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87-627: Before the Spanish invasion the entire area was inhabited by the peoples of the Quimbaya civilization until the 10th century B.C. At the time of Spanish conquest the area was inhabited by indigenous people of Carib descent known as the Pijao tribes. The native population was gradually reduced due to slavery, armed confrontations, and massacres during the Rubber boom , causing the territory to remain mostly uninhabited over

174-588: A Sufi saint who introduced coffee beans from Yemen to the hills of Chikmagalur , Karnataka, in 1670. Since then coffee plantations have become established in the region, extending south to Kodagu . Gabriel de Clieu brought coffee seedlings to Martinique in the Caribbean in 1720. Those sprouts flourished and 50 years later there were 18,680 coffee trees in Martinique enabling the spread of coffee cultivation to Saint-Domingue ( Haiti ), Mexico and other islands of

261-563: A 1952 ad campaign of the Pan-American Coffee Bureau which urged consumers to "give yourself a Coffee-Break — and Get What Coffee Gives to You." John B. Watson , a behavioural psychologist who worked with Maxwell House later in his career, helped popularise coffee breaks within American culture. Coffee competitions take place across the globe with people at the regional competing to achieve national titles and then compete on

348-512: A common mid-morning and mid-afternoon practice at workplaces in Sweden, fika may also function partially as an informal meeting between co-workers and management people, and it may even be considered impolite not to join in. Fika often takes place in a meeting room or a designated fika room. A sandwich, some fruit, or a small meal may be called fika like the English concept of afternoon tea . In

435-426: A fine and a term in jail"." The Quindío wax palm tree was nearly driven to extinction by the extraction of the resinous substance that it exudes. Furthermore, its leaves were widely used for the celebration of Holy Week processions , especially that of Palm Sunday . Quindío's economy is based mainly in the harvest of coffee . It is one of the most important producers of Colombian coffee . The department belongs to

522-473: A form of ‘proof of flight’. There has been scientific analysis of pre-Hispanic artifacts, especially of gold-works, on a compositional level, including the physical and radiocarbon examination of materials, techniques and the use of colour, to provide dating and potential geographical context. Archaeometric methods, including spectrophotometry and spectroscopy on metallurgical variations in composition have also been used to establish information on origin. It

609-469: A hyperbolic description of the exotic and mysterious artifacts found across the broader central Colombian region. The expansive boom in South American artifact trade similarly gave rise to an increase in faked artifact production. Many of the original artifacts were chimeras of rearranged or reshaped fragments into further complex and aesthetically provoking designs in hopes to sell better along with

696-468: A large role in history and literature because of the effects of the industry on cultures where it is produced and consumed. Coffee is often regarded as one of the primary economic goods used in imperial control of trade. The colonised trade patterns in goods, such as slaves, coffee, and sugar, defined Brazilian trade for centuries. Coffee in culture or trade is a central theme and prominently referenced in poetry, fiction, and regional history. A coffee break

783-473: A prominent feature of Ottoman life. There are various scholarly perspectives on the functions of the Ottoman coffeehouse . Many of these argue that Ottoman coffeehouses were centres of important social ritual, making them as, or more important than, the coffee itself. "At the start of the modern age, the coffeehouses were places for renegotiating the social hierarchy and for challenging the social order". Throughout

870-402: A protectionist legal system. The guaquéros artifact trade was heavily exacerbated by the increase in exotic artifact demand internationally. This created a further spread of misinformation through the mislabeling of artifact origin as a guise to further their elusiveness. Given the scale, complicity and increasing levels of sophistication involved in modern artifact trading, illicit activity

957-565: A range of other vessels and ornaments were used as burial offerings. Tomb artifacts also include funeral masks and sarcophagi, suggesting the central importance of burial rituals and particularly the use of gold as a sacred metal to elevate spiritual preparations for the afterlife. The most notable collection of Quimbaya artifacts is the Quimbaya treasure which consists of 433 artifacts originally discovered in 1890 in Quindio , Colombia. The artifacts of

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1044-451: A small, ancient indigenous group in present-day Colombia noted for their gold work characterized by technical accuracy and detailed designs. The majority of the gold work is made in tumbaga alloy, with 30% copper , which colours the pieces. The Quimbaya inhabited the areas corresponding to the modern departments of Quindío , Caldas and Risaralda in Colombia , around the valley of

