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98-589: The Apple QuickTake (codenamed Venus , Mars , Neptune ) is one of the first consumer digital camera lines. It was launched in 1994 by Apple Computer and was marketed for three years before being discontinued in 1997. Three models of the product were built including the 100 and 150, both built by Chinon ; and the 200, built by Fujifilm . The QuickTake cameras had a resolution of 640 x 480 pixels maximum (0.3 Mpx). Time magazine profiled QuickTake as "the first consumer digital camera" and ranked it among its "100 greatest and most influential gadgets from 1923 to

196-403: A Bayer filter mosaic, or three separate image sensors (one each for the primary additive colors red, green, and blue) which are exposed to the same image via a beam splitter (see Three-CCD camera ). Multi-shot exposes the sensor to the image in a sequence of three or more openings of the lens aperture . There are several methods of application of the multi-shot technique. The most common

294-419: A collimator (the mirrors in the diagram), such that a virtual image of the test target will be seen infinitely far away by the camera under test. The camera under test senses a real image of the virtual image of the target, and the sensed image is displayed on a monitor. The sensed image, which includes the target, is displayed on a monitor, where it can be measured. Dimensions of the full image display and of

392-584: A serial port , the QuickTake 200 can be plugged directly into the computer using the Apple QuickTake camera software. The QuickTake 100 and 150 store images internally, not on cards, so they must be used with an Apple serial cable and the QuickTake driver software. The 200 model is only officially compatible with the Apple Macintosh for direct connections, while the 100 and 150 model are compatible with both

490-409: A standard 50mm lens for a 35mm film camera; the fixed-focus lens captured a range from 4 feet (1.2 m) to infinity; autoexposure was set by the camera, which controlled both shutter speeds (ranging from 1 ⁄ 30 to 1 ⁄ 175 ) and aperture (from f / 2.8 to f / 16) using a film speed equivalent to ISO 85. The flash has a maximum range of 9 feet (2.7 m). The QuickTake 100

588-466: A 35 mm camera with a lens having a focal length of F = 50 mm . The dimensions of the 35 mm image format are 24 mm (vertically) × 36 mm (horizontal), giving a diagonal of about 43.3 mm. At infinity focus, f = F , the angles of view are: Consider a rectilinear lens in a camera used to photograph an object at a distance S 1 {\displaystyle S_{1}} , and forming an image that just barely fits in

686-476: A 50 mm standard "film" lens even on a professional digital SLR, but would act closer to a 75 mm (1.5×50 mm Nikon) or 80 mm lens (1.6×50mm Canon) on many mid-market DSLRs, and the 40-degree angle of view of a standard 50 mm lens on a film camera is equivalent to a 28–35 mm lens on many digital SLRs. The table below shows the horizontal, vertical and diagonal angles of view, in degrees, when used with 22.2 mm × 14.8 mm format (that

784-413: A Bayer filter on the chip. The third method is called scanning because the sensor moves across the focal plane much like the sensor of an image scanner . The linear or tri-linear sensors in scanning cameras utilize only a single line of photosensors, or three lines for the three colors. Scanning may be accomplished by moving the sensor (for example, when using color co-site sampling ) or by rotating

882-484: A considerable depth up to 100 feet (30 m); others only 10 feet (3 m), but only a few will float. Ruggeds often lack some of the features of ordinary compact camera, but they have video capability and the majority can record sound. Most have image stabilization and built-in flash. Touchscreen LCD and GPS do not work underwater. GoPro and other brands offer action cameras that are rugged, small, and can be easily attached to helmets , arms, bicycles, etc. Most have

980-483: A controlled amount of light to the image, just as with film, but the image pickup device is electronic rather than chemical. However, unlike film cameras, digital cameras can display images on a screen immediately after being recorded, and store and delete images from memory . Many digital cameras can also record moving videos with sound . Some digital cameras can crop and stitch pictures and perform other kinds of image editing . The first semiconductor image sensor

1078-586: A digital SLR based on the Nikon F3 in 1986 and began commercial sales to news photographers in 1991; the DCS 100 used a CCD sensor and stored its images on a tethered hard drive. The Dycam Model 1 was launched in 1991, capturing greyscale images into internal memory; CNN noted the Dycam's possibilities in a 1992 segment, touting its advantages over conventional film-based cameras. In 1992, Apple Computer started marketing plans for

