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57-626: It which was altered for mining purposes. It is the oldest fully functioning part of the Lower Harz Pond and Ditch System in the Harz Mountains of Germany. The ditch was first mentioned in the records as the Oberer Rödelbachgraben in the year 1610. Neither the builder nor the exact date of construction are known. Due to the mining activity within the Rödelbach valley near Straßberg in

114-456: A breakdown or design fault in the sanitation system, or by chemical contaminants. Further examples of contamination include: Examples of chemical contamination include: Most water requires some treatment before use; even water from deep wells or springs. The extent of treatment depends on the source of the water. Appropriate technology options in water treatment include both community-scale and household-scale point-of-use (POU) designs. Only

171-452: A chronic health risk through buildup of heavy metals although some components like nitrates/nitrites and arsenic can have a more immediate impact. Physical parameters affect the aesthetics and taste of the drinking water and may complicate the removal of microbial pathogens. Pesticides are also potential drinking water contaminants of the category chemical contaminants . Pesticides may be present in drinking water in low concentrations, but

228-559: A component of effective policy for health protection." In 1990, only 76 percent of the global population had access to drinking water. By 2015 that number had increased to 91 percent. In 1990, most countries in Latin America, East and South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa were well below 90%. In Sub-Saharan Africa, where the rates are lowest, household access ranges from 40 to 80 percent. Countries that experience violent conflict can have reductions in drinking water access: One study found that

285-523: A conflict with about 2,500 battle deaths deprives 1.8% of the population of potable water. Typically in developed countries , tap water meets drinking water quality standards , even though only a small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation. Other typical uses for tap water include washing, toilets, and irrigation . Greywater may also be used for toilets or irrigation. Its use for irrigation however may be associated with risks. Globally, by 2015, 89% of people had access to water from

342-575: A farmer might plan for 35 U.S. gallons (130 L) per day for a dairy cow , a third of that for a horse , and a tenth of that for a hog . However, relatively few studies have been focused on the drinking behavior of wild animals. According to the World Health Organization's 2017 report, safe drinking water is water that "does not represent any significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur between life stages". According to

399-421: A few large urban areas such as Christchurch , New Zealand have access to sufficiently pure water of sufficient volume that no treatment of the raw water is required. In emergency situations when conventional treatment systems have been compromised, waterborne pathogens may be killed or inactivated by boiling but this requires abundant sources of fuel, and can be very onerous on consumers, especially where it

456-563: A high level of commitment, these impressive monuments to hydraulic architecture that are a fitting testimony to the ingenuity and skill of former hydraulic engineers in the Lower Harz" . Essentially there is a total of 26 impounded ponds in the mining areas of Straßberg , Silberhütte and Neudorf . Drinking water Drinking water or potable water is water that is safe for ingestion , either when drunk directly in liquid form or consumed indirectly through food preparation . It

513-777: A negative effect on child development (both physical and cognitive). Sixty million people are estimated to have been poisoned by well water contaminated by excessive fluoride , which dissolved from granite rocks. The effects are particularly evident in the bone deformations of children. Similar or larger problems are anticipated in other countries including China, Uzbekistan, and Ethiopia. Although helpful for dental health in low dosage, fluoride in large amounts interferes with bone formation. Long-term consumption of water with high fluoride concentration (> 1.5 ppm F) can have serious undesirable consequences such as dental fluorosis , enamel mottle and skeletal fluorosis , bone deformities in children. Fluorosis severity depends on how much fluoride

570-451: A report by UNICEF and UNESCO , Finland has the best drinking water quality in the world. Parameters for drinking water quality typically fall within three categories: microbiological, chemical, physical. Microbiological parameters include coliform bacteria , E. coli , and specific pathogenic species of bacteria (such as cholera -causing Vibrio cholerae ), viruses , and protozoan parasites . Originally, fecal contamination

627-578: A source that is suitable for drinking – called improved water source  – and 71% of the world could access safely managed drinking water that is clean and available on-demand. Estimates suggest that at least 25% of improved sources contain fecal contamination. 1.8 billion people still use an unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by feces . This can result in infectious diseases , such as gastroenteritis , cholera , and typhoid , among others. Reduction of waterborne diseases and development of safe water resources