1131-621: A type of café known as the LAN Café , which allows users to have access to computers that already have PC games installed. Many social aspects of coffee can be seen in the modern-day lifestyle. By absolute volume, the United States is the largest market for coffee , followed by Germany and Japan , with Canada , Australia , Sweden and New Zealand also being large coffee-consuming countries. Countries in Northern and Western Europe consume

1218-573: Is a routine social gathering for a snack or short downtime by employees in various work industries. Allegedly originating in the late 19th century by the wives of Norwegian immigrants, in Stoughton, Wisconsin , it is celebrated there every year with the Stoughton Coffee Break Festival. In 1951, Time magazine noted that "since the war, the coffee break has been written into union contracts". The term subsequently became popular through

1305-460: Is basically a coffee break with sweet breads or sometimes pastries , although coffee can be replaced by tea , juice , lemonade , hot chocolate , or squash for children. The tradition has spread throughout Swedish businesses around the world. Fika is a social institution in Sweden and the practice of taking a break with a beverage and snack is widely accepted as central to Swedish life. As

1392-447: Is characterised as largely opaque with considerable investment in investigative efforts required to prove authenticity. Additionally many of the original gold artifacts found were rather smelted into ingots before any analysis, as the raw materials were of more value to the looters than their cultural value. The trade and looting of these artifacts inevitably lead to the loss of many important archaeological and cultural knowledge. Of

1479-598: Is enriched with ancient volcanic eruptions, raising its fertility. There are also many rivers and streams, including the Quindío River which rises in the Cocora Valley . The weather varies widely, having two rainy seasons (April and November) separated by two dry seasons. The annual precipitation is around 2,500 mm (98 in) and comes from the humidity of winds from the Pacific Ocean being cooled as they rise over

1566-791: Is important to note that cultural specificity is possible given that "different goldsmith cultures inhabited the Columbian territories" and that each of these utilised "different finishes and colours on their surfaces, in accordance with the techniques and alloys used.". Given the importance of physical condition and the impacts of material damage and weathering to scientific analysis, the preservation, storage and restoration process for Quimbaya artefacts impacts how these materials are interpreted in modern times. Precise dating and geographical context are key indicators for identifying cultural, social and religious practices that may indicate traditional or ceremonial purposes. Coffee culture Coffee culture

1653-523: Is increasing as of 2021. A coffeehouse or café is an establishment that primarily serves coffee, as well as other beverages. Historically, cafés have been important social gathering places in Europe, and continue to be venues of social interaction today. During the 16th century, coffeehouses were temporarily banned in Mecca due to a fear that they attracted political uprising. In 2016, Albania surpassed Spain as

1740-773: Is known. These are a range of primarily ceramic and gold objects surviving from the Quimbaya civilisation, which was one of many pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia inhabiting the Middle Cauca River valley and southern Antioquian region of modern day Colombia. The artifacts are believed to have originated during the Classical Quimbaya period 500 BC–600 AD. Poporos are vessel type containers primarily used to store powdered lime, made from calcined seashells. They were often cast in gold and decorated with human figures and exhibited "great elegance of conception, manufacture, and finish". The most noteworthy poporos artifact

1827-660: Is popular in Turkey, the Eastern Mediterranean, and southeastern Europe. Coffeehouse culture had a strong cultural penetration in much of the former Ottoman Empire , where Turkish coffee remains the dominant style of preparation. The coffee enjoyed in the Ottoman Middle East was produced in Yemen/Ethiopia, despite multiple attempts to ban the substance for its stimulating qualities. By 1600, coffee and coffeehouses were

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1914-682: Is the Poporo Quimbaya exhibited in the Gold Museum in Bogotá, Colombia. Cast using the lost wax technique in tumbaga alloy around 300 CE, the 777 gram golden vessel was used as a ceremonial device for consuming lime while chewing coca leaves during religious ceremonies These Quimbaya ceremonial artifacts include anthropomorphic or (often male) human figure objects, often seated, approximately 10-50cm in height, made as cinerary urns either cast in gold, or clay slab ceramics. Several examples can be found in

