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68-606: He was born in Nishapur which is in Khorasan Province in Iran . This region was widely known as a center of Islamic civilization up to the 13th Century CE. He was the grandfather of the hadith scholar Abd al-Ghafir al-Farsi , a student of Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwayni . Al Qushayri was born into a privileged Arab family from among the Banu Qushayr who had settled near Nishapur. As

136-767: A conflict between the supporters of the Mohammad Khodabanda , the Safavid Shah of Persia , and his son Abbas the Great . In 1581, the castle of Nishapur went under siege. This siege became one of the events that helped the Abbas the Great to become the Ruler of Greater Khorasan and later the Shah of Persia in the Safavid Empire . In 1592 Abbas the Great took back the control of Nishapur from

204-568: A incredible number of other instructors. He at that point cleared out Nishapur and continued to Khwarazm , where he proceeded to meet and study under the foremost famous masters of that nation, and opened a private course of informational of students. He voyage from there to Ghazni , and after that to India , instructing the Hadiths and clarifying his grandfather's work, the Lataif al-Iskharat (substle Indications). On his return to Nishapur he directed as

272-521: A major national expressway that connects the two major cities of Tehran and Mashhad , is connected to the city of Nishapur and it passes through it. Nishapur is connected to the Trans-Iranian Railway System which is a UNESCO world heritage . The Nishapur train station became operational during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and it is located on the southern part of the city. On 18 February 2004, runaway train wagons crashed into

340-515: A minister, and, amid a number of a long time, he gave lessons each Monday evening within the Akil mosque; he at that point composed his various works, of which rule are the Muslim, in which he clarifies the obscure focuses of Sahih Muslim and does an abridgement of Al-Hakim 's History of Nishapur , which work he wrapped up towards the end of 518 AH; in which he explains the uncommon expressions happening within

408-590: A significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center within the Islamic world . Nishapur, along with Merv , Herat and Balkh , was one of the four great cities of Greater Khorasan and one of the greatest cities of the Old World in the Islamic Golden Age with strategic importance, a seat of governmental power in the eastern section of caliphates , a dwelling place for diverse ethnic and religious groups and

476-593: A trading stop on commercial routes from Transoxiana , China, Iraq and Egypt. Nishapur reached the height of its prosperity under the Samanids in the 10th century but was destroyed and most of its population was slaughtered by the Mongols in 1221 . This massacre, combined with subsequent earthquakes and other invasions, is believed to have destroyed the city several times. Unlike its near neighbor Merv , Nishapur managed to recover from these cataclysmic events, and survive until

544-428: A warm and semi-dry climate called '' central Iranian plateau climate''. Precipitation mostly happens in spring and winter. Nishapur is situated on a relatively higher elevation (1250 meters) than its neighboring cities such Sabzevar and Mashhad hence the weather is milder and better than these cities. Nishapur has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk). The city of Nishapur lies on a Holocene alluvial plain on top of

612-587: A young man he received the education of a country squire of the time: adab, the Arabic language, chivalry and weaponry (istiʿmāl al-silāḥ), but that all changed when he journeyed to the city of Nishapur and was introduced to the Sufi shaykh Abū ʿAlī al-Daqqāq. Daqqaq was a student of al-Nasrabadhi (d. 367/977), who was the foremost ascetic of his time in Khorasan. Al-Nasrabadhi himself was a student of Abu Bakr al-Shiblì (d. 946) ,

680-570: Is a city in the Central District of Nishapur County , Razavi Khorasan province, Iran , serving as capital of both the county and the district. Nishapur is the second-largest city of the province in the northeast of Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot of Binalud Mountain Range . It has been the historic capital of the Western Quarter of Greater Khorasan , the historic capital of

748-453: Is a national and registered protected archeological area by law and any unauthorized archeological excavation is considered illegal. This district is also home to the burial and historical monuments (some are shown on the city infobox) of most of the renowned persons of the city throughout history such as the Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám and the Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur . The third district

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816-756: Is also used as one of the main touristic hotspots of the city. Many of this city's archeological discoveries are held and shown to the public in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City , the British Museum in London , the National Museum of Iran in Tehran , other international museums and the museums of the city of Nishapur. The city of Nishapur is also a member of international organizations such as

884-410: Is diverse and it is based on several industries like Agriculture, Industrial parks, mining, tourism, health-care, retailing, banking etc. Many agricultural products such as saffron , cereals , cotton , herbs , plums , walnut , wheat , corn , apples , cherries and pistachio are exported from the county of Nishapur . The city is also a dairy and sugar exporter. Most of the water supply of

