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36-467: RADARSAT-2 uses C-band synthetic-aperture radar (SAR). Data may be acquired in any combination of horizontal and vertical polarizations (HH, HV, VV, VH). Resolution and swath width depends on the operation mode; the resolution range is 1 to 100 metres, and the swath width ranges from 18 to 500 kilometres. The satellite allows for routine left- and right-looking operations, permitting faster revisit times and routine Antarctic mapping. The payload module

72-459: A year). The usage of SAR data have been steadily growing from an average of 3.5 minutes per orbit in 2008 to an average of 11.57 minutes per orbit in 2019. On July 15, 2020, MDA has provided the full extend of the original Government of Canada data allocation in exchange for the government's financial contribution to the building of the satellite. The Government of Canada remains an important user of RADARSAT-2 data. C band (IEEE) The C band

108-528: Is a branch of Natural Resources Canada 's Earth Science Sector. It was created in 1970 with Lawrence Morley as the first Director General. The department also works closely with the private sector , especially with the development of GIS software. The responsibilities of the CCRS are to provide remotely sensed geographical information to decision makers, related industries and the general public . The Centre constructs remote sensing technology and applications. It

144-573: Is a designation by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies ranging from 4.0 to 8.0  gigahertz (GHz). However, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission C band proceeding and auction, designated 3.7–4.2 GHz as C band. The C band is used for many satellite communications transmissions, some cordless telephones , as well as some radar and weather radar systems . The C band contains

180-599: Is also working closely with other departments for the Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure , which helps distribute acquired information. The CCRS also has the responsibility of maintaining the Atlas of Canada . The Atlas is a summary of the information acquired that is released to the general public. The CCRS operates two remote sensing ground stations, the Gatineau Satellite Station and

216-484: Is entering its 12th operational service year. Numerous enhancements have been added to the original capabilities both on the ground and on the space segments. The operational performance is well within the specification with an acquisition success rate above 97% (Acquisition successfully executed Vs Acquisition loaded on the Spacecraft for execution) and a percentage of availability of 99.95% (hours of outage Vs total hours in

252-499: Is filling a wide variety of application, including sea ice mapping and ship routing, iceberg detection, agricultural crop monitoring, marine surveillance for ship and pollution detection, terrestrial defence surveillance and target identification, geological mapping, mine monitoring, land use mapping, wetlands mapping, topographic mapping. On 4 July 2009, Canada's Department of National Defence announced their intention to increase RADARSAT-2 usage for surveillance of Canada's coastlines and

288-472: Is reserved exclusively for radar altimeter installed on board aircraft and for the associated transponders on the ground. In February 2020, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission adopted rules for the C ;band at 3.7–4.2 GHz that allocated the lower 280 megahertz of the band, at 3.7–3.98 GHz, for terrestrial wireless use. Existing satellite operators will have to repack their operations into

324-684: The Prince Albert Satellite Station . The department is coordinated into the following sub-units. GlobeSAR was a very important Program that propelled Canada and the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing as a key contributor to the international Earth Observation Community, and positioned companies such as Radarsat International Inc (now part of MacDonald Detwiller and Associates ) and Intermap (formerly Intera) as key commercial partners in providing data and services based on Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery. The GlobeSAR program included

360-407: The 5.725 - 5.875 GHz ISM band allowing unlicensed use by low power devices, such as garage door openers , wireless doorbells , and baby monitors . A very large use is by the high frequency (5.2 GHz) band of Wi-Fi ( IEEE 802.11a ) wireless computer networks. These are the most widely used computer networks in the world, used to allow laptops , smartphones , printers and TVs to connect to

396-407: The 5.8 GHz ISM band between 5.725 and 5.875 GHz, which is used for medical and industrial heating applications and many unlicensed short-range microwave communication systems, such as cordless phones , baby monitors , and keyless entry systems for vehicles. The C-band frequencies of 5.4 GHz band [5.15 to 5.35 GHz, 5.47 to 5.725 GHz, or 5.725 to 5.875 GHz, depending on

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432-600: The Arctic. To carry out this new project, the satellite's owner MDA was awarded $ 25-million contract to carry out upgrades (called project Polar Epsilon ) to enhance the satellites capabilities to detect surface ships. The upgrades consisted of creating new beam mode (OSVN and DVWF) that target improvements in maritime vessels detection over a broad area, as well as upgrading the RADARSAT-2 ground segment to improve conflict resolution with other government users. Two new ground stations for

468-421: The C band is highly associated with television receive-only satellite reception systems, commonly called "big dish" systems, since small receiving antennas are not optimal for C band. Typical antenna sizes on C-band-capable systems range from 6 to 12 feet (1.8 to 3.5 meters) on consumer satellite dishes, although larger ones also can be used. For satellite communications, the microwave frequencies of