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1176-466: A digital camera codenamed Venus . At the time over $ 12 billion was spent annually in the United States on photography . Apple searched for a company to design and manufacture their QuickTake digital camera line. During this time, Apple entered into a set of non-disclosure agreements with Kodak to share its proprietary digital camera architecture and cooperate in its further development; Kodak contributed

1274-429: A digital camera is often limited by the image sensor that turns light into discrete signals. The brighter the image at a given point on the sensor, the larger the value that is read for that pixel. Depending on the physical structure of the sensor, a color filter array may be used, which requires demosaicing to recreate a full-color image . The number of pixels in the sensor determines the camera's " pixel count ". In

1372-584: A frame of 35 mm film. Common values for field of view crop in DSLRs using active pixel sensors include 1.3x for some Canon (APS-H) sensors, 1.5x for Sony APS-C sensors used by Nikon, Pentax and Konica Minolta and for Fujifilm sensors, 1.6 (APS-C) for most Canon sensors, ~1.7x for Sigma 's Foveon sensors and 2x for Kodak and Panasonic 4/3-inch sensors currently used by Olympus and Panasonic. Crop factors for non-SLR consumer compact and bridge cameras are larger, frequently 4x or more. The resolution of

1470-403: A full array of RGB image data. Cameras that use a beam-splitter single-shot 3CCD approach, three-filter multi-shot approach, color co-site sampling or Foveon X3 sensor do not use anti-aliasing filters, nor demosaicing. Firmware in the camera, or a software in a raw converter program such as Adobe Camera Raw , interprets the raw data from the sensor to obtain a full-color image, because

1568-424: A given subject magnification (and thus different camera–subject distances), longer lenses appear to compress distance; wider lenses appear to expand the distance between objects. Another result of using a wide angle lens is a greater apparent perspective distortion when the camera is not aligned perpendicularly to the subject: parallel lines converge at the same rate as with a normal lens , but converge more due to

1666-409: A horizontal or a vertical FOV, depending on how the target and image are measured. Lenses are often referred to by terms that express their angle of view: Zoom lenses are a special case wherein the focal length, and hence angle of view, of the lens can be altered mechanically without removing the lens from the camera. For a given camera–subject distance, longer lenses magnify the subject more. For

1764-484: A larger sensor including, at the high end, a pricey full-frame sensor compact camera, such as Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1 , but have capability near that of a DSLR. A variety of additional features are available depending on the model of the camera. Such features include GPS , compass, barometers and altimeters . Starting in 2010, some compact digital cameras can take 3D still photos. These 3D compact stereo cameras can capture 3D panoramic photos with dual lens or even

1862-401: A much higher cost. Autofocus systems in compact digital cameras generally are based on a contrast-detection methodology using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager. Some compact digital cameras use a hybrid autofocus system similar to what is commonly available on DSLRs. Typically, compact digital cameras incorporate a nearly silent leaf shutter into the lens but play

1960-405: A narrower angle of view than with 35 mm film, by a constant factor for each sensor (called the crop factor ). In everyday digital cameras, the crop factor can range from around 1 (professional digital SLRs ), to 1.6 (consumer SLR), to 2 ( Micro Four Thirds ILC) to 6 (most compact cameras ). So a standard 50 mm lens for 35 mm photography acts like a 50 mm standard "film" lens on

2058-488: A photo affects the quality of the image, as high ISO settings equate to an image that is less sharp due to the increased amount of noise allowed into the image, along with too little noise, which can also produce an image that is not sharp. Since the first digital backs were introduced, there have been three main methods of capturing the image, each based on the hardware configuration of the sensor and color filters. Single-shot capture systems use either one sensor chip with

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2156-414: A professional digital SLR, but would act closer to an 80 mm lens (1.6×50mm) on many mid-market DSLRs, and the 40-degree angle of view of a standard 50 mm lens on a film camera is equivalent to an 80 mm lens on many digital SLRs. For lenses projecting rectilinear (non-spatially-distorted) images of distant objects, the effective focal length and the image format dimensions completely define

2254-412: A refresh rate of 30 Hz. In addition, the 200 added focus and aperture controls; apertures were now user-selectable, and although the lens was still a fixed-focus lens, three separate focus modes could be selected: close-up, 3.5 to 5 in (8.9 to 12.7 cm); portrait, 17 to 35 in (43 to 89 cm); and standard, 3 ft (0.91 m) to infinity. Although the QuickTake models sold well in

2352-416: A retractable lens assembly that provides optical zoom. In most models, an auto-actuating lens cover protects the lens from elements. Most ruggedized or water-resistant models do not retract, and most with superzoom capability do not retract fully. Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy to use . Almost all include an automatic mode, or "auto mode", which automatically makes all camera settings for

