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50-1207: Coordinates : 25°36′N 29°06′E / 25.6°N 29.1°E / 25.6; 29.1 Geological formation in Egypt Quseir Formation Stratigraphic range : Campanian ~ 80–72 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Type Geological formation Sub-units Mut & El Hindaw Members Underlies Duwi Formation Overlies Unconformity with Taref Formation Thickness at least 250 metres (820 ft) Lithology Primary Shale Other Sandstone , siltstone , phosphorite Location Location Al Wadi al Jadid , New Valley Coordinates 25°36′N 29°06′E / 25.6°N 29.1°E / 25.6; 29.1 Approximate paleocoordinates 9°18′N 24°54′E / 9.3°N 24.9°E / 9.3; 24.9 Region Kharga Oasis Country [REDACTED] Egypt [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Quseir Formation (Egypt) The Quseir Formation
100-532: A prime meridian at the westernmost known land, designated the Fortunate Isles , off the coast of western Africa around the Canary or Cape Verde Islands , and measured north or south of the island of Rhodes off Asia Minor . Ptolemy credited him with the full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day. Ptolemy's 2nd-century Geography used
150-420: A taxon ( back-formation from taxonomy ; pl. : taxa ) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking , especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is very common, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to
200-646: A little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacopo d'Angelo around 1407. In 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference , attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich , England as the zero-reference line. The Dominican Republic voted against
250-416: A location often facetiously called Null Island . In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a geodetic datum must be used. A horizonal datum is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a vertical datum is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of
300-535: A longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it is 15.42 m. On the WGS 84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude ϕ (that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude ϕ ), is about The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude. Similarly,
350-670: A national cartographical organization include the North American Datum , the European ED50 , and the British OSGB36 . Given a location, the datum provides the latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and longitude λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS 84 differs at Greenwich from
400-841: A simple translation may be sufficient. Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be local, meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include World Geodetic System (WGS 84, also known as EPSG:4326 ), the default datum used for the Global Positioning System , and the International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame (ITRF), used for estimating continental drift and crustal deformation . The distance to Earth's center can be used both for very deep positions and for positions in space. Local datums chosen by
450-504: A taxon and the criteria used for inclusion, especially in the context of rank-based (" Linnaean ") nomenclature (much less so under phylogenetic nomenclature ). If a taxon is given a formal scientific name , its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping. Initial attempts at classifying and ordering organisms (plants and animals) were presumably set forth in prehistoric times by hunter-gatherers, as suggested by
500-500: A year, or 10 m in a century. A weather system high-pressure area can cause a sinking of 5 mm . Scandinavia is rising by 1 cm a year as a result of the melting of the ice sheets of the last ice age , but neighboring Scotland is rising by only 0.2 cm . These changes are insignificant if a local datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used. On the GRS 80 or WGS 84 spheroid at sea level at
550-583: Is where Earth's equatorial radius a {\displaystyle a} equals 6,378,137 m and tan β = b a tan ϕ {\displaystyle \textstyle {\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }\,\!} ; for the GRS 80 and WGS 84 spheroids, b a = 0.99664719 {\textstyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}=0.99664719} . ( β {\displaystyle \textstyle {\beta }\,\!}
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#1732884792132600-583: Is a geological formation in the vicinity of the Kharga Oasis in Egypt . It is Campanian In age. The lithology largely consists of soft shale with hard bands of sandstone , siltstone and phosphorite . The environment of deposition was nearshore to freshwater fluvio-lacustrine characterized by moist and aquatic habitats with a tropical warm-humid climate. It is conformably overlain by the marine late Campanian- Maastrichtian Duwi Formation, and unconformably overlies
650-418: Is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude . It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system , the geographic coordinate system
700-545: Is included in the Reptilia (birds are traditionally placed in the class Aves , and mammals in the class Mammalia ). The term taxon was first used in 1926 by Adolf Meyer-Abich for animal groups, as a back-formation from the word taxonomy ; the word taxonomy had been coined a century before from the Greek components τάξις ( táxis ), meaning "arrangement", and νόμος ( nómos ), meaning " method ". For plants, it