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684-481: A source that is suitable for drinking – called improved water sources . In sub-Saharan Africa , access to potable water ranged from 40% to 80% of the population. Nearly 4.2 billion people worldwide had access to tap water, while another 2.4 billion had access to wells or public taps. By 2015, 5.2 billion people representing 71% of the global population used safely managed drinking water services. As of 2017, 90% of people having access to water from

741-486: A year. Leakage of untreated and treated water from pipes reduces access to water. Leakage rates of 50% are not uncommon in urban systems. Tap water , delivered by domestic water systems refers to water piped to homes and delivered to a tap or spigot. In the United States, the typical water consumption per capita, at home, is 69.3 US gallons (262 L; 57.7 imp gal) of water per day. Of this, only 1% of

798-518: Is WASH - standing for water, sanitation and hygiene . The WHO has investigated which proportion of death and disease worldwide can be attributed to insufficient WASH services. In their analysis they focus on the following four health outcomes: diarrhea , acute respiratory infections , malnutrition , and soil-transmitted Helminthiasis (STHs). These health outcomes are also included as an indicator for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 ("Good Health and Well-being"): Indicator 3.9.2 reports on

855-419: Is atmospheric water generators . Springs are often used as sources for bottled waters . The most efficient and convenient way to transport and deliver potable water is through pipes. Plumbing can require significant capital investment. Some systems suffer high operating costs. The cost to replace the deteriorating water and sanitation infrastructure of industrialized countries may be as high as $ 200 billion

912-436: Is a major public health goal in developing countries. In 2017, almost 22 million Americans drank from water systems that were in violation of public health standards, which could contribute to citizens developing water-borne illnesses . Safe drinking water is an environmental health concern. Bottled water is sold for public consumption in most parts of the world. Improved sources are also monitored based on whether water

969-526: Is available in almost all populated areas of the world, although it may be expensive, and the supply may not always be sustainable. Sources where drinking water is commonly obtained include springs , hyporheic zones and aquifers ( groundwater ), from rainwater harvesting , surface water (from rivers, streams, glaciers ), or desalinated seawater . For these water sources to be consumed safely, they must receive adequate water treatment and meet drinking water quality standards . An experimental source

1026-653: Is available when needed (5.8 billion people), located on premises (5.4 billion), free from contamination (5.4 billion), and within a 30-minute round trip. While improved water sources such as protected piped water are more likely to provide safe and adequate water as they may prevent contact with human excreta, for example, this is not always the case. According to a 2014 study, approximately 25% of improved sources contained fecal contamination. The population in Australia, New Zealand, North America and Europe have achieved nearly universal basic drinking water services. Because of

1083-647: Is called desalination and is used mainly in dry areas with access to large bodies of saltwater. Publicly available treated water has historically been associated with major increases in life expectancy and improved public health . Water disinfection can greatly reduce the risks of waterborne diseases such as typhoid and cholera . Chlorination is currently the most widely used water disinfection method, although chlorine compounds can react with substances in water and produce disinfection by-products (DBP) that pose problems to human health. Local geological conditions affecting groundwater are determining factors for

1140-427: Is difficult to store boiled water in sterile conditions. Other techniques, such as filtration, chemical disinfection, and exposure to ultraviolet radiation (including solar UV) have been demonstrated in an array of randomized control trials to significantly reduce levels of water-borne disease among users in low-income countries, but these suffer from the same problems as boiling methods. Another type of water treatment

1197-743: Is not great. The Rödelbachgraben is fed by the Büschengraben that discharges into the Kiliansteich pond. Below the Maliniusteich there exist in place long disused tributaries from collection ditches ( Sammelgräben ). In addition the Malinusteich has other small tributaries. Directly behind the Kiliansteich the Stollengraben branches off to the right. Lower Harz Pond and Ditch System Within

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1254-650: Is often (but not always) supplied through taps, in which case it is also called tap water . The amount of drinking water required to maintain good health varies, and depends on physical activity level, age, health-related issues, and environmental conditions. For those who work in a hot climate, up to 16 litres (4.2 US gal) a day may be required. About 1 to 2 billion people lack safe drinking water. Water can carry vectors of disease . More people die from unsafe water than from war, then- U.N. secretary-general Ban Ki-moon said in 2010. Developing countries are most affected by unsafe drinking water. Potable water