952-468: Is nowadays in that area. This palace was perhaps completely ruined in the 13th century. Most people speak Persian and are monolingual , however, there are several private foreign language-teaching institutions in the city that teach English and other languages. At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 205,972 in 56,652 households. The following census in 2011 counted 239,185 people in 71,263 households. The 2016 census measured

1020-516: Is something he is famous for. He returned to Baghdad where the Caliph al-Qa'im had him perform hadith teachings in his palace. After his return to Khurāsān, political unrest in the region between the Ḥanafī and Ashʿarī-Shāfiʿī factions in the city forced him to leave Nishapur, but he was eventually able to return and lived there until his death in 1072/465, when the Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk re-established

1088-618: The Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad , the Tahirid rulers were effectively independent. The dynasty was founded by Tahir ibn Husayn , a leading general in the service of the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun . Tahir's military victories were rewarded with the gift of lands in the east of Persia, which were subsequently extended by his successors as far as the borders of India . Tahirid influence extended to Baghdad when

1156-636: The Greater Khorasan region but subsequently declined in significance until a revival in its fortunes in the 9th century under the Tahirid dynasty , when the glazed ceramics of Nishapur formed an important item of trade to the west. For a time Nishapur rivaled Baghdad or Cairo : Toghrül , the first ruler of the Seljuk dynasty, made Nishapur his residence in 1038 and proclaimed himself sultan there, but it declined thereafter, as Seljuk fortunes were concentrated in

1224-497: The Jame mosque of Nishapur ( congregational mosque of the city) are among the examples of the buildings built during this era in Nishapur. Many poets, scholars and renowned historical figures of the city and the wider region of Abarshahr (one of the main four regions of Greater Khorasan with the city capitals of Nishapur, Merv , Herat and Balkh ) were also born in this period. Due to

1292-531: The Khayyam Industrial Park and the Attar Industrial Park are near the city of Nishapur. Many industrial products such as sugar, cooking oils and gas heaters are exported from the city and its county. Several hotels, ecolodges , resorts, parks, tourist hot-spots, restaurants, museums, a planetarium , cultural centers, mausoleums, religious pilgrimage sites and historic mosques are in and near

1360-587: The LHC and the ICCN UNESCO . Abarshahr was a satrapy (province) of the Sassanid Empire . Cities in the region were Candac, Artacauan, Apameia, and Pushang (founded by Shapur I). Nishapur was the capital. Abarshar was the name used for Nishapur during the Sassanid Empire and Rashidun Caliphate . The capital was a vital center of administration and of communications between Bactria, India, and Sagistan. The region

1428-528: The Pleistocene sediments in the southwestern part of the Binalud Mountains . The Binalud Range, running northwest–southeast, is made predominantly of Triassic and Jurassic rocks. On the southern side of the northwestern part of the range there is a section of Eocene rocks that are volcanic in origin. The well-known Nishabur turquoise comes from the weathered and broken trachytes and andesites of

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1496-650: The Saffarids , their "empire", with nominal sanction from the Abbasids , extended from India to Iraq , making Nishapur a provincial capital. Khurasan was thus an international entrepôt, with merchants coming not only from Iraq, India and Egypt, but also from Russia; additionally, Vikings came from Scandinavia to trade with the Bulghars and Khazars on the Caspian Sea . Nishapur occupies an important strategic position astride

1564-516: The Shaybanids . Shah Abbasi Caravanseri of Nishapur was also built during his reign and later on, he left his two epigraphs on Jame Mosque of Nishapur on the Ramadan of October 1612. Saadat Ali Khan I Nishapuri , Nawab of Awadh (the ruler who governed the state of Awadh of India), was also born in this period in an influential family in Nishapur. After the death of Nader Shah Afshar in 1747,

1632-582: The Zafaranlu Confederacy but was given back to the Qajars in 1829. During the Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar , the city was an isolated outpost of Qajar rule led by Imamverdi Khan Bayat when most of Khorasan was under the wrath of Hasan Khan Salar. On March 21, 1849, Qajar forces entered Nishapur. The reconstruction of the Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam in Nishapur was commissioned by Reza Shah . Omar's previous tomb