2450-504: A sharp image of distant objects, S 2 {\displaystyle S_{2}} needs to be equal to the focal length , F {\displaystyle F} , which is attained by setting the lens for infinity focus . Then the angle of view is given by: α = 2 arctan ⁡ d 2 f {\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {d}{2f}}} where f = F {\displaystyle f=F} . Note that

2548-407: A simulated camera sound for skeuomorphic purposes. For low cost and small size, these cameras typically use image sensor formats with a diagonal between 6 and 11 mm, corresponding to a crop factor between 7 and 4. This gives them weaker low-light performance, greater depth of field , generally closer focusing ability, and smaller components than cameras using larger sensors. Some cameras use

2646-548: A single lens for playback on a 3D TV . In 2013, Sony released two add-on camera models without display, to be used with a smartphone or tablet, controlled by a mobile application via WiFi. Rugged compact cameras typically include protection against submersion, hot and cold conditions, shock, and pressure. Terms used to describe such properties include waterproof, freeze-proof, heatproof, shockproof, and crushproof, respectively. Nearly all major camera manufacturers have at least one product in this category. Some are waterproof to

2744-407: A smaller sensor is used, as in most digicams, the field of view is cropped by the sensor to smaller than the 35 mm full-frame format's field of view. This narrowing of the field of view may be described as crop factor, a factor by which a longer focal length lens would be needed to get the same field of view on a 35 mm film camera. Full-frame digital SLRs utilize a sensor of the same size as

2842-443: A typical sensor, the pixel count is the product of the number of rows and the number of columns. Pixels are square and is often equal to 1 , for example, a 1,000 by 1,000-pixel sensor would have 1,000,000 pixels, or 1 megapixel . On full-frame sensors (i.e., 24 mm 36 mm), some cameras propose images with 20–25 million pixels that were captured by 7.5–m photosites , or a surface that is 50 times larger.   Digital cameras come in

2940-590: A wide angle and fixed focus and can take still pictures and video, typically with sound. The 360-degree camera can take picture or video 360 degrees using two lenses back-to-back and shooting at the same time. Some of the cameras are Ricoh Theta S, Nikon Keymission 360 and Samsung Gear 360. Nico360 was launched in 2016 and claimed as the world's smallest 360-degree camera with size 46 x 46 x 28 mm (1.8 x 1.8 x 1.1 in) and price less than $ 200. With virtual reality mode built-in stitching, Wifi, and Bluetooth, live streaming can be done. Due to it also being water resistant,

3038-442: A wide range of sizes, prices, and capabilities. In addition to general-purpose digital cameras, specialized cameras including multispectral imaging equipment and astrographs are used for scientific, military, medical, and other special purposes. Compact cameras are intended to be portable (pocketable) and are particularly suitable for casual " snapshots ". Point-and-shoot cameras usually fall under this category. Many incorporate

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3136-476: Is a factor of multiple systems throughout the DSLR camera by its ISO , resolution, lens, and the lens settings, the environment of the image, and its post-processing. Images have a possibility of being too sharp, but they can never be too in focus. A digital camera resolution is determined by a digital sensor. The digital sensor indicates a high level of sharpness can be produced through the amount of noise and grain that

3234-573: Is a lens where the aperture appears to have different dimensions when viewed from the front and from the back). The lens asymmetry causes an offset between the nodal plane and pupil positions. The effect can be quantified using the ratio ( P ) between apparent exit pupil diameter and entrance pupil diameter. The full formula for angle of view now becomes: α = 2 arctan ⁡ d 2 F ⋅ ( 1 + m / P ) {\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {d}{2F\cdot (1+m/P)}}} In

3332-436: Is almost always used to frame the photo on an integrated LCD. In addition to being able to take still photographs almost all compact cameras have the ability to record video . Compacts often have macro capability and zoom lenses , but the zoom range (up to 30x) is generally enough for candid photography but less than is available on bridge cameras (more than 60x), or the interchangeable lenses of DSLR cameras available at

3430-397: Is nearly equal to the stated focal length of the lens ( F ), except in macro photography where the lens-to-object distance is comparable to the focal length. In this case, the magnification factor ( m ) must be taken into account: f = F ⋅ ( 1 + m ) {\displaystyle f=F\cdot (1+m)} (In photography m {\displaystyle m}