750-697: Is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude ). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 m of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart. Like any series of multiple-digit numbers, latitude-longitude pairs can be challenging to communicate and remember. Therefore, alternative schemes have been developed for encoding GCS coordinates into alphanumeric strings or words: These are not distinct coordinate systems, only alternative methods for expressing latitude and longitude measurements. Taxon In biology ,
800-540: Is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface. A full GCS specification, such as those listed in the EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid ), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location. The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene , who composed his now-lost Geography at
850-500: Is relative, and restricted to a particular systematic schema. For example, liverworts have been grouped, in various systems of classification, as a family, order, class, or division (phylum). The use of a narrow set of ranks is challenged by users of cladistics ; for example, the mere 10 ranks traditionally used between animal families (governed by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)) and animal phyla (usually
900-731: Is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles ), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich , in southeast London, England, is the international prime meridian , although some organizations—such as the French Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière —continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines
950-405: Is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a UTM coordinate based on WGS84 will be different than a UTM coordinate based on NAD27 for the same location. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires a datum transformation such as a Helmert transformation , although in certain situations
1000-489: The Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC. A century later, Hipparchus of Nicaea improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of lunar eclipses , rather than dead reckoning . In the 1st or 2nd century, Marinus of Tyre compiled an extensive gazetteer and mathematically plotted world map using coordinates measured east from
1050-924: The Turonian Taref Formation. The sauropod dinosaurs Mansourasaurus and Igai are known from the formation, as well as the proximal fibula of an indeterminate theropod and possible remains tentively assigned to spinosaurus . Additionally the lungfish genera Lavocatodus and Protopterus , the crocodyliform Wahasuchus and the bothremydid turtle Khargachelys are also known. Fossil content [ edit ] Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text ; crossed out taxa are discredited. Dinosaurs [ edit ] Sauropods [ edit ] Sauropods of
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#17328847921321100-463: The clade , is equivalent to the taxon, assuming that taxa should reflect evolutionary relationships. Similarly, among those contemporary taxonomists working with the traditional Linnean (binomial) nomenclature, few propose taxa they know to be paraphyletic . An example of a long-established taxon that is not also a clade is the class Reptilia , the reptiles; birds and mammals are the descendants of animals traditionally classed as reptiles, but neither
1150-875: The Campanian (Late Cretaceous) of Egypt" . Diversity . 15 (2): 284. doi : 10.3390/d15020284 . ISSN 1424-2818 . ^ Sallam, Hesham M.; Gorscak, Eric; O’Connor, Patrick M.; El-Dawoudi, Iman A.; El-Sayed, Sanaa; Saber, Sara; Kora, Mahmoud A.; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Seiffert, Erik R.; Lamanna, Matthew C. (2018-01-29). "New Egyptian sauropod reveals Late Cretaceous dinosaur dispersal between Europe and Africa" . Nature Ecology & Evolution . 2 (3): 445–451. Bibcode : 2018NatEE...2..445S . doi : 10.1038/s41559-017-0455-5 . ISSN 2397-334X . PMID 29379183 . ^ Gorscak, Eric; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Schwarz, Daniela; Díaz, Verónica Díez; Salem, Belal S.; Sallam, Hesham M.; Wiechmann, Marc Filip (2022-12-14). "A new titanosaurian (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from
1200-502: The Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715 m , one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the Equator at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and
1250-776: The Quseir Formation Genus Species Location Material Notes Images Mansourasaurus M. shahinae a fragment of the skull roof , a part of the lower braincase , the dentaries of the lower jaws, three neck vertebrae , two back vertebrae , eight ribs , the right scapula , the right coracoid , both humeri , a radius , a third metacarpal , three metatarsals , and parts of osteoderms . A lithostrotian sauropod [REDACTED] Igai I. semkhu A saltosaurid titanosaur [REDACTED] Theropods [ edit ] Theropods of
1300-892: The Quseir Formation Genus Species Location Material Notes Images Wahasuchus W. egyptensis Fossils of skull and jaw fragments, dorsal vertebrae, and fragmentary appendicular remains A mesoeucrocodylian Turtles [ edit ] Turtles of the Quseir Formation Genus Species Location Material Notes Images Khargachelys K. caironensis A bothremydid turtle References [ edit ] ^ Quseir Formation at Fossilworks .org ^ Mahmoud, Magdy S. (April 2003). "Palynology and palaeoenvironment of
1350-495: The Quseir Formation (Campanian) from central Egypt". Journal of African Earth Sciences . 36 (3): 135–148. Bibcode : 2003JAfES..36..135M . doi : 10.1016/s0899-5362(03)00047-2 . ISSN 1464-343X . ^ Sallam, Hesham M.; O'Connor, Patrick M.; Kora, Mahmoud; Sertich, Joseph J.W.; Seiffert, Erik R.; Faris, Mahmoud; Ouda, Khaled; El-Dawoudi, Iman; Saber, Sara (May 2016). "Vertebrate paleontological exploration of