1700-503: The ''Abe Bostan'' (Mir Ab River of Nishapur). The current position of the city was formed during this era and on the North West of the older position of the city which is now home to the Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur and Shadiyakh Archeological Site and other remains of the old position of the city (the old position of the city is also now a protected archeological site by law though it is endangered). Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur and

1768-467: The 9th-century Tahirid dynasty , the initial capital of the 11th-century Seljuk Empire , and is currently the capital city of Nishapur County and a historic Silk Road city of cultural and economic importance in Iran and the region of Greater Khorasan . Nearby are turquoise mines that have supplied the world with turquoise of the finest and the highest quality for at least two millennia . The city

1836-806: The Abbasids granted them the military affairs in Mesopotamia . In 873, the Tahirids were replaced by the Saffarids . Saffarids expanded their sphere of influence through the north of Khurasan and also in south towards Sistan . They also made Nishapur their capital and rebuilt the Tahirid palace. In 900, Ismail Samani defeated the Saffarids and was made governor of Nishapur. The Samanids had been placed in power in Transoxiana by Caliph Al-Ma'mun , and ruled first from Samarqand and then moved to Bukhara . After defeating

1904-558: The Eocene volcanic rocks of this part of the mountain range. The main turquoise mines are situated about 50 kilometers northwest of the city of Nishapur in the foothills of the Binalud Range. Nishapur is located in a region with a rather high risk of earthquakes . Many earthquakes have seriously harmed the city; among the important ones are the historical earthquakes that ruined the city in the 12th and 13th centuries. The economy of Nishapur

1972-470: The Muslims. He offered to open one of the gates for the Muslim army to enter, provided he was granted immunity. The Muslims accepted the offer. The Persians were taken by surprise, and the Muslims became the new rulers of Nishapur. After consolidating their position at Nishapur, the Muslims conquered other cities around Nishapur, including Pusht, Ashband, Rukh, Zar, Khaf, Osparain and Arghian. Abu Muslim became

2040-455: The Qur'an. First, the ibara which is the meaning of the text meant for the mass of believers. Second, the ishara , only available to the spiritual elite and lying beyond the obvious verbal meaning. Third, laṭā’if , subtleties in the text that were meant particularly for saints. And finally, the ḥaqā’iq , which he said were only comprehensible to the prophets . This text placed him among the elite of

2108-556: The Qushayri family". Qushayri was also the student of Al-Sulami , another student of al-Nasrabadhi (d. 367/977). In later years Qushayri performed the pilgrimage in the company of Abu Muhammad al-Juwayni (d. 438/1047), the father of the great Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwayni , as well as traveling to Baghdad and the Hijaz. During these travels he heard Hadith from various prominent Hadith scholars. Upon his return he began teaching Hadith, which

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2176-576: The Sufi mystics and is widely used as a standard of Sufi thought. His fame however, is due mostly to his al-Risala al-Qushayriyya (or the Epistle on Sufism ). This text is essentially a reminder to the people of his era that Sufis had authentic ancestral tradition, as well as a defence of Sufism against the doubters that rose during that time of his life. Al-Qushayri repeatedly acknowledges his debt to, and admiration for, his Sufi master throughout his Risala. Daqqaq

2244-550: The area became an independent khanate under the reign of the Bayat chieftains. In 1754 Ahmad Shah Durrani captured Nishapur with the support of heavy artillery and imposed Shahrokh Shah as the ruler ( Shah ) of the western part of Greater Khorasan as a protectorate of the Durrani Empire . The city was conquered in 1800 by the Qajars . In 1828, the city came under the influence of

2312-605: The author of Nihayat al-Matlab , which is a treatise on the convention of the Shafi'i school and on the focuses of contention. He was a daughter son of the Imam Abu Kasim al-Khusairi and learned from him a extraordinary amount of hadiths , as too from his grandmother Fatima, the girl of Abu ali ad-Dakkak, his maternal uncles Ali saad and Abu said, the children of Abu Kasim al-Kushairi, his possess guardians Abdu Abd Alla Ismail and Amat ar-Rahim al-Kushairi girl to Abdal Karim al-Kushairi and

2380-557: The axis of reality, source of happiness, the pole of masterhood, one who joined the Shari'a and the Truth. He was knowledgeable in the foundations of the Ash'ari creed and in the branches of the Shafi'i school of though. Abu al-Hasan al-Bakhirzi , the author of the book Dimyah al-Qasr, said about him: [He was] one who gathered all kinds of goodness, the one to whom all things were facilitated, and who held

