of a supply chain. A supply chain can often be split into different segments: the earlier stages of a supply chain, such as raw material processing and manufacturing , determine their break-even point by considering production costs relative to market price. The later stages of

5822-471: The supply cannot be directly controlled and that smart and electronic technologies play a key role to improve visibility. Finally, they highlight that collaboration with local partners, across the industry and with universities is crucial to successfully manage social responsibility in supply chains. This incident also highlights the need to improve workers safety standards in organizations. Hoi and Lin (2012) note that corporate social responsibility can influence

5904-414: The supply chain has the ability to help optimize the entire supply chain rather than to sub-optimize based on local optimization. This will lead to better-planned overall production and distribution, which can cut costs and give a more attractive final product, leading to better sales and better overall results for the companies involved. This is one form of vertical integration . Yet, it has been shown that

5986-418: The supply chain. Supply chain consultant Anthony Tarantino has identified a number of best practices affecting the resilience and operation of supply chains, including the formation of multi-disciplinary centres of excellence, hybrid supply chain organizations which optimize the balance between centralization and de-centralization, and more extensive use of both structured and unstructured data . Big data

6068-514: The systems. A P7 platform includes four corner modules that are controlled in tandem by a central ECU. Company representatives presented a production-intent P7 corner module in March 2023 at Work Truck Week, saying the module is fastened to the platform on a single plane entirely from the side of the vehicle, with no special tools. The P7 platform's four corner modules are interchangeable, simplifying manufacturing and maintenance. A module may be removed and

6150-446: The three key indicators of a well-functioning supply chain are: A Cranfield University boardroom survey in 2010 found evidence that many organizations recognized the importance of the supply chain contribution to their business success, with a focus on cost, customer lead-time and customer quality being the primary performance indicators. Supply chain resilience is "the capacity of a supply chain to persist, adapt, or transform in

6232-491: The two reports, the Commission established a "European Food Prices Monitoring Tool", an initiative developed by Eurostat and intended to "increase transparency in the food supply chain". In March 2022 the Commission noted "the need for EU agriculture and food supply chains to become more resilient and sustainable". The supply chain in the fashion industries has some unique properties, as clothing fashion changes several times

6314-555: The upstream and downstream elements of supply-chain management (SCM). The SCOR ( Supply-Chain Operations Reference ) model, developed by a consortium of industry and the non-profit Supply Chain Council (now part of APICS ) became the cross-industry de facto standard defining the scope of supply-chain management. SCOR measures total supply-chain performance. It is a process reference model for supply-chain management, extending "from

6396-938: The void in commercial EV offerings left by traditional automotive manufacturers in the late 2010s. The startup companies expected to beat the traditional manufacturers to market, or partner with them, or be acquired by them. The traditional manufacturers have since started to fill the commercial EV void, bringing the small manufacturers into direct competition with them and leading to difficulties in raising funding and generating sales to large customers. This put small manufacturers like Arrival , Canoo , Lordstown , and ELMS in financial difficulties. REE Automotive hopes to overcome these issues with its P7 offerings and its horizontal business model. As of June 2024 REE Automotive plans to sell truck fleets to rental companies such as Penske and U-Haul , provide its corner modules to truck manufacturers such as Hino , and sell trucks to various fleet operators through its distributor network. REE estimates

6478-592: Was co-developed by REE Automotive and Hino Motors and displayed at the 2019 Tokyo Motor Show . The Flatformer features a flat chassis platform that can have different chassis bodies interchanged autonomously on top of it, such as a body with package delivery cubbies, a body providing retail services, and a body for shuttling passengers. Autonomous vehicle developer Navya announced in April 2021 it partnered with REE for development of level 4 autonomous vehicles. A concept vehicle for autonomous last-mile delivery, dubbed Leopard,

6560-455: Was driven off the production line in December 2023. The first US production facility in Greater Austin , Texas, was scheduled to begin operations in 2023, but the build-out of the US production capacity has been delayed as a cost-reduction measure to late 2024 or early 2025, when mass-manufacturing was expected to commence. The company revised its production plans in 2024, choosing to utilize

6642-569: Was fully built-out by March 2023. The assembly line is divided into automated and manual stations, with the corner modules being carried from one station to the next on autonomous robots. The assembled modules are then attached to a platform chassis , and finally a chassis body is attached. Each facility is designed to initially produce corner modules for up to 10,000 vehicles a year with a single daily work shift. Twenty-five production-intent test vehicles have been manufactured in 2023 for internal validation. The first production P7-C intended for customers

6724-537: Was on display at CES 2022. REE provided a passenger shuttle prototype in 2023 for the Belfast Harbour autonomous shuttle Harlander project. Airbus fitted a production P7-C truck with an A350 cockpit, using it in 2023 and 2024 to reproduce the ground taxiing of aircraft and develop autonomous taxiing capabilities before integrating them into an A350. Morgan Olson demonstrated its Proxima delivery van in July 2022,

#534465