2001-457: Is the set of traditions and social behaviors that surround the consumption of coffee , particularly as a social lubricant . The term also refers to the cultural diffusion and adoption of coffee as a widely consumed stimulant. In the late 20th century, espresso became an increasingly dominant drink contributing to coffee culture, particularly in the Western world and other urbanized centers around

2088-465: Is the term used in Colombia and broader South America for an individual who loots graves or tombs for their profession. This occupation was widespread and accepted within the early 19th century where a legal framework was in order that applied ownership to those who discovered the artifacts. This legal framework was in place up until the early 20th century when new laws enforced state ownership and therefore

2175-731: The Andes . The average temperature is between 24 °C (75 °F) in the La Vieja river valley and 16 °C (61 °F) in Salento. With law 61 of 1985, the Colombian Congress adopted the Quindío wax palm tree, Ceroxylon quindiuense , a local endangered species adapted to high altitudes, as the National Tree. As ratified on September 16, 1985, by the then president of Colombia, Belisario Betancur ,

2262-635: The Cauca Department , was annexed to Caldas department. Also, see list of governors of Quindío Department . In order of population: Most of its surface is occupied for the western face of the Cordillera Central . Highest mountain: ( Nevado del Quindío ) 5,150 m (16,896 ft) high. The lowest area is the valley of La Vieja River , 1,100 m (3,609 ft) high. This department consists entirely of mountain landscapes covered in tropical rainforest and Guadua bamboo forests. The ground

2349-495: The Cauca River . There is no clear data about when they were initially established; the current best guess is around the 1st century BCE. The name "quimbaya" has become a traditional generic term to refer to many of the productions and objects found in this geographical area, even if they cannot technically be traced to this same ethnic group and can be dated to different epochs in time. The Quimbaya people reached their zenith during

2436-494: The Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis which is the center of production and export of the highest quality coffee in Colombia. Plantain , cassava , Salentune potato and sugarcane are also cultivated, mostly for sale in local markets. Some of the typical food and drinks are: Quindío department is the main exponent of traditional Cultura Cafetera ( coffee culture ) in the country. There are several events all around

2523-501: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York collection. The stylised figures were often designed portraying a social class and included as offerings in burials in tombs representing the guardians or companions for the deceased. Representative of a distinctive Quimbaya style they have been described as "serenely smiling human beings in a variety of quiescent poses". These include a range of phytomorphic and zoomorphic representations,

2610-664: The Museo de América in Madrid, Spain where they reside currently. They are yet to be returned to Colombia despite a judgment issued on 19 October 2017 by the Colombian Constitutional Court ordering the restitution of the objects of the Quimbaya people under international laws and treaties concerning the cultural property of indigenous peoples. Gold-works are the predominant material composition and finish type for known Quimbaya artifacts, used extensively across categories, including

2697-638: The Nordic countries , strong black coffee is also regularly consumed during or immediately after main meals such as lunch and dinner and several times a day at work or school. In these countries, especially Germany and Sweden, restaurants and cafés will often provide free refills of black coffee, especially if customers purchase a sweet treat or pastry with their drink. In the United States, coffee shops are typically used as meeting spots for business, and are frequented as dating spots for young adults. Coffee has played

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2784-851: The Republic of Venice from Egypt. The first coffeehouse in England was opened in St. Michael's Alley in Cornhill, London . The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée , the servant of Daniel Edwards, a trader in Turkish goods. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses throughout England. In 1658 the Dutch first used them to begin coffee cultivation in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and later in southern India; but abandoned this cultivation to focus on their Javanese plantations in order to avoid lowering

2871-473: The Sam Agustin , Tierradentro , Tumaco , Zenú , and Narino cultures. Even prior to Quimbaya goldsmith prevalence, metal objects played a role in social and class differentiation in the region, signifying the special status of certain individuals and groups in pre-Columbian cultures. The comprehensive archaeological record of unique cultural elements of Quimbaya culture has potentially been compromised by

2958-690: The 15th century, coffee was known to be a beverage used in the Ottoman Empire . Later, in the early 16th century coffee was forbidden by conservative imams but a fatwa by the Grand Mufti Ebussuud Efendi overturned this ban. Also during this period, coffee plants spread from Africa to the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant and Persia. From the Middle East, coffee drinking spread to Italy, then to