3528-781: Is the angle between the optical axis of the lens and the ray joining its optical center to the edge of the film. Here α {\displaystyle \alpha } is defined to be the angle-of-view, since it is the angle enclosing the largest object whose image can fit on the film. We want to find the relationship between: Using basic trigonometry, we find: tan ⁡ ( α / 2 ) = d / 2 S 2 . {\displaystyle \tan(\alpha /2)={\frac {d/2}{S_{2}}}.} which we can solve for α , giving: α = 2 arctan ⁡ d 2 S 2 {\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {d}{2S_{2}}}} To project

3626-490: Is the focal length of collimator. The total field of view is then approximately: F O V = α D d {\displaystyle \mathrm {FOV} =\alpha {\frac {D}{d}}} or more precisely, if the imaging system is rectilinear : F O V = 2 arctan ⁡ L D 2 f c d {\displaystyle \mathrm {FOV} =2\arctan {\frac {LD}{2f_{c}d}}} This calculation could be

3724-421: Is tolerated through the lens of the camera. Resolution within the field of digital stills and digital movies is indicated through the camera's ability to determine detail based on the distance, which is then measured by frame size, pixel type, number, and organization. Although some DSLR cameras have limited resolutions, it is almost impossible to not have the proper sharpness for an image. The ISO choice when taking

3822-419: Is usually defined to be positive, despite the inverted image.) For example, with a magnification ratio of 1:2, we find f = 1.5 ⋅ F {\displaystyle f=1.5\cdot F} and thus the angle of view is reduced by 33% compared to focusing on a distant object with the same lens. Angle of view can also be determined using FOV tables or paper or software lens calculators. Consider

3920-499: The Landsat 1 satellite's multispectral scanner (MSS) started taking digital images of Earth. The MSS, designed by Virginia Norwood at Hughes Aircraft Company starting in 1969, captured and transmitted image data from green, red, and two infrared bands with 6 bits per channel, using a mechanical rocking mirror and an array of 24 detectors. Operating for six years, it transmitted more than 300,000 digital photographs of Earth while orbiting

4018-620: The Newton line of products, the LaserWriter printer line, and the QuickTake cameras. The Apple QuickTake camera has since become a collector's item for Apple enthusiasts. The QuickTake name was later reused by Apple in iPhones released since 2018 as a feature in its camera app that allows videos to be recorded without switching out of still camera mode. The QuickTake 200 can be used with card-readers that can read 5V media cards. For users with an Apple Macintosh running System 7 up to Mac OS 9 with

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4116-545: The RGB color model requires three intensity values for each pixel: one each for the red, green, and blue (other color models, when used, also require three or more values per pixel). A single sensor element cannot simultaneously record these three intensities, so a color filter array (CFA) must be used to selectively filter a particular color for each pixel. The Bayer filter pattern is a repeating 2x2 mosaic pattern of light filters, with green ones at opposite corners and red and blue in

4214-424: The angular extent of a given scene that is imaged by a camera . It is used interchangeably with the more general term field of view . It is important to distinguish the angle of view from the angle of coverage , which describes the angle range that a lens can image. Typically the image circle produced by a lens is large enough to cover the film or sensor completely, possibly including some vignetting toward

4312-410: The image sensor that turns light into discrete signals. The brighter the image at a given point on the sensor, the larger the value that is read for that pixel. Depending on the physical structure of the sensor, a color filter array may be used, which requires demosaicing to recreate a full-color image . The number of pixels in the sensor determines the camera's " pixel count ". In a typical sensor,

4410-683: The thin lens formula , 1 F = 1 S 1 + 1 S 2 . {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{F}}={\frac {1}{S_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{S_{2}}}.} From the definition of magnification , m = S 2 / S 1 {\displaystyle m=S_{2}/S_{1}} , we can substitute S 1 {\displaystyle S_{1}} and with some algebra find: S 2 = F ⋅ ( 1 + m ) {\displaystyle S_{2}=F\cdot (1+m)} Defining f = S 2 {\displaystyle f=S_{2}} as

4508-530: The "Still Video Floppy", or "SVF". The Canon RC-701, introduced in May 1986, was the first SVF camera (and the first electronic SLR camera) sold in the US. It employed an SLR viewfinder, included a 2/3" format color CCD sensor with 380K pixels, and was sold along with a removable 11-66mm and 50-150mm zoom lens.   Over the next few years, many other companies began selling SVF cameras. These analog electronic cameras included