2448-505: The balance of power between the Ḥanafīs and the Shāfiʿīs. He left behind six sons and several daughters between Fatima and his second wife and was buried near al-Madrasa al-Qushayriyya, next to his father in-law Abū ʿAlī al-Daqqāq Laṭā'if al-Isharat bi-Tafsīr al-Qur'ān is a famous work of al-Qushayri that is a complete commentary of the Qur'an . He determined that there were four levels of meaning in

2516-595: The better-known work of Al-Ghazali : If you understand the times of Imam al-Qushayri, I think it is a prelude to Imam al-Ghazali, and his book [al-Risala al-Qushayriyya], actually is, I would say, a blueprint for Imam al-Ghazali’s Ihya ‘Ulum al-Din . Among Imam al-Qushayri's writings besides al-Risala al-Qushayriyya and Laṭā'if al-Isharat bi-Tafsīr al-Qur'ān include the following: 7. * Chopra, R. M., "SUFISM", 2016, Anuradha Prakashan, New Delhi. ISBN   978-93-85083-52-5 . Nishapur Nishapur or Neyshabur ( Persian : نیشاپور , also نیشابور )

2584-413: The bridle of every lowly thing. So, if he were to shout at a stone, it would dissolve. And if Iblis were to attend his gathering of remembrance, he would repent. He was extremely distinguished with sound logic, and an expert in the theology of the school of al-Ash’ari. The breadth of his knowledge was almost beyond human capacity. His words were beneficial and precious gems for the seekers of benefit. Verily,

2652-522: The cities of Mashhad and Tehran . The city also has local routes and highways to the cities of Kashmar and Quchan . Throughout the Middle Ages, Nishapur had been praised by many due to its many gardens and its healthy climate in Khorasan . Ibn Hawqal has commented the following about the weather and the climate of this city at that time: Throughout all of Khorasan , no such companion as enriched with

2720-481: The city flourish again and the city's population grew once more and some of the villages around the city were improved and rebuilt. Hamdallah Mustawfi had visited the city of Nishapur in the Year 1339 or 1340. During this era, the ambassador of Henry III of Castile , Ruy González de Clavijo reached Nishapur and according to him, Nishapur had become a highly productive agricultural center with 40 non-stop working mills along

2788-557: The city is provided from the Binalud Mountain Range 's mostly seasonal rivers , qanats , dams and modern wells . Natural recourses such as turquoise and salt are mined from around the city. The electrical power supply of the city is provided from Neyshabur Combined Cycle Power Plant and Binalood Wind Farm . The excessive electrical energy of the city is mostly exported from the city's public power grid . Khorasan Steel Complex and two main industrial parks called

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2856-430: The city. The construction of the new mausoleum was completed in the year 1963. The Tomb of Kamal-ol Molk was also built in Nishapur and designed by Seyhoun . The Wooden Mosque of Neyshabur was also built in the year 2000. The Second Asia-Pacific Jamboree was held at Baghrud Scots Park of Nishapur in preparation for The 15th World Scout Jamboree which was scheduled to be held 15–23 July 1979 in Nishapur but due to

2924-551: The city. The tourism industry of the city has a lot of protentional but it needs further development. There are two active hospitals (Hakim Hospital and 22 Bahman Hospital) in the city of Nishapur and a third one is also currently under construction. Nearly all of reputable public and private Iranain banks have branches in the city. Major Iranian companies such as Refah Chain Stores Co. , Iran Hyper Star , Ofoqh Kourosh and other companies have active branches in Nishapur. Road 44 ,

2992-483: The condition of paying a tribute. Having conquered the region around Nishapur, the Muslim force advanced to Nishapur itself. The city was divided into four sectors, with each sector under a Persian chief. These chiefs shut themselves in the city and closed the gates. The Muslims laid siege to the city for some days. In the meantime, the Persian chiefs quarreled among themselves. One of the chiefs entered into negotiations with

3060-623: The feet of his pulpit are the pillows of the Gnostics. When the Sufi Shaykhs had agreed upon the favor he possessed and saw his nearness and allotment from the al-Haqq, they faded before him and disappeared in comparison with him. His carpet rolled them up in its margins. They were divided between looking at him and contemplating him. He has poems that crown the heads of his noble ministers. Thus, his furthest hopes are achieved through him. Shaykh Amin considers Imam al-Qushayri’s work to be an inspiration to

