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50-685: The bank traces its history to the Reserve Bank of Rhodesia , founded on 22 May 1964, but which succeeded the Bank of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1956-1963) which had been liquidated at the collapse of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1963. Prior to 1956, there was a Central African Currency Board from 1953, but which had been established as the Southern Rhodesia Currency Board in 1938 to provide Rhodesian currency, fully backed and bound to

100-445: A Dominion in stages between 1867 and 1873, except for Newfoundland, which remained a separate self-governing colony, was a separate Dominion in 1907–1934, reverted to being a crown colony in 1934, and joined Canada in 1949. However, the term "self-governing colony" is not widely used by Canadian constitutional experts. In Australasia , the term self-governing colony is widely used by historians and constitutional lawyers in relation to

150-729: A Senate , is the third-oldest in the Commonwealth of Nations , after the Tynwald and Westminster (currently the Parliament of the United Kingdom ). Of the three, only Bermuda's has legislated continuously, with the Royalist camp maintaining control of the archipelago during the Commonwealth of England and the Protectorate . However, in the modern sense of the term, the first self-governing colony

200-451: A Rhodesian unilateral declaration of independence from Britain, Ian Smith retired the chief of Rhodesia's armed forces, Major General John Anderson, who was known to have opposed any action by Salisbury that he considered unconstitutional. He also rejected an invitation from the British prime minister Harold Wilson to visit London for talks on a new Rhodesian constitution. Smith stated that he

250-549: A great deal of common ground between Salisbury and Whitehall. Many within the Rhodesian Front felt that Field was not fighting hard enough for independence, even thinking that he was allowing himself to be deceived over British promises of sovereignty. John Gaunt, a former Federal MP for Lusaka and a former District Commissioner in Northern Rhodesia, had been stoking up discontent amongst members of Field's cabinet, which he

300-411: A local oligarchy state. In most cases such control had been exercised by a ruling class from a settler community. In 1983, the then-remaining British colonies, self-governing (notably Bermuda ) or Crown (notably Hong Kong ), were re-designated as British Dependent Territories , and in 2002 as British Overseas Territories . The term "self-governing colony" has sometimes been used in relation to

350-597: A variety of changes in sovereignty and governmental structure in Rhodesia and Zimbabwe. For over 4 decades the RBZ operated from the Reserve Bank Building along Samora Machel Avenue (formerly Jameson Avenue) adjacent to First Street. In the late 1980s a competition was conducted to design the new building and the winning design was by Clinton & Evans and Architects, the engineer was Marjem Chatterton ; they went on to design

400-525: Is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion . Due to the unstable economic conditions and failure to control inflation (2008), economists have suggested that the Reserve Bank be abolished. Some economists have suggested that the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe be reformed. Legislation in 2008 was debated in the lower house of the Zimbabwean parliament with a view to limiting the so-called quasi-fiscal activities of

450-766: Is generally considered to have been the Province of Canada , in 1841; the colony gained responsible government in 1849. All the colonies of British North America became self-governing between 1848 and 1855, except the Colony of Vancouver Island . Nova Scotia was the first colony to achieve responsible government in January–February 1848 through the efforts of Joseph Howe , followed by the Province of Canada later that year. They were followed by Prince Edward Island in 1851, New Brunswick , and Newfoundland in 1855 under Philip Francis Little . The Canadian colonies were federated as

500-427: Is responsible for the day-to-day administration and operations of the bank. The current governor is John Mushayavanhu . The governor and his three deputies are appointed by the president for five-year terms that may be renewed. The governor also serves as chairman of the board . The board's membership includes the three deputies and a maximum of seven other non-executive directors, intended to represent key sectors of

550-612: The 1964 Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo . On the same day, in accordance with previous statements from the government in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia was renamed ‘Rhodesia’, but this required no placard because Southern Rhodesia, as well as the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, had always been represented as ‘Rhodesia’ when participating in the Olympics. In a series of actions clearing the way for

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600-655: The Cape Colony was granted representative government in 1852, followed by responsible government in 1872. Natal became self-governing in 1893, Transvaal in 1906 and Orange River Colony in 1908. These four colonies were united as a unitary Dominion, the Union of South Africa , in 1910). Southern Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe ), became a self-governing colony in 1923. Malta was also a self-governing colony between 1921 and 1933, 1947 and 1958, and 1962 until independence two years later. Dominions were self-governing entities during

650-556: The Reserve Bank of Malawi Building as well. Construction of the new RBZ building began in 1993 and was fully completed in 1997, but was officially opened by President Robert Mugabe on May 31, 1996. The building is the tallest in Zimbabwe standing at a height of 394 feet (120 m) with 28 floors above ground. The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Act provides for a board of directors and a governor . The governor, assisted by three deputy governors,