504-430: The C band perform better under adverse weather conditions in comparison with the K u  band (11.2–14.5  GHz ), microwave frequencies used by other communication satellites . Rain fade  – the collective name for the negative effects of adverse weather conditions on transmission – is mostly a consequence of precipitation and moisture in the air . The C band also includes

540-625: The C-Band Alliance (CBA) was established in September 2018 by the four satellite operators— Intelsat , SES , Eutelsat and Telesat —that provide the majority of C-band satellite services in the US, including media distribution reaching 100 million US households. The consortium made a proposal to the FCC to act as a facilitator for the clearing and repurposing of a 200 MHz portion of C-band spectrum to accelerate

576-514: The C-Band Alliance was dead. Among other claims, Intelsat argued that it was obvious that the FCC was already treating each satellite operator individually and that it therefore made business sense for each company to respond to the FCC from its own commercial perspective. One of the major members of the C-Band Alliance, Intelsat, filed for bankruptcy on 14 May 2020, just before the new 5G spectrum auctions were to take place, with over US$ 15 billion in total debt. Public information showed that

612-502: The CSA began exploring Russian and European Space Agency (ESA) launch options. Boeing was selected in 2003 to provide a commercial launch on a Delta II ., and finally Starsem in 2005. The search for launch options delayed the program and initially added costs, although the Starsem option ultimately reduced project costs. Further difficulties and delays arose with the bus subsystem. Originally,

648-1207: The auction. In December 2021, Boeing and Airbus called on the US government to delay the rollout of new 5G phone service that uses C band due to concern of the interference with some sensitive aircraft instruments, especially radio altimeters operating at 4.2–4.4 GHz. On January 18, 2022, Verizon and AT&T announced that they would delay their C-band 5G rollout near airports in response to those concerns. ELF 3 Hz/100 Mm 30 Hz/10 Mm SLF 30 Hz/10 Mm 300 Hz/1 Mm ULF 300 Hz/1 Mm 3 kHz/100 km VLF 3 kHz/100 km 30 kHz/10 km LF 30 kHz/10 km 300 kHz/1 km MF 300 kHz/1 km 3 MHz/100 m HF 3 MHz/100 m 30 MHz/10 m VHF 30 MHz/10 m 300 MHz/1 m UHF 300 MHz/1 m 3 GHz/100 mm SHF 3 GHz/100 mm 30 GHz/10 mm EHF 30 GHz/10 mm 300 GHz/1 mm THF 300 GHz/1 mm 3 THz/0.1 mm Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation The Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation (CCMEO) (formerly Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) )

684-595: The band of frequencies from 5.925 to 6.425 GHz for their uplinks . Note that by using the band from 3.7  to 4.0 GHz, this C band overlaps somewhat with the IEEE S band for radars. The C-band communication satellites typically have 24 radio transponders spaced 20 MHz apart, but with the adjacent transponders on opposite polarizations such that transponders on the same polarization are always 40 MHz apart. Of this 40 MHz, each transponder utilizes about 36 MHz. The unused 4.0 MHz between

720-657: The collection of airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and the Asia/Pacific region. The primary purpose of GlobeSAR was to strengthen the capability of the participating countries to use radar data in resource management applications, and to prepare for the use of data from the Canadian Radarsat-1 satellite which was launched in 1995. Canadian scientists and experts traveled throughout

756-454: The company had been considering bankruptcy protection from at least as early as February 2020. Slight variations in the assignments of C-band frequencies have been approved for use in various parts of the world, depending on their locations in the three ITU radio regions. Note that one region includes all of Europe and Africa , plus all of Russia ; a second includes all of the Americas, and

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792-808: The data reception have been built, one on the east coast at Masstown, N.S., and the other at Aldergrove, B.C. (west coast). These two new stations are mainly used for the Polar Epsilon project. By mid-August 2015, the addition of the Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation (CCMEO, formerly CCRS) X Band receiving station in Inuvik has significantly increased RADARSAT-2 downlink capacity in Canada. The network of ground receiving station continues to expand with 19 partners organization using 53 antennas at various reception sites (as of Jun 2020). As of January 2020, RADARSAT-2

828-481: The deployment of next generation 5G services, while protecting incumbent users and their content distribution and data networks in the US from potential interference. The C-Band Alliance lobbied for a private sale, but the FCC and some members of Congress wanted an auction . In November 2019, the FCC announced that an auction was planned, which took place in December 2020. Cable operators wanted to be compensated for

864-477: The internet through a wireless router in home and small office networks, and access points in hotels, libraries, and coffee shops. The communications C band was the first frequency band that was allocated for commercial telecommunications via satellites. The same frequencies were already in use for terrestrial microwave radio relay chains. Nearly all C-band communication satellites use the band of frequencies from 3.7  to 4.2 GHz for their downlinks , and