3045-528: The 1920s, mostly wealthy people or those with higher socioeconomic status could afford to drink coffee whereas ordinary people were rarely able to afford the drink, which was more expensive than traditional beverages. Yuenyeung (coffee with tea) was invented in Hong Kong in 1936. An American college course entitled "Design of Coffee" is part of the chemical engineering curriculum at University of California, Davis . A research facility devoted to coffee research

3132-571: The 19th century a special coffee house culture developed in Vienna, the Viennese coffee house , which then spread throughout Central Europe . Les Deux Magots in Paris, now a popular tourist attraction, was once associated with the intellectuals Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir . Elements of modern coffeehouses include slow-paced gourmet service, alternative brewing techniques, and inviting decor. In

3219-469: The 4th to 7th century CE period known as The Quimbaya Classic. The culture's most emblematic piece comes from this period, a form of poporo known as the Poporo Quimbaya . It is on exhibit at the Bogotá Gold Museum . The most frequent designs in these art pieces depicted men and women sitting with closed eyes and placid expression. In addition there were many fruits and forms of poporos . Most of

3306-541: The Caribbean. The French territory of Saint-Domingue saw coffee cultivated starting in 1734, and by 1788 supplied half the world's coffee. Coffee had a major influence on the geography of Latin America. For many decades in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Brazil was the biggest producer of coffee and a virtual monopolist in the trade. However, a policy of maintaining high prices soon opened opportunities to other nations, such as Venezuela and Colombia . Worldwide production

3393-712: The Christmas Panther (el puma de navidad) has developed throughout the history of the Quimbayan holiday known as the Alumbrado de Navidad (see Feast of the Immaculate Conception ), celebrated on the 7th of December in recognition of the Roman Catholic belief in the Immaculate Conception of Christ. It is believed that the significance of the puma stems from the arrival of ethnically Spanish colonialists from Antioquia in

3480-582: The Quimbaya Treasure include poporos and other ceremonial vessels, containers, figures, crowns, pendants, necklace beads and pins, bells, musical instruments, nose and ear ornaments. A large part of the original collection was purchased from grave looters in 1891 by then President of the Republic, Carlos Holguín as a gift to Queen Governor of Spain, María Cristina de Habsburgo . These 122 artifacts, mainly gold and funeral, were eventually placed on display at

3567-533: The Quimbaya artifacts, a handful of the stylised animal figures have been misidentified through a lens of pareidolia as ancient portrayals of aircraft. This collection of artifacts are colloquially referred to under the broad term "Quimbaya Artifacts" or more misleadingly as the Tolima 'Jets', the latter name stemming from the 2009 television program Ancient Aliens . The collection included gold-works resembling local Quimbaya animals such as fish, frogs and reptiles, where

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3654-509: The Quimbaya treasure, alluding to the large importance of textile production within the culture so much so it is buried alongside individuals within funerary customs. Significant regional artifact types exist from across comparable pre-Columbian cultures. These demonstrate significant artisan diversity in typology of mediums and materials. The Quimbaya goldsmiths, pottery and ceramic craftspeople were contemporary to rich and distinctive artisan traditions present in neighbouring cultures including

3741-432: The United States, coffee culture is often used to describe the ubiquitous presence of espresso stands and coffee shops in metropolitan areas, along with the spread of massive, international franchises such as Starbucks . Many coffee shops offer access to free wireless internet for customers, encouraging business or personal work at these locations. Coffee culture varies by country, state, and city. In urban centres around

3828-574: The World Latte art championship, World Cup Tasters championship, a Coffee Roasters championship and a Cezve / Ibrik championship. In 2016, Albania surpassed Spain by becoming the country with the most coffeehouses per capita in the world. There are 654 coffeehouses per 100,000 inhabitants in Albania, a country with only 2.5 million inhabitants. This is due to coffeehouses closing down in Spain because of