1311-513: Is present in the water, as well as people's diet and physical activity. Defluoridation methods include membrane-based methods, precipitation, absorption, and electrocoagulation. Natural arsenic contamination of groundwater is a global threat with 140 million people affected in 70 countries globally. Some well-known examples of water quality problems with drinking water supplies include: Water supply can get contaminated by pathogens which may originate from human excreta , for example due to

1368-458: Is to reach large numbers of low-income households on a sustainable basis. Few POU measures have reached significant scale thus far, but efforts to promote and commercially distribute these products to the world's poor have only been under way for a few years. Solar water disinfection is a low-cost method of purifying water that can often be implemented with locally available materials. Unlike methods that rely on firewood , it has low impact on

1425-631: The European Drinking Water Directive and in the United States, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes standards as required by the Safe Drinking Water Act . China adopted its own drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) enacted by Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2002. For countries without a legislative or administrative framework for such standards,

1482-526: The Gräfiggründer Teich and the Lower Kilian Pond ( Unterer Kiliansteich ). In 1663, new mining companies ( Gewerkschaften ) were formed and claims for several pits were staked. However, it was seven more years before silver mining began again. In 1701, Georg Christoff von Utterodt, who came from Ilmenau , took over the post of Chief Mining Officer ( Berghauptmann ) for Straßberg. He united all

1539-720: The Hüttenstollen built, a deep gallery, from the Selke valley, to drain the pit water from the pits of Getreuer Bergmann , Gott hilft gewiß , Glückauf and Zum Schwarzen Hirsch . Under Utterodt's leadership, the Straßberg Field became the most important mining area in the Harz from 1704. The financial difficulties of the company that arose after 1707 were resolved in 1708 on the Straßberger Gewerkentag ("Straßberg Trade Day") under

1596-456: The Lower Harz region (in the counties of Harz and Mansfeld-Südharz in central Germany) are still many traces of the historical water management facilities used by the mining industry . In addition to water-carrying ditches and ponds, there are also long-abandoned ditches and dry pond beds. The Lower Harz Pond and Ditch System ( German : Unterharzer Teich- und Grabensystem ), which forms

1653-674: The Schindelbrüch Ditch laid between the ponds of Gräfingründer Teich and the Fauler Pfützenteich . By 1707, six mining ponds had been added with a total retention capacity of about 380,000 m³, as well as two more mining ditches . The Schindelbrüch Ditch ( Schindelbrücher Kunstgraben ) was able to supply all the Straßberg ponds with water and is the oldest Kunstgraben in the Lower Harz Pond and Ditch System. In addition he had

1710-523: The Schindelbrücher Kunstgraben ). The trench was first used in 1745 and completed the Lower Harz Pond and Ditch System. He finished working in 1755, coinciding with the end of the most important operating period for silver mining in Straßberg. This period saw the decline of mining in the Straßberg region and the associated extension of the Kochsgraben in the area of Neudorf, in order to supply

1767-517: The World Health Organization publishes guidelines on the standards that should be achieved. The World Health Organization considers access to safe drinking-water a basic human right. Contaminated water is estimated to result in more than half a million deaths per year. Contaminated water together with the lack of sanitation was estimated to cause about one percent of disability adjusted life years worldwide in 2010. According to

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1824-692: The toxicity of the chemical and the extent of human exposure are factors that are used to determine the specific health risk. Perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic compounds used in a large variety of consumer products, such as food packaging , waterproof fabrics, carpeting and cookware. PFAS are known to persist in the environment and are commonly described as persistent organic pollutants . PFAS chemicals have been detected in blood, both humans and animals, worldwide, as well as in food products, water, air and soil. Animal testing studies with PFAS have shown effects on growth and development, and possibly effects on reproduction, thyroid,

1881-567: The "mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, sanitation, and lack of hygiene". Diarrhea is primarily transmitted through fecal–oral routes . In 2011, infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old and 250 million lost school days. This equates to about 2000 child deaths per day. Children suffering from diarrhea are more vulnerable to become underweight (due to stunted growth ). This makes them more vulnerable to other diseases such as acute respiratory infections and malaria . Chronic diarrhea can have

1938-547: The 16th and 17th centuries, it was probably built in the late 16th century. The first documented mention in the Straßberg land register in 1610 records the structure as oberer Rödelbachgraben mit Dorfrösche , the name changed from Röschengraben to Rödelbach. Originally it was fed from the first Kiliansteich , later the Lower Kiliansteich – today part of the Kiliansteich Reservoir . The water then went directly to