900-457: The loss of 200 MHz, which would not include a guard band of 20 MHz to prevent interference. By late 2019, the commercial alliance had weakened. Eutelsat formally pulled out of the consortium in September 2019 over internal disagreements. By February 2020, it became even less of a factor in C-band spectrum reallocation as Intelsat pulled out of the alliance and communicated to the FCC that

936-552: The pairs of transponders act as guard bands for the likely case of imperfections in the microwave electronics . One use of the C band is for satellite communication, whether for full-time satellite television networks or raw satellite feeds, although subscription programming also exists. This use contrasts with direct-broadcast satellite , which is a completely closed system used to deliver subscription programming to small satellite dishes that are connected with proprietary receiving equipment. The satellite communications portion of

972-422: The primary contractor. The Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) would receive and archive the satellite's data. The launch was expected to occur around 2001. The CSA intended to launch RADARSAT-2 with National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), in exchange for data sharing. In 1998, NASA declined when it was announced that the spacecraft would be privatized, being owned and operated by MDA. In 1999,

1008-657: The prospective contractor was Orbital Sciences Corporation (OSC) of the United States. A US Technical Assistance Agreement (TAA) was only provided in August 1999; restrictions imposed by US export controls made the TAA unacceptable to the CSA and Government of Canada. Ultimately, Alenia Aerospazio of Italy was selected to build the bus, with additional costs accruing from terminating the OSC contract. An ESA launch seemed likely when Alenia Aerospazio

1044-446: The ranges 5.830 to 5.850 GHz for down-links and 5.650 to 5.670 GHz for up-links. This is known as the 5-centimeter band by amateurs and the C band by AMSAT . Particle accelerators may be powered by C-band RF sources. The frequencies are then standardized at 5.996 GHz (Europe) or 5.712 GHz (US), which is the second harmonic of S band . Several tokamak fusion reactors use high-power C-band RF sources to sustain

1080-527: The region of the world] are used for Wi-Fi wireless computer networks in the 5 GHz spectrum . The C-Band Alliance was an industry consortium of four large communications satellite operators in 2018–2020. In response to a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking of July 2018 from the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to make the 3.7 to 4.2 GHz spectrum available for next-generation terrestrial fixed and mobile broadband services,

1116-405: The spacecraft and ground segment commissioning period was declared on April 27, 2008, after which routine commercial operation started. It has the same orbit (798 km altitude Sun-synchronous orbit with 6 p.m. ascending node and 6 a.m. descending node). Some of the orbit characteristics are 24 days repeat cycle (=343 orbits), 14.29 orbits per day, each orbit being 100.75 minutes duration. It

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1152-497: The third region includes all of Asia outside of Russia, plus Australia and New Zealand . This latter region is the most populous one, since it includes China , India , Pakistan , Japan , and Southeast Asia . The Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union allow amateur radio operations in the frequency range 5.650 to 5.925 GHz, and amateur satellite operations are allowed in

1188-446: The toroidal plasma current. Common frequencies include 3.7 GHz ( Joint European Torus , WEST (formerly Tore Supra) ), 4.6 GHz (Alcator C, Alcator C-Mod , EAST , DIII-D ), 5 GHz ( KSTAR , ITER ) and 8 GHz ( Frascati Tokamak Upgrade ). The band 4.2–4.4 GHz is currently allocated to the aeronautical radionavigation service (ARNS) on a primary worldwide basis. RR No. 5.438 notes specifically that this band

1224-402: The upper 200 megahertz of the band, from 4.0 to 4.2 GHz, and there is a 20-megahertz guard band at 3.98–4.0 GHz. Licenses to use the 3.7–3.98 GHz band were auctioned in December 2020. Verizon, AT&T and T-Mobile are main winners of the auction . Verizon, AT&T, and T-Mobile spent approximately $ 45 billion, $ 23 billion, and $ 9 billion respectively during

1260-522: Was built by EMS Technologies , with the phased array SAR antenna being built by EMS Montreal. The spacecraft bus was built by Alenia Aerospazio (Italy). The Extensible Support Structure was built by Able Engineering (United States). In June 1994, the Government of Canada approved the Long-Term Space Plan II, which authorized the CSA to develop a follow-on to RADARSAT-1 . MDA was selected as

1296-768: Was selected. The difficulties with the US may have been partially caused by the American perception that the sophisticated Canadian-controlled RADARSAT-2 was a threat to US security. The US intelligence agencies opposed the Boeing launch on national security grounds. The subsystems arrived at the David Florida Laboratory (DFL) from 2003 to 2005 for assembly, integration and testing. Work at DFL and CSA preparations at Saint-Hubert, Quebec , were completed in September 2007. RADARSAT-2 arrived at Baikonur Cosmodrome by air on 15 November 2007 and launched on 14 December 2007. The end of

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