3915-1448: The area, such as the páramo , and the cloud forest , are decreasing progressively due to agricultural activities. As a result, many of the endemic species are threatened, endangered or critically endangered. Some of them are: [REDACTED]   Amazonas [REDACTED]   Antioquia [REDACTED]   Arauca [REDACTED]   Atlántico [REDACTED]   Bolívar [REDACTED]   Boyacá [REDACTED]   Caldas [REDACTED]   Caquetá [REDACTED]   Casanare [REDACTED]   Cauca [REDACTED]   Cesar [REDACTED]   Chocó [REDACTED]   Córdoba [REDACTED]   Cundinamarca [REDACTED]   Guainía [REDACTED]   Guaviare [REDACTED]   Huila [REDACTED]   La Guajira [REDACTED]   Magdalena [REDACTED]   Meta [REDACTED]   Nariño [REDACTED]   N. Santander [REDACTED]   Putumayo [REDACTED]   Quindío [REDACTED]   Risaralda [REDACTED]   San Andrés [REDACTED]   Santander [REDACTED]   Sucre [REDACTED]   Tolima [REDACTED]   Valle del Cauca [REDACTED]   Vaupés [REDACTED]   Vichada Capital district: [REDACTED]   Bogotá Quimbaya civilization The Quimbaya (/kɪmbaɪa/) were

4002-493: The attractiveness, brightness and durability of its magnificent pieces creating a spectacular vivacity. One of them, very popular, is the famous poporos . This goldsmithing is one of the most important in America given the exquisite beauty of the pieces expressed by very well developed metallurgical methods. Another of the mysteries of the Quimbaya Culture are the Quimbaya artifacts, formerly called " Pájaros del Otún ", since

4089-451: The coffee house and discussed new projects, theories and worldviews. A lot of information was also obtained in the coffee house, because local and foreign newspapers were freely available to all guests. This multicultural atmosphere and culture was largely destroyed by the later National Socialism and Communism and only persisted in individual places that remained in the slipstream of history, such as Vienna or Trieste . Trieste in particular

4176-417: The collection’s origins, being a large funerary deposit that was later looted. Much of the Quimbaya artifacts were created from a combination of pure gold, but also the gold-copper alloy, tumbaga . This alloy gave the gold-works a reddish hue within the final product and allowed further malleability post the casting process. Much of the gold and Tumbaga works of the Quimbaya are believed to have been cast with

4263-522: The counter, as opposed to taking it to-go. Italians serve espresso as the default coffee, do not flavor espresso, and traditionally never drink cappuccinos after 11 a.m. In fact, dairy-based espresso drinks are usually only enjoyed in the morning. A macchiato is an espresso shot with a splash of milk. The oldest cafe in Italy is Caffe Florian in Venice . In terms of coffee consumption, the city of Trieste , once

4350-484: The country with the most coffeehouses per capita in the world. In fact, there are 654 coffeehouses per 100,000 inhabitants in Albania; a country with only 2.5 million inhabitants. Café culture in China has multiplied over the years: Shanghai alone has an estimated 6,500 coffeehouses, including small chains and larger corporations like Starbucks. Additionally, Seoul, South Korea, has a high concentration of coffeehouses. There

4437-439: The economic crisis, whereas Albania had an equal amount of cafés opening and closing. Also, the fact that it is one of the easiest ways to make a living after the fall of communism in Albania, together with the country's Ottoman legacy, further reinforces the strong dominance of the nation's coffee culture. In Esperanto culture , a gufujo (plural gufujoj) is a non-alcoholic, non-smoking, makeshift European-style café that opens in

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4524-577: The empire in northern Italy. In France, coffee consumption is also often viewed as a social activity and exists largely within the café culture. Espresso based drinks, including but not limited to café au lait and caffè crema , are most popular within modern French coffee culture. Notably in Northern Europe , coffee parties are a popular form of entertainment. The host or hostess of the coffee party also serves cake and pastries, which are sometimes homemade. In Germany , Netherlands , Austria , and

4611-484: The evening. Esperanto speakers meet at a specified location, either a rented space or someone's house, and enjoy live music or readings with tea, coffee, pastries, etc. There may be a cash payment required as expected in an actual café. It is a calm atmosphere in direct contrast to the wild parties that other Esperanto speakers might be having elsewhere. Gufujoj were originally intended for people who dislike crowds, loud noise and partying. In Italy , locals drink coffee at

4698-585: The existence of the coffeehouse, banning of women from the houses was quite prevalent. They were banned from visiting them in England however; they often frequented them in parts of Germany. The ban may have been due to the 1674 "Women's Petition Against Coffee" which stated: "The Excessive Use of that Newfangled, Abominable, Heathenish Liquor called COFFEE has Eunucht our Husbands, and Crippled our more kind Gallants, that they are become as Impotent, as Age." Coffee has been important in Austrian and French culture since