1995-522: The Kiliansteich Dam and reservoir, the retention of the channel was secured at a constant flow rate of 4 litres per second (1.1 USgal/s). Immediately behind the Maliniusteich the Rödelbachgraben runs over a small waterfall . Visible traces of stone working indicate that it was at least partially man-made. The water pours over a staircase-like cascade . The height difference from top to bottom

2052-440: The Lower Harz Pond and Ditch System. There are about 300 ponds in the Lower Harz as a whole. Of these, 36 were mining ponds that had a combined retention capacity of 2.6 million m³. The ponds of the Lower Harz Pond and Ditch System thus held about 40% of the capacity of all Lower Harz ponds. This amounts to some 26 ponds, most of which are covered today. They currently serve mainly as drinking water reservoirs. All elements of

2109-512: The Lower Harz were laid out which, together, held about 800,000 m³: Glasebacher Teich (1716) and Frankenteich (1724). He had the Schindelbrücher Kunstgraben extended in the catchment areas of the rivers Lude and Thyra . Due to resistance by the Stolberg villagers this was initially built without comital authority and, from 1726 to 1736, completed as far as the Ludenrösche (link section to

2166-517: The Lower Harz, the system never reached the scale of comparable systems in the Upper Harz and the Ore Mountains . The river catchment areas affected are primarily the source regions and upper reaches of small mountain streams. Parts of the water management system can be dated back as far as 1320. This network of ditches ( Kunstgraben ), trenches ( Rösche ) and ponds ( Kunstteiche ) has been called

2223-669: The Saxony-Anhalt water law all reservoirs with more than 100,000 m³ of retention capacity and more than 5 metre high barrages are classified as dams and have to be officially monitored in particular ways (by the Talsperrenbetrieb Saxony-Anhalt ). These include seven of the still covered ponds, that are monitored, some of which were renovated and are in relatively good condition. They serve, in part, as drinking water reservoirs. The Talsperrenbetrieb Sachsen-Anhalt , according to their own statement, manages "with much effort and

2280-507: The WHO, the most common diseases linked with poor water quality are cholera , diarrhea , dysentery , hepatitis A , typhoid , and polio . One of the main causes for contaminated drinking water in developing countries is lack of sanitation and poor hygiene. For this reason, the quantification of the burden of disease from consuming contaminated drinking water usually looks at water, sanitation and hygiene aspects together. The acronym for this

2337-404: The environment. In many areas, low concentration of fluoride (< 1.0 ppm F) is intentionally added to tap water to improve dental health , although in some communities water fluoridation remains a controversial issue. (See water fluoridation controversy ). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "access to safe drinking-water is essential to health, a basic human right and

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2394-528: The high initial investments, many less wealthy nations cannot afford to develop or sustain appropriate infrastructure, and as a consequence people in these areas may spend a correspondingly higher fraction of their income on water. 2003 statistics from El Salvador, for example, indicate that the poorest 20% of households spend more than 10% of their total income on water. In the United Kingdom, authorities define spending of more than 3% of one's income on water as

2451-402: The immune system and liver. As of 2022 the health impacts of many PFAS compounds are not understood. Scientists are conducting research to determine the extent and severity of impacts from PFAS on human health. PFAS have been widely detected in drinking water worldwide and regulations have been developed, or are under development, in many countries. Drinking water quality standards describes

2508-476: The leadership of Johann Jeremias Gründler (1681–1753) and Dr. Jakob Waitz. Utterodt finished working in Straßberg in 1709. In 1712, Christian Zacharias Koch assumed the post of mining director ( Bergwerksdirektor ) in Straßberg. He continued the work of Georg Christoff von Utterodt and developed mining and water management further, along the lines of the Upper Harz mines. Under his direction the two largest ponds in

2565-426: The major part of these old water management facilities, lies in the central Lower Harz, almost entirely within the borough of the present-day town of Harzgerode . In the central Lower Harz between the villages of Neudorf , Silberhütte , Straßberg , Großem Auerberg and the upper Lude river is the only, historical, mine water management system in the Lower Harz. Sheltered by the geographical-climatic conditions of