3128-533: The government of the Shah , the Metropolitan's publications were limited to its own Nishapur ceramics. The site of Nishapur has been ransacked for half a century since World War II , to feed the international market demand for early Islamic works of art. Shadiyakh ("Palace of Happiness") was one of the main palaces of old Nishapur up to the 9th century AD, which became more important and populated after that. Some notable people like Attar lived there. Attar's tomb

3196-462: The governor of Khorasan , and chose Nishapur as his capital. He seems to have initiated a huge building program in which he stimulated the growth of the city. Nishapur increased in importance, and two of the ‘Abbasids were governors of this city before becoming caliphs. It was the governor of Khurasan (‘ Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan ) who presented the large gift of Chinese imperial porcelains to Harun al-Rashid (see Abbasid Ceramics Section), demonstrating

3264-432: The health of the air, quantity and the vastness of its mansions can be found. In the same cited work , Hakim Nishapuri praises Nishapur with many favourable nicknames such as " Persian : نیشابورست، هوای او صافی به صحت آبدان وافی، خالی از خطایا و عاری از وبا و اکثر بلایا… عروس بلدان، خزانه خراسان، دار امارت، لطیف عمارت، موطن ادیبان… " and compares and claims that the weather and climate (or air Persian: هوا) of Nishapur

3332-535: The highest rank. He was a student of Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwayni . He was contemporary, and first biographer of Imam Al-Ghazali . He was also the grandson of the great Imam Al-Qushayri . He was born within the year 451/1058 and at the age of five, he was able to ponder the Qur'an and might rehash the statement of creed in his local dialect ( Persian ). He considered the Shafi'i statute with incredible concentration for four years beneath Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwayni ,

3400-579: The local governor and mayor and the heads of the fire and rail services. This disaster has become known as one of the worst railway industry disasters of the world. Little archaeology has been done on this vast and complicated site. George Curzon remarked that Nishapur had been destroyed and rebuilt more times than any other city in history, an evocative statement whether or not it is statistically true. The Metropolitan Museum of Art undertook excavations from 1935 that were interrupted in 1940. Searching largely for museum-worthy trophies that they shared with

3468-552: The massacre, Khan's troops killed and beheaded most of the population of the city and their skulls were reputedly piled in pyramids by the Mongols . Women, Infants, children, and even cats and dogs were among the beheaded. After the massacre a much smaller settlement was established just north of the ancient town, and the once bustling metropolis lay underground—until a team of excavators from the Metropolitan Museum of Art arrived in

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3536-454: The mid-20th century. They worked at Nishapur between 1935 and 1940, returning for a final season in the winter of 1947–48. What remains of old Nishapur is a 3500-hectare "Kohandejh ( Persian : کهن دژ)" area, south of the current city of Nishapur. After the fall of Nishapur in 1221 by the Mongols, the structures of the city were weakened and the agricultural output of the city was reduced. Mahmud Ghazan and Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan tried to make

3604-685: The old Silk Road that linked Anatolia and the Mediterranean Sea with China. On the Silk Road, Nishapur has often defined the flexible frontier between the Iranian plateau and Central Asia. The town derived its name from its reputed founder, the Sassanian king Shapur I , who is said to have established it in the third century CE. Nearby are the turquoise mines that supplied the world with turquoise for at least two millennia. It became an important town in

3672-439: The political uncertainty of the Iranian Revolution in the country , the event was cancelled. On February 18, 2004, in the Nishapur train disaster , a train carrying flammable goods derailed and caught fire near the town. Five hours later, during fire fighting and rescue work, a massive explosion destroyed the train and many nearby buildings. Around 300 people were said to have been killed, mainly fire and rescue workers but also

3740-403: The population of the city as 264,375 people in 83,143 households. It is the third most-populous city in the eastern provinces of Iran after Mashhad and Zahedan . Nishapur is located at an elevation of 1250 meters on a wide fertile plain at the southwestern foot of the Binalud Mountain range in northcentral Razavi Khorasan Province. The city is connected by both railways and highways to

3808-447: The present day as an active modern city and county in tourism , agriculture , health care , industrial production and commerce in Razavi Khorasan Province of Iran ; however, many of its older and historical archeological remains are left to be uncovered. The modern city of Nishapur is composed of three main administrative areas/districts ( Persian : منطقه های شهر نیشابور) and is surrounded by many villages which are joining in to

3876-404: The south of the Road 44. It is home to some of the main tourists attractions of the city such as the National Garden of Nishapur and the Khanate Mansion of Amin Islami . The Area/district 3 of the city is home to the ruins and the remains of the ancient city of Nishapur destroyed by Mongols in the Middle Ages and is located on the south and the southeast of the city. The third district of the city