4785-496: The fabrication of entirely new fake artifacts that were created in the modern era to resemble those of the past. Partially-faked artifacts are a major concern where heavy restoration makes it difficult to identify fakes. Many genuine artifacts are recovered in a poor state of preservation or have missing elements indicating low intrinsic market value. Restoration and additions can bring old pieces back to life and enable them to command higher prices. Guaquéros (also huaqueoro )

4872-439: The following centuries. At the present time, only a small population of nearly 2000 Amerindians remains in an indigenous reservation near La Tebaida . The first settlement to be founded in the area was Salento in 1842. In the 19th century northern peasants from Antioquia set out to settle in the area and their goal was to stay there permanently in a process known as Colonización antioqueña ( Antioquian Colonisation ). Due to

4959-638: The former was found near the banks of the Otún River in the province of Risaralda. Engravings and petroglyphs of the Quimbayas can be found in the Natural Park of Las Piedras Marcadas, also known as La Marcada. They are located in the path Alto del Toro in the municipality of Dosquebradas Risaralda (Colombia). They are granitic stones of great hardness and onto their surface is carved spirals, stars, constellations, planets and other symbols. Neither their age or meaning

5046-529: The globe. The culture surrounding coffee and coffeehouses dates back to 16th-century Turkey . Coffeehouses in Western Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean were not only social hubs but also artistic and intellectual centres. In the late 17th and 18th centuries, coffeehouses in London became popular meeting places for artists, writers, and socialites , as well as centres for political and commercial activity. In

5133-422: The high probability of many artifacts being well-crafted copies, or entirely new pieces redistributed to museums and private collections under the guise of scientific authenticity. This has also led to some stereotyping of artifact evidence. Critical observations have been made that the term "Quimbaya" has become disassociated from unique cultural elements through intensive artifact trading history, becoming almost

5220-402: The inaccessibility of the territory and the lack of roads, trade and communications were made through mule caravans ( arriería ) or by porters such as the silleros . In 1905, the old Department of Antioquia was partitioned into two, giving rise to the new Department of Caldas , which at the time included the modern department of Risaralda . In 1908 Quindio territory, then in jurisdiction of

5307-605: The international stage. World Coffee Events holds the largest of such events – the World Coffee Championships – in a different location each year. The competition includes the World Barista Championship – a competition that judges Baristas worldwide on drink taste, presentation, technique, and cleanliness – the World Brewer's Cup – a competition that judges coffee brewers on hand-brewed filter coffee –

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5394-721: The late 15th century; the Sufi shaykh Muhammad ibn Sa'id al-Dhabhani, the Mufti of Aden , is known to have imported goods from Ethiopia to Yemen . Yemeni sufis drank coffee to help in concentration when they chanted the name of God. By 1414, the plant was known in Mecca , and in the early 16th century was spreading to the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and North Africa from the Yemeni port of Mokha . During

5481-492: The late 19th and early 20th centuries. Vienna's coffeehouses are prominent in Viennese culture and known internationally, while Paris was instrumental in the development of " café society " in the first half of the 20th century. The Viennese coffee house culture then spread across Central Europe . Scientists and artists met in the special microcosm of the Viennese coffee houses of the Habsburg Empire . The artists, musicians, intellectuals, bon vivants and their financiers met in

5568-444: The law states: "The species commonly known as the Quindío wax palm tree, scientific name Ceroxylon quindiuense, is declared the national tree and symbol of our fatherland. The national government is empowered to buy as much land as needed to create wildlife sanctuaries with the purpose of preserving this national symbol and its natural environment. It is forbidden to cut down the Quindío wax palm tree. The punishment for doing so shall be

5655-405: The lost wax technique, a form of casting that has been found throughout ancient civilisations as early as 4000 BCE. The majority of recovered Quimbaya ceramic artifacts consist of decorated jars and vessels with anthropomorphic features. Additionally there were many ceramic figures portraying particular social classes or individuals. Numerous ceramic spindle whorls have also been found amongst