2622-420: The matter is resolved. The ability of point of use (POU) options to reduce disease is a function of both their ability to remove microbial pathogens if properly applied and such social factors as ease of use and cultural appropriateness. Technologies may generate more (or less) health benefit than their lab-based microbial removal performance would suggest. The current priority of the proponents of POU treatment

2679-516: The mine water management system, regardless of condition, were placed under conservation orders in 1991 as a heritage area ( Flächendenkmal ). In doing so, the name of "Lower Harz Pond and Ditch System", which was already in use no later than 1986 for the system of the central Lower Harz, was broadened by the Saxony-Anhalt Department of Heritage Conservation and Archaeology ( Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt ) to cover

2736-687: The mines there with driving water. Mining ended in 1903. The section of ditch to Neudorf was closed and hence a new section was built in the Teufelsgrund. This was called the Siebengründer Graben . The driving water ditch from the Teufelsteich was used until 1939 for the generation of electricity in Silberhütte . That spelled the end of the Lower Harz Pond and Ditch System after more than 300 years of operation. The Lower Harz Pond and Ditch System

2793-429: The pits into a single company or Großgewerkschaft with 1,024 mining shares ( Kuxen ). The following main pits now came under Utterodt's leadership: Segen Gottes , Hilfe Gottes , Gott hilft gewiß , Vertrau auf Gott (later renamed as Grube Glasebach ), as well as the neighbouring lodes and the pits of Hayn and Schwenda . In addition there were man-riding, water wheel and hoisting shafts. In 1703-1704, Utterodt had

2850-638: The pond Maliniusteich  [ de ] as well as via the Frankenteich to the Maliniusteich. Here part of the water flowed around the silting up zone where it was united with another headwater, probably a natural stream. From the outlet of the Maliniusteich the water flows along the Straßberger Mühlengraben into the River Selke . In renovating the Kiliansteiche and the associated building of

2907-487: The presence of various metal ions , often rendering the water " soft " or " hard ". In the event of contamination of drinking water, government officials typically issue an advisory regarding water consumption. In the case of biological contamination , residents are usually advised to boil their water before consumption or to use bottled water as an alternative. In the case of chemical contamination , residents may be advised to refrain from consuming tap water entirely until

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2964-443: The quality parameters set for drinking water. Water may contain many harmful constituents , yet there are no universally recognized and accepted international standards for drinking water. Even where standards do exist, the permitted concentration of individual constituents may vary by as much as ten times from one set of standards to another. Many countries specify standards to be applied in their own country. In Europe, this includes

3021-655: The second half of the 16th century the ore deposits near the surface were exhausted and mining largely ground to a standstill. During the Thirty Years' War mining operations ceased completely. At that time, water management in the Straßberg Field was still at the stage it was in 1610. In addition to the Rödelbachgraben , there was the Dorfrösche channel between the Rödelbachgraben and Flösse . There were also two ponds,

3078-437: The water provided by public water suppliers is for drinking and cooking. Uses include (in decreasing order) toilets, washing machines, showers, baths, faucets, and leaks. As of 2015, American households use an average of 300 gallons of water a day. The qualitative and quantitative aspects of drinking water requirements on domesticated animals are studied and described within the context of animal husbandry . For example,

3135-612: The whole of the Harz Mountains lying in Anhalt , although this step was not followed by the literature that appeared later. There has been mining in the Straßberg Field since at least 1438, and possibly even as early as 1279. The first silver smelting works are recorded in the period from 1511-1566. The first water management facilities in the Rödelbach valley also date to this time. By

3192-658: Was determined with the presence of coliform bacteria , a convenient marker for a class of harmful fecal pathogens . The presence of fecal coliforms (like E. Coli ) serves as an indication of contamination by sewage . Additional contaminants include protozoan oocysts such as Cryptosporidium sp. , Giardia lamblia , Legionella , and viruses (enteric). Microbial pathogenic parameters are typically of greatest concern because of their immediate health risk. Physical and chemical parameters include heavy metals , trace organic compounds , total suspended solids , and turbidity . Chemical parameters tend to pose more of

3249-431: Was placed under conservation status in 1991 as a heritage area. Several ponds and ditches along the mining education trail were signed. At the same time considerable areas were destroyed as a result of ignorance by the authorities and the drastic action of the privatised forestry industry in Saxony-Anhalt. As a result walking even along the main ditches is difficult and most ponds are gradually deteriorating. According to

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