3944-419: The strategic importance of the province on trade routes. The Tahirid dynasty was a dynasty of Persian dehqan origin that ruled from 820 to 872 in Khorasan , northeastern Greater Iran , a region now split between Iran , Afghanistan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan . The Tahirid capital was originally Merv , but Nishapur became their capital from 828 to 845. Although nominally subject to

4012-426: The student of Junayd Al-Baghdadi . Daqqāq later became the master and teacher of the mystical ways to Qushayri. He later married the daughter of Daqqāq, Fatima. After the death of Daqqāq, Qushayri became the successor of his master and father-in-law and became the leader of mystic assemblies in the madrasa that Abu Ali al-Daqqāq built in 1001 CE, which later became known as al-Madrasa al-Qushayriyya or "the school of

4080-431: The techniques of those practices. This text has been used by many Sufi saints in later times as a standard, as is obvious from the many translations into numerous languages. Abd al-Ghafir al-Farsi said about his grandfather (Al-Qushayri): The absolute Imam, jurist, theologian, legal theorist, the interpreter of the Qu'ran, a man of letters, grammarian, writer/poet, the master of his time, God's secret among His creation,

4148-451: The urban area and structure of the city. The Area/district 1 of the city comprises the newer urban developments (initiated mostly in the 1980s and the 1990s) made to the north of the Road 44 and is home to most of the main higher educational institutions of Nishapur such as the University of Neyshabur and the IAUN . The Area/district 2 of the city comprises the downtown of the city and the older and more historic urban structures situated on

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4216-418: The village of Khayyam near Nishapur. This accident caused several major explosions and it kill over 300. The entire village of Khayyam was destroyed due to the explosions. Abd al-Ghafir al-Farsi Abd al-Ghafir ibn Ismail ibn Abd al-Ghafir ibn Muhammad al-Farsi ( Arabic : عبد الغافر بن اسماعيل بن عبد الغافر بن محمد الفارسي ) was a renowned Persian Sunni muhaddith , historian and grammarian of

4284-469: The west. Nishapur was sacked by the Oghuz Turks in 1154, and suffered several earthquakes in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In 1221, after the death of Tuqachar , the husband of Genghis Khan's daughter, the entire city of Nishapur was destroyed by the Mongols over the course of 10 days. Genghis Khan's daughter requested the death of every resident of the city as vengeance for her husband's death. In order to become sure that no wounded would survive

4352-399: Was better and more healthier (according to him, cholera and other such diseases and disasters could not be found in Nishapur) than many neighboring regions such as Sistan (due to its winds), Indus valley (or سند in Persian) and Hindustan (due to their severe hotness), Khwarazm and Turkestan (due to their coldness) and Merv (due to presence of many insects). Nishapur generally has

4420-403: Was founded in the 3rd century by Shapur I as a capital city of Sasanian satrapy known as Abarshahr or Nishapur. Nishapur later became the capital of Tahirid dynasty and was reformed by Abdullah Tahir in 830, and was later selected as the capital of Seljuk dynasty by Tughril in 1037. From the Abbasid era to the Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran , the city evolved into

4488-445: Was instrumental in introducing Qushayri to another outstanding Sufi authority of Khurasan, al-Sulami , who is quoted on almost every page of the Risala. It has sections where al-Qushayrī discusses the creed of the Sufis, mentions important and influential Sufis from the past, and establishes fundamentals of Sufi terminology, giving his own interpretation of those Sufi terms. Al-Qushayrī finally goes through specific practices of Sufism and

4556-454: Was involved in the Indian and Chinese trade. Its governor bore the title of kanarang . Nishapur was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate , without struggle, during the caliphate of Umar . The Caliph appointed Ahnaf Ibn Qais as the chief command of the Rashidun army out of Isfahan . From Isfahan, two routes led to Khorasan : the main route via Rayy and the other via Nishapur. The people of Nishapur chose not to fight and surrendered on

4624-505: Was separated from his tomb, and a white marble monument ( Current Mausoleum ), designed by the Iranian architect Hooshang Seyhoun , was erected over it. This mausoleum became one of the main symbols of the city and one of the known works of the modern Persian architecture . The influence of the architectural design of this mausoleum is visible on the coat of arms of the University of Neyshabur , Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) and other public, civil and private organizations of

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