700-517: The Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA)—thereafter operated from abroad. The killing is generally seen as the beginning date of the Bush War . On 24 October 1964, the protectorate of Northern Rhodesia became independent as Zambia . As the first country to begin an Olympic Games as one state and leave as another, Zambia required a clarifying placard for its team at the closing ceremony of

750-477: The colonial power with nominal control of the colony. This was in contrast to a Crown colony , in which the British Government ruled and legislated via an appointed Governor, with or without the assistance of an appointed Council. Most self-governing colonies had responsible government . Self-governing colonies for the most part had no formal authority over constitutional matters such the monarchy and

800-568: The British pound sterling at par face value. The local currency which Central African Currency Board was mandated to supply to Southern Rhodesia (colonial Zimbabwe), Northern Rhodesia (colonial Zambia ) and Nyasaland (colonial Malawi ) had been established through the Southern Rhodesia Coinage and Currency Act of 1932. The Reserve Bank of Rhodesia (which became the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe at independence in 1980) has continued to function, and has grown in operations and staff, through

850-485: The British relinquished control with the establishment of Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980. Stamp covers from 17 April, however, a day before Zimbabwean independence, referred to the last day of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, perhaps as an act of defiance similar to that of airport officials continuing to fly the short-lived flag of Zimbabwe Rhodesia . ‘Zimbabwe Rhodesia’ also remained in the names of many of the country's institutions, and few changes to government composition took place during

900-702: The Colony of Southern Rhodesia and the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland had competed in the Olympic Games on multiple occasions as simply ‘Rhodesia’, which was never contested by the British government. When the Republic of Rhodesia was invited to compete in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich (an offer which was rescinded just days before the start of the games), they arrived at the Olympic Village as ‘Rhodesia’, albeit under

950-687: The Federal years. The RF's replacement of Field with Smith drew criticism from the British Labour leader Harold Wilson , who called it "brutal", while John Johnston , the British High Commissioner in Salisbury, indicated his disapproval by refusing to meet Smith for two weeks after he took office. Ian Smith revealed his new cabinet on his first day in office, increasing the number of ministers from 10 to 11, making three new appointments, and redistributing portfolios. To Ken Flower's own surprise, he

1000-664: The Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs urging him to fight against the rebels in his party. Most of the Southern Rhodesian press predicted that Smith would not last long; one column called him "a momentary man", thrust into the spotlight by the RF's dearth of proven leaders. His only real rival to replace Field had been William Harper , an ardent segregationist who had headed the Dominion Party's Southern Rhodesian branch during

1050-593: The Governor for royal assent . Although royal assent was not granted, the Rhodesian government used the name ‘Rhodesia’ instead of ‘Southern Rhodesia’ from then on. The United Kingdom also de facto recognised the name change, and the Colonial Office was, by 1965, officially using the name "Rhodesia" in British government-issued gazettes of the period (for example, see: The Queen's Birthday Honours of 12 June 1965). Both

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1100-405: The Reserve Bank. 17°49′33″S 31°02′57″E  /  17.8258°S 31.0491°E  / -17.8258; 31.0491 Rhodesia (1964%E2%80%931965) Rhodesia ( / r oʊ ˈ d iː ʒ ə / , / r oʊ ˈ d iː ʃ ə / ), was a self-governing British Crown colony in southern Africa. Until 1964, the territory was known as Southern Rhodesia , and less than a year before

1150-415: The Rhodesian side of Victoria Falls, refused to cross the border due to a racially based dispute with the Rhodesian border guards. Rejecting a passenger list, the officials requested a passport check outside the bus, and told the passengers to separate into a white group and a non-white group for these checks. They were then told that one of the passengers’ papers was not in order, and, having already protested

1200-643: The Southern Rhodesian government would officially become known as the Rhodesian Government and the colony would become known as Rhodesia. On 23 October of that year, the Minister of Internal Affairs notified the press that the Constitution would be amended to make this official. The Legislative Assembly then passed an Interpretation Bill to declare that the colony could be referred to as Rhodesia. The Bill received its third reading on 9 December 1964, and passed to

1250-474: The Unilateral Declaration of Independence, proclaiming Rhodesia a sovereign state. On this date, British colonial rule in Rhodesia ended until 11 December 1979, when Zimbabwe Rhodesia reverted to British rule. The transitional authority in the territory, which began when the British governor arrived on 12 December 1979, referred to the land as ‘Southern Rhodesia’, as had been the name before 1964, until