5742-436: The manufacture of oil for lighting, and in creating textiles, although given the poor geological conditions necessary for their preservation, few examples of textiles have survived. The manufacture of cotton blankets was, in fact, their main industry. As merchants, they exchanged their pieces of metalwork, blankets, textiles and gold, with towns in neighboring regions and beyond. They also produced and traded salt, extracted from

5829-414: The most coffee per capita, with Finland typically occupying the top spot with a per-capita consumption of 12 kg (26 lb) per year, followed by Norway , Iceland , Denmark , The Netherlands , and Sweden . Consumption has vastly increased in recent years in the traditionally tea-drinking United Kingdom , but is still below 5 kg (11 lb) per person per year as of 2005. Turkish coffee

5916-779: The most common figures being birds, insects, fish and bats. Measuring approximately 5 to 7.5 cm in length, there are over 100 of these relics on display in the Museo del Oro ('Gold Museum') in Bogotá, Colombia. Artifacts include necklace beads, stylised figure pendants, nose and ear and other personal body ornaments. Other larger ornaments were used for household and decorative tomb and funeral elements which have been identified as key elements of Quimbaya cultural traditions. A range of other important cultural objects including bowls, jars, bottles and other vessels, musical instruments and bells, have been retrieved from archaeological excavations, as well as helmets and other objects of warfare. In addition to ceremonial figurines and containers,

6003-488: The next life, including food and weapons to make it easier. In the tombs they also buried most of the pre-Columbian gold objects, personal elements of the dead and some other sacred elements. They believed that all bodies would be resurrected. The Quimbaya are famed for their luxurious goldsmith work. They developed metallurgy systems to combine copper with gold that was not abundant in their region. This combination of gold and copper, called " tumbaga ", would not detract from

6090-516: The popular student areas such as Kanda. These kissaten were centralized in estate areas around railway stations with around 200 stores in Shinjuku alone. Globalization made the coffee chain stores start appearing in the 1980s. In 1982, the All Japan Coffee Association stated that there were 162,000 stores in Japan. The import volume doubled from 1970 to 1980 from 89,456 to 194,294 tons. Swedes have fika ( pronounced [ˈfîːka] ) ( back slang of kaffi (coffee, dialectal )), which

6177-436: The port of Austria-Hungary , stands out, because inhabitants from Trieste drink an average of 1500 cups of coffee per year and capita; about twice the average that is drunk elsewhere in Italy. In 1888, the first coffeehouse opened in Japan , known as Kahiichakan, which means a café that provides coffee and tea. In the 1970s, many kissaten (coffee-tea shop) appeared around the Tokyo area such as Shinjuku , Ginza , and in

6264-547: The price by oversupply. Within a few years, the Dutch colonies ( Java in Asia, Suriname in the Americas) had become the main suppliers of coffee to Europe. The Dutch also introduced it to Japan in the 17th century, it remained a curiosity until the lifting of trade restrictions in 1858 (the first European-style coffeehouse opened in Tokyo in 1888). Coffee also came to India from Baba Budan ,

6351-399: The range of artistically stylised figure representations of birds, fish, mammals and reptiles of the region. Gold-work features in poporos and cinerary urns in the shape of high ranking social figures A large amount of the Quimbaya Treasure consists of gold-work decorative personal items such as golden nose rings, necklaces, ear spacers, bracelets and pendants. These items are indicative of

6438-402: The region during the 1850s. The colonialist's Catholic traditions of using candlelight to celebrate the Immaculate Conception was combined with belief of the local Quimbaya tribe in the effect that fire (luces de fogota) had in protecting against panther attacks as pumas and other local fauna are believed to fear fire. Thus, in an instance of religious syncretism , the Alumbrado de Navidad and

6525-431: The region.(the Quimbayan christmas panther is blue with yellow tail). Quindío is the natural habitat of 520 species of birds and about 60 species of mammals. Many of them are endemisms . The area has the largest number of Heliconia species in the world and a large numbers of species of orchids , mainly of the genera Cattleya , Odontoglossum , Miltonia , Phragmipedium and Peristeria . The natural forests typical of

6612-690: The rest of Europe, and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas. Within a year of the Battle of Mohacs (1526) , coffee had reached Vienna by Turks. In Italy, like in most of Europe, coffee arrived in the second half of the 16th century through the commercial routes of the Mediterranean Sea . In 1580 the Venetian botanist and physician Prospero Alpini imported coffee into