1400-889: The Quseir formation Genus Species Location Material Notes Images cf. Spinosaurus cf. S. sp. [REDACTED] Spinosaurus_UDL Theropoda Indet. Indeterminate A proximal fibula Fish [ edit ] Boney Fish [ edit ] Fish of the Quseir Formation Genus Species Location Material Notes Images Lavocatodus Protopterus [REDACTED] Protopterus_dolloi_Boulenger2 A modern Protopterus species Cartilaginous Fish [ edit ] Crocodyliformes [ edit ] Crocodyliformes of
1450-1376: The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Quseir Formation of the Kharga Oasis, Egypt" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 42 (6). doi : 10.1080/02724634.2023.2199810 . ISSN 0272-4634 . ^ Churcher, C. S.; De iuliis, G. (2001). "A new species of Protopterus and a revision of Ceratodus humei (Dipnoi: Ceratodontiformes) from the Late Cretaceous Mut Formation of eastern Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt" . Palaeontology . 44 (2): 305–323. Bibcode : 2001Palgy..44..305C . doi : 10.1111/1475-4983.00181 . ISSN 0031-0239 . ^ Augustin, Felix J.; Hartung, Josephina; Kampouridis, Panagiotis (2023), Hamimi, Zakaria; Khozyem, Hassan; Adatte, Thierry; Nader, Fadi H. (eds.), "Dinosaur Faunas of Egypt—The Terrestrial Late Cretaceous Vertebrate Record" , The Phanerozoic Geology and Natural Resources of Egypt , Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 253–284, doi : 10.1007/978-3-030-95637-0_9 , ISBN 978-3-030-95636-3 , retrieved 2024-10-18 ^ Saber, Sara; Sertich, Joseph J.W.; Sallam, Hesham M.; Ouda, Khaled A.; O'Connor, Patrick M.; Seiffert, Erik R. (2018). "An enigmatic crocodyliform from
1500-413: The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Quseir Formation of the Kharga Oasis, Egypt" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 42 (6). doi : 10.1080/02724634.2023.2199810 . ISSN 0272-4634 . ^ Salem, Belal S.; O'Connor, Patrick M.; Gorscak, Eric; El-Sayed, Sanaa; Sertich, Joseph J.W.; Seiffert, Erik; Sallam, Hesham M. (2021-07-01). "Dinosaur remains from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) of
1550-480: The Upper Cretaceous Quseir Formation, central Egypt" . Cretaceous Research . 90 : 174–184. Bibcode : 2018CrRes..90..174S . doi : 10.1016/j.cretres.2018.04.004 . ISSN 0195-6671 . ^ AbdelGawad, Mohamed; Pérez-García, Adán; Hirayama, Ren; Mohesn, Sara; Tantawy, Abdel-Aziz; Abu El-Kheir, Gebely (February 2023). "The First Side-Necked Turtle (Pleurodira, Bothremydidae) from
Quseir Formation - Misplaced Pages Continue
1600-887: The Upper Cretaceous Quseir Formation, central Egypt" . Cretaceous Research . 90 : 174–184. Bibcode : 2018CrRes..90..174S . doi : 10.1016/j.cretres.2018.04.004 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quseir_Formation&oldid=1259993052 " Categories : Geologic formations of Egypt Upper Cretaceous Series of Africa Campanian Stage Shale formations Siltstone formations Deltaic deposits Fluvial deposits Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Africa Paleontology in Egypt Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description Coordinates on Wikidata Geographic coordinate system A geographic coordinate system ( GCS )
1650-435: The Upper Cretaceous lepidosirenid lungfishes from the Quseir Formation, Western Desert, central Egypt". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 34 (4): 760–766. Bibcode : 2014JVPal..34..760C . doi : 10.1080/02724634.2014.838574 . S2CID 17120150 . ^ Saber, Sara; Sertich, Joseph J.W.; Sallam, Hesham M.; Ouda, Khaled A.; O'Connor, Patrick M.; Seiffert, Erik R. (October 2018). "An enigmatic crocodyliform from
1700-991: The Upper Cretaceous succession in the Dakhla and Kharga Oases, Western Desert, Egypt" . Journal of African Earth Sciences . 117 : 223–234. Bibcode : 2016JAfES.117..223S . doi : 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.01.022 . ISSN 1464-343X . ^ Sallam, Hesham M.; Gorscak, Eric; O’Connor, Patrick M.; El-Dawoudi, Iman A.; El-Sayed, Sanaa; Saber, Sara; Kora, Mahmoud A.; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Seiffert, Erik R. (2018-01-29). "New Egyptian sauropod reveals Late Cretaceous dinosaur dispersal between Europe and Africa". Nature Ecology & Evolution . 2 (3): 445–451. Bibcode : 2018NatEE...2..445S . doi : 10.1038/s41559-017-0455-5 . ISSN 2397-334X . PMID 29379183 . S2CID 3375335 . ^ Gorscak, Eric; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Schwarz, Daniela; Díaz, Verónica díez; Salem, Belal S.; Sallam, Hesham M.; Wiechmann, Marc Filip (2023-07-20). "A new titanosaurian (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from
1750-1200: The Western Desert, Egypt" . Cretaceous Research . 123 : 104783. Bibcode : 2021CrRes.12304783S . doi : 10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104783 . ISSN 0195-6671 . S2CID 233900405 . ^ Churcher, C. S.; De iuliis, G. (2001). "A new species of Protopterus and a revision of Ceratodus humei (Dipnoi: Ceratodontiformes) from the Late Cretaceous Mut Formation of eastern Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt" . Palaeontology . 44 (2): 305–323. Bibcode : 2001Palgy..44..305C . doi : 10.1111/1475-4983.00181 . ISSN 0031-0239 . ^ Augustin, Felix J.; Hartung, Josephina; Kampouridis, Panagiotis (2023), Hamimi, Zakaria; Khozyem, Hassan; Adatte, Thierry; Nader, Fadi H. (eds.), "Dinosaur Faunas of Egypt—The Terrestrial Late Cretaceous Vertebrate Record" , The Phanerozoic Geology and Natural Resources of Egypt , Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 253–284, doi : 10.1007/978-3-030-95637-0_9 , ISBN 978-3-030-95636-3 , retrieved 2024-11-26 ^ Claeson, Kerin M; Sallam, Hesham M; O'Connor, Patrick M.; Sertich, Joseph J. W. (2014). "A revision of