1300-509: The United Kingdom. After that time, the Dominions were largely free to act in matters of defence and foreign affairs, if they so chose and "Dominion" gradually acquired a new meaning: a state which was independent of Britain, but which shared the British monarch as the official head of state. The term Dominion has since largely fallen out of use and been replaced with the term Realm . In 1981, under

1350-412: The bank's ability to control money supply is limited. The Reserve Bank also looks after the country's gold, as well as purchase and refine precious minerals like diamonds, gold and silver through its subsidiary Fidelity Printers and Refinery . The bank serves as an advisor to the government, providing the government with daily banking services. It is also active in promoting financial inclusion policy and

1400-470: The bloc headed by communist China. Their respective supporters in the black townships clashed constantly, also targeting non-aligned blacks whom they hoped to recruit, and sporadically attacked whites, businesses and police stations. Amid PCC/ZAPU's calls for various strikes and protests, including an appeal for black children to boycott state schools, Smith's Justice Minister Clifford Dupont had Nkomo and other PCC/ZAPU leaders restricted at Gonakudzingwa in

1450-476: The checks, the party decided against crossing the border. An independence referendum was held in Rhodesia on 5 November 1964 amongst the mainly white electorate to ascertain the level of Rhodesian voters’ support for independence under the 1961 constitution. The results were more than 90% in favour of independence, on a turnout of over 61%. The vote was almost entirely boycotted by eligible black voters and there were many whites who did not vote. A general election

1500-560: The colony now found itself increasingly alone, with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland quickly heading towards independence under black majority rule. Fearing the implementation of a majority-black government in Salisbury by Britain, the white Rhodesian community were now also interested in independence, but under their current political system. However, negotiations between Field and the British government in London in June 1963 and January 1964 did not reflect

1550-465: The constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London serves as the ultimate avenue of appeal in matters of law and justice . Colonies have sometimes been referred to as "self-governing" in situations where the executive has been under the control of neither the imperial government nor a local legislature elected by universal suffrage but by

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1600-555: The direct rule of a Crown colony by an executive governor , elected under a limited franchise, such as in Massachusetts between 1630 and 1684. The first local legislatures raised in the English overseas possessions were the House of Burgesses of Virginia (1619) and the House of Assembly of Bermuda (1620), originally part of Virginia. The Parliament of Bermuda , which now also includes

1650-472: The economy. The Governor is appointed by the President of Zimbabwe for two renewable five-year-terms. The Reserve Bank's most important role is to create and enact monetary policies. According to the bank's website, as the only producer of Zimbabwe's bank notes and coins, it regulates the amount of money in circulation. However, since a range of foreign currencies is currently in use for domestic transactions,

1700-551: The historical dark-blue ensign of Southern Rhodesia and with ‘ God Save the Queen ’ as their anthem. After the dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland , Southern Rhodesia was reinstated as a separate colony on 1 January 1964. Since 1962 , the territory had been led by the Rhodesian Front , with Winston Field as prime minister. Field had won most of the federation's military and other assets for Southern Rhodesia, but

1750-571: The mid-to-late-19th century and early 20th century, with much more autonomy than self-governing colonies. In the Dominions, prior to the Statute of Westminster in 1931, a Governor General , officially the monarch's representative, was an officer of the British government. After the agreement on the Balfour Declaration 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Dominions were recognized as equal to

1800-745: The name change the colony formed a part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and hosted its capital city, Salisbury . On 1 January 1964, the three parts of the Federation (Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia , and Nyasaland ) became separate colonies as they had been before the founding of the Federation on 1 August 1953. The demise of the short-lived union was seen as stemming overwhelmingly from black nationalist movements in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and both colonies were fast-tracked towards independence - Nyasaland first, as Malawi , on 6 July 1964 and Northern Rhodesia second, as Zambia , on 24 October. Southern Rhodesia, by contrast, stood firmly under white government, and its white population , which

1850-611: The only to take place between the 'Southern Rhodesia' and 'UDI' eras. The Rhodesian Front , which campaigned for independence in the 1964 referendum, won all 50 constituency seats, granting it a supermajority in the Legislative Assembly of Rhodesia . Self-governing colony List of forms of government In the British Empire , a self-governing colony was a colony with an elected government in which elected rulers were able to make most decisions without referring to

1900-421: The political arrangements in the seven British settler colonies of Australasia — New South Wales , New Zealand , Queensland , South Australia , Tasmania , Victoria and Western Australia — between 1852 and 1901, when the six Australian colonies agreed to Federation and became a Dominion. New Zealand remained a separate colony until 1907, when it too became a Dominion. In southern Africa ,

