Renard series are a system of preferred numbers dividing an interval from 1 to 10 into 5, 10, 20, or 40 steps. This set of preferred numbers was proposed ca. 1877 by French army engineer Colonel Charles Renard and reportedly published in an 1886 instruction for balloon troops, thus receiving the current name in 1920s. His system was adopted by the ISO in 1949 to form the ISO Recommendation R3 , first published in 1953 or 1954, which evolved into the international standard ISO 3 . The factor between two consecutive numbers in a Renard series is approximately constant (before rounding), namely the 5th, 10th, 20th, or 40th root of 10 (approximately 1.58, 1.26, 1.12, and 1.06, respectively), which leads to a geometric sequence . This way, the maximum relative error is minimized if an arbitrary number is replaced by the nearest Renard number multiplied by the appropriate power of 10. One application of the Renard series of numbers is the current rating of electric fuses . Another common use is the voltage rating of capacitors (e.g. 100 V, 160 V, 250 V, 400 V, 630 V).
7-472: The most basic R5 series consists of these five rounded numbers, which are powers of the fifth root of 10, rounded to two digits. The Renard numbers are not always rounded to the closest three-digit number to the theoretical geometric sequence: If a finer resolution is needed, another five numbers are added to the series, one after each of the original R5 numbers, and one ends up with the R10 series. These are rounded to
14-692: A multiple of 0.05. Where an even finer grading is needed, the R20, R40, and R80 series can be applied. The R20 series is usually rounded to a multiple of 0.05, and the R40 and R80 values interpolate between the R20 values, rather than being powers of the 80th root of 10 rounded correctly. In the table below, the additional R80 values are written to the right of the R40 values in the column named "R80 add'l". The R40 numbers 3.00 and 6.00 are higher than they "should" be by interpolation, in order to give rounder numbers. In some applications more rounded values are desirable, either because
21-485: Is the desired number of divisions within the major step size of twelve. Similarly, a base of two, eight, or sixteen would fit nicely with the binary units commonly found in computer science. Each of the Renard sequences can be reduced to a subset by taking every n th value in a series, which is designated by adding the number n after a slash. For example, "R10″/3 (1…1000)" designates a series consisting of every third value in
28-513: The R″10 series from 1 to 1000, that is, 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60, 120, 250, 500, 1000. Such narrowing of the general original series brings the opposite idea of deepening the series and to redefine it by a strict simple formula. As the beginning of the selected series seen higher, the {1, 2, 4, 8, ...} series can be defined as binary. That means that the R10 series can be formulated as R10 ≈ bR3 = √ 2 , generating just 9 values of R10, just because of
35-516: The kind of periodicity. This way rounding is eliminated, as the 3 values of the first period are repeated multiplied by 2. The usual cons however is that the thousand product of such multiplication is shifted slightly: Instead of decadic 1000, the binary 1024 appears, as classics in IT. The pro is that the characteristics is now fully valid, that whatever value multiplied by 2 is also member of the series, any rounding effectively eliminated. The multiplication by 2
42-473: The numbers from the normal series would imply an unrealistically high accuracy, or because an integer value is needed (e.g., the number of teeth in a gear). For these needs, more rounded versions of the Renard series have been defined in ISO ;3. In the table below, rounded values that differ from their less rounded counterparts are shown in bold. As the Renard numbers repeat after every 10-fold change of
49-449: The scale, they are particularly well-suited for use with SI units. It makes no difference whether the Renard numbers are used with metres or millimetres . But one would need to use an appropriate number base to avoid ending up with two incompatible sets of nicely spaced dimensions, if for instance they were applied with both inches and feet . In the case of inches and feet a root of 12 would be desirable, that is, √ 12 where n
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