1800-476: The fairly sophisticated folk taxonomies. Much later, Aristotle, and later still, European scientists, like Magnol , Tournefort and Carl Linnaeus 's system in Systema Naturae , 10th edition (1758), , as well as an unpublished work by Bernard and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu , contributed to this field. The idea of a unit-based system of biological classification was first made widely available in 1805 in
1850-460: The far western Aleutian Islands . The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule . The origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km (390 mi) south of Tema , Ghana ,
1900-466: The highest relevant rank in taxonomic work) often cannot adequately represent the evolutionary history as more about a lineage's phylogeny becomes known. In addition, the class rank is quite often not an evolutionary but a phenetic or paraphyletic group and as opposed to those ranks governed by the ICZN (family-level, genus-level and species -level taxa), can usually not be made monophyletic by exchanging
1950-682: The introduction of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 's Flore françoise , and Augustin Pyramus de Candolle 's Principes élémentaires de botanique . Lamarck set out a system for the "natural classification" of plants. Since then, systematists continue to construct accurate classifications encompassing the diversity of life; today, a "good" or "useful" taxon is commonly taken to be one that reflects evolutionary relationships . Many modern systematists, such as advocates of phylogenetic nomenclature , use cladistic methods that require taxa to be monophyletic (all descendants of some ancestor). Therefore, their basic unit,
2000-415: The length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as (Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand the distance they give is correct within a centimeter.) The formulae both return units of meters per degree. An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is to assume a spherical Earth (to get
2050-473: The motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911. The latitude ϕ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to) the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on
Quseir Formation - Misplaced Pages Continue
2100-516: The one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112 m. The military system ED50 , used by NATO , differs from about 120 m to 180 m. Points on the Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal Earth tidal movement caused by the Moon and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to 10 cm
2150-520: The proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres , although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with the International Date Line , which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and
2200-430: The same datum will obtain the same location measurement for the same physical location. However, two different datums will usually yield different location measurements for the same physical location, which may appear to differ by as much as several hundred meters; this not because the location has moved, but because the reference system used to measure it has shifted. Because any spatial reference system or map projection
2250-646: The same prime meridian but measured latitude from the Equator instead. After their work was translated into Arabic in the 9th century, Al-Khwārizmī 's Book of the Description of the Earth corrected Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding the length of the Mediterranean Sea , causing medieval Arabic cartography to use a prime meridian around 10° east of Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes ' recovery of Ptolemy's text
2300-486: The shape of the earth (usually a reference ellipsoid for a horizontal datum, and a more precise geoid for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of control points , surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for a region of the surface of the Earth. Some newer datums are bound to the center of mass of the Earth. This combination of mathematical model and physical binding mean that anyone using
2350-458: The surface of Earth called parallels , as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator , the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres . The longitude λ of a point on Earth's surface
2400-445: The width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively): where Earth's average meridional radius M r {\displaystyle \textstyle {M_{r}}\,\!} is 6,367,449 m . Since the Earth is an oblate spheroid , not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi }
2450-420: Was always used for animals, whereas "division" was traditionally often used for plants , fungi , etc. A prefix is used to indicate a ranking of lesser importance. The prefix super- indicates a rank above, the prefix sub- indicates a rank below. In zoology , the prefix infra- indicates a rank below sub- . For instance, among the additional ranks of class are superclass, subclass and infraclass. Rank
2500-543: Was proposed by Herman Johannes Lam in 1948, and it was adopted at the VII International Botanical Congress , held in 1950. The glossary of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999) defines a A taxon can be assigned a taxonomic rank , usually (but not necessarily) when it is given a formal name. " Phylum " applies formally to any biological domain , but traditionally it
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