1950-606: The remote south-east two days after Smith took office. The politically motivated killing of a white man, Petrus Oberholzer , near Melsetter by ZANU insurgents on 4 July 1964 marked the start of intensified violence between black nationalists and the police that culminated in the banning of PCC/ZAPU and ZANU on 26 August, with most of the two movements' respective leaders concurrently jailed or restricted. ZANU, ZAPU and their respective guerrilla armies—the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and

2000-579: The transitional period. Rhodesia was never officially regarded as a dominion but was the only colony to enjoy a similar level of autonomy from the United Kingdom. The era between 1964 and 1965 was defined by the Rhodesian struggle for full independence from the British Empire, the original failures of which brought down Prime Minister Winston Field before the independence of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and which would eventually be achieved by Prime Minister Ian Smith , who succeeded him. A referendum

2050-431: The tribal leaders voted unanimously in favour. Salisbury offered the British government the opportunity to send observers to the indaba , but they rejected the proposal and refused to accept the results as representative of the native opinion on Rhodesian independence. On 25 October 1964, fifty guests attending Zambia's independence celebrations, including cabinet ministers and foreign dignitaries, who had planned to visit

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2100-411: Was a conspiracy against him, involving several of his ministers. The caucus of the Rhodesian Front decided to ask for his resignation on 2 April 1964 and the decision was conveyed to Field the next day, though the formal demand was not made until a Cabinet meeting a few days later. Field was replaced as leader of the Rhodesian Front and as Prime Minister of Rhodesia by Ian Smith on 14 April 1964, despite

2150-462: Was a part of. Aware of this, Field demanded his resignation in the spring of 1964. Gaunt asked him to wait over the weekend whilst he cleared up some matters in his office. In that time, Gaunt and Smith organised a plot against Field, now seen as ineffectual after his failure to win independence. Ken Flower , head of Rhodesia's Central Intelligence Organisation , an organisation Field had ordered be set up, had in fact warned him sometime previously there

2200-413: Was far larger than the white populations elsewhere in the erstwhile Federation, was, in general, strongly opposed to the introduction of black majority rule. The Southern Rhodesian prime minister , Winston Field , whose government had won most of the federation's military and other assets for Southern Rhodesia, began to seek independence from the United Kingdom without introducing majority rule. However, he

2250-402: Was held in 1964 on the independence issue. More than 90% of votes were cast in favour of independence for Rhodesia. To gauge the views of the Rhodesian tribal communities, in whose culture political authority was predominantly vested in chiefs, Smith called an indaba which resulted in unanimous support for independence amongst Rhodesian tribal chiefs. Rhodesia held a general election in 1965,

2300-426: Was held in Rhodesia on 7 May 1965. The Rhodesian Front , led by Ian Smith, won all 50 of the constituency seats in the 65-seat Legislative Assembly of Rhodesia , in which the predominantly white A roll (95,208 whites and 2,256 blacks) had the most influence. The party did not run in any of the district seats, in which the mostly black B roll had higher weighting. On 11 November 1965, the government of Ian Smith signed

2350-710: Was located) in August 1963. The rival movements were split tribally, with ZAPU predominantly representing the Ndebele people and ZANU the Shona , and politically—ZAPU, which had relabelled itself the People's Caretaker Council (PCC) within Southern Rhodesia to circumvent its ban, was Marxist–Leninist and backed by the Warsaw Pact and its allies, while ZANU had aligned itself with Maoism and

2400-399: Was not opposed to talks—on the contrary, he saw them as ‘very important’—but that he found the timing ‘a little premature’, given that Rhodesia had begun the campaign period for an independence referendum on 5 November 1964. Smith also called an indaba of more than 600 chiefs and headmen to gauge the native population's support for Rhodesian independence under the current constitution, and

2450-665: Was retained by Smith as head of the Central Intelligence Organisation. One of the first actions of the new government was to crack down hard on the black nationalist political violence that had erupted following the establishment of a second black nationalist organisation, the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), by disgruntled ZAPU members in Tanzania (where, in Dar es Salaam, ZAPU's main base of operations

2500-545: Was unsuccessful and his own party, the Rhodesian Front , forced him to resign. Days prior to his resignation, on Field's request, Southern Rhodesia had changed its flag to a sky blue ensign defaced with the Rhodesian coat of arms , becoming the first British colony to use a sky blue ensign instead of a dark blue one (it was later joined by Fiji and Tuvalu ). On 7 October 1964, the Southern Rhodesian government announced that when Northern Rhodesia achieved independence as Zambia,

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