6699-499: The retrieved items are part of funeral offerings, which were found inside sarcophagi made of hollow trunks. As a sacred metal, gold pieces represented the passport for the afterlife . Around the 10th century the Quimbaya culture disappeared entirely due to unknown circumstances. Studies of the archeological items point to an advanced cultural development and the political structure of a cacicazgo , with distinct groups dedicated to pottery, religion, trade, gold work and war. Living in

6786-436: The rivers though a technique involving boiling river water using fire and lava. They paid much attention to their funeral practices, and the constructions of Quimbaya tombs bear witness to this affirmation since, in truth, they elaborated an enormous variety of different tombs according to the specifications of each funeral, in which the offerings that would accompany were always included. The deceased carried these on his way to

6873-499: The so called "jets" could be recognised as a form of bird or fish statue. A major reason for the spread of misinformation was due to the Ancient Aliens segment setting out to "prove" the artifacts were rooted in representations of ancient aircraft. The program does many things to further misinformation such as not only labelling the objects as Tolima "jets" but also creating superficial external recreations on remote controlled planes as

6960-544: The strip around visiting or working at coffee shops. Television shows such as NCIS frequently show characters with espresso in hand or distributing to-go cups to other characters. In the television show Friends , the main cast gathers at the fictional coffee shop Central Perk in nearly every episode. Gilmore Girls , a popular show from the early 2000s, depicts the central characters Lorelai Gilmore and her daughter Rory frequently referencing their need for coffee, as well as enjoying coffee at their local diner, Lukes. In

7047-440: The symbolism of the puma to native peoples were linked. It is still a common practice to display the symbol of the panther (in the form of sculptures made of terra cotta , cloth, plastic, etc.) in conjunction with the lighting of candles on the night of December the 7th. Such religious syncretism is especially visible in the rural pueblos of Quindío where many residents claim full or partial descent from Quimbaya native peoples of

7134-480: The temperate tropical climate of the modern Colombian "coffee belt", the Quimbaya people were able to cultivate a wide variety of food products, including corn, cassava, avocados and guava. Hunting provided them with rabbit and deer meat, but remains have also been found of opossums, tapirs, armadillos, foxes and peccaries, among other animals. The Quimbaya people mined and worked gold, and developed advanced metallurgy techniques. Quimbaya technical skill also extended to

7221-448: The world, it is not unusual to see several espresso shops and stands within walking distance of one another, or on opposite corners of the same intersection. The term coffee culture is also used in popular business media to describe the deep impact of the market penetration of coffee-serving establishments. The earliest-grown coffee can be traced from Ethiopia. Evidence of knowledge of the coffee tree and coffee drinking first appeared in

7308-514: The year that attracts a large number of visitors to this region. With the purpose of preserving this cultural expression, the regional government promotes the declaration of Patrimony of Humanity by the UNESCO. Among other events: The Quimbayan Christmas Panther is an indigenous & sacred animal recognized by indigenous and mestizo communities in the Quindío Department of Colombia. Belief in

7395-697: Was a 900% rise in coffee shops between 2006 and 2011, as well as an 1800% rise in national sales during this same time. There is a coffee Expo in Seoul that attracts many buyers and sellers, and continues to promote the growth of coffee within South Korea. In addition to coffee, many cafés also serve tea , sandwiches , pastries , and other light refreshments. Some cafés provide other services, such as wired or wireless internet access (the name, internet café, has carried over to stores that provide internet service without any coffee) for their customers. This has also spread to

7482-599: Was and is an important point of reference in terms of coffee culture, because it is the most important port and processing location for coffee in Central Europe and Italy. In this diverse coffee house culture of the multicultural Habsburg Empire, various types of coffee preparation also developed. This is how the world-famous cappuccino developed from the Viennese Kapuziner coffee via the Italian-speaking parts of

7569-622: Was under development on the UC Davis campus in early 2017. Trieste is the seat of the Universita del Caffe, founded in 1999 by Illy. This competence center was created to spread the culture of quality coffee through training all over the world, to train Barrista and to carry out research and innovation. Coffee culture frequently appears in comics, television, and film in varied ways. The comic strips Adam and Pearls Before Swine frequently centre

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