4606-422: The "effective focal length", we get the formula presented above: α = 2 arctan ⁡ d 2 f {\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {d}{2f}}} where f = F ⋅ ( 1 + m ) {\displaystyle f=F\cdot (1+m)} . A second effect which comes into play in macro photography is lens asymmetry (an asymmetric lens

4704-638: The Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows . Because the QuickTake 200 is almost identical to the Fuji DS-7 or to Samsung's Kenox SSC-350N, Fuji's software for that camera can be used to gain Windows compatibility for the QuickTake 200. Some other software replacements also exist as well as using an external reader for the removable media of the QuickTake 200. QuickTake cameras cannot be directly connected to Macintoshes running Mac OS X as these machines do not support

4802-500: The CCD sensor to the final design. Later, Chinon was added as the manufacturing/assembly partner, also responsible for the design of the optics and basic electronics. By October 1993, rumors of Venus and its capabilities had publicly tied Kodak, Apple, and Chinon together; the cost was anticipated to be relatively low compared to existing digital cameras. The QuickTake 100 was first shown at Tokyo MacWorld on February 17, 1994, exhibited for

4900-625: The FUJIX DS-X, the first fully digital camera to be commercially released. In 1996, Toshiba 's 40 MB flash memory card was adopted for several digital cameras. The first commercial camera phone was the Kyocera Visual Phone VP-210, released in Japan in May 1999. It was called a "mobile videophone" at the time, and had a 110,000- pixel front-facing camera . It stored up to 20 JPEG digital images , which could be sent over e-mail, or

4998-479: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory was thinking about how to use a mosaic photosensor to capture digital images. His idea was to take pictures of the planets and stars while travelling through space to give information about the astronauts' position. As with Texas Instruments employee Willis Adcock's filmless camera (US patent 4,057,830) in 1972, the technology had yet to catch up with the concept. In 1972,

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5096-463: The Nico360 can be used as action camera. There are tend that action cameras have capabilities to shoot 360 degrees with at least 4K resolution. Bridge cameras physically resemble DSLRs, and are sometimes called DSLR-shape or DSLR-like. They provide some similar features but, like compacts, they use a fixed lens and a small sensor. Some compact cameras have also PSAM mode. Most use live preview to frame

5194-602: The Nikon QV-1000C, which had an SLR viewfinder and a 2/3" format monochrome CCD sensor with 380K pixels and recorded analog black-and-white images on a Still Video Floppy. At Photokina 1988, Fujifilm introduced the FUJIX DS-1P, the first fully digital camera, which recorded digital images using a semiconductor memory card . The camera's memory card had a capacity of 2 MB of SRAM (static random-access memory) and could hold up to ten photographs. In 1989, Fujifilm released

5292-564: The Pro Mavica recorded its still frames on a proprietary floppy disk . By the late 1980s, the technologies were beginning to converge and mature; Fujifilm showed the DS-1P, a still video camera that stored its images in solid-state memory instead of a floppy, at Photokina 1988 and developed the technologies into the Fuji DS-X, which was first sold in 1989. Kodak introduced a prototype of its DCS 100 ,

5390-452: The QuickTake 150 in April 1995, replacing the 100. The 150 uses the same hardware as the 100, and the improved compression enabled the QuickTake 150 to capture 16 best-quality or 32 standard-quality images, with either quality level now stored at the full resolution of 640×480 in the 1MB of built-in storage. At the same time, Kodak introduced its DC40 , which used a similar design and hardware as

5488-486: The QuickTake 150, but captured images at an increased resolution to a larger internal storage. The QuickTake 150 sensor was the same as used in the DC40, but masked to a lower resolution; the DC40 used the entire sensor instead. The QuickTake 150 kit also included PhotoFlash software (for Macintosh) or PhotoNow! (for Windows) and a separate close-up lens that changed the focus range to 10 to 14 inches (25 to 36 cm) and diffused

5586-487: The angle of view varies slightly when the focus is not at infinity (See breathing (lens) ), given by S 2 = S 1 f S 1 − f {\displaystyle S_{2}={\frac {S_{1}f}{S_{1}-f}}} rearranging the lens equation. For macro photography, we cannot neglect the difference between S 2 {\displaystyle S_{2}} and F {\displaystyle F} . From

5684-402: The angle of view. Calculations for lenses producing non-rectilinear images are much more complex and in the end not very useful in most practical applications. (In the case of a lens with distortion, e.g., a fisheye lens , a longer lens with distortion can have a wider angle of view than a shorter lens with low distortion) Angle of view may be measured horizontally (from the left to right edge of

5782-416: The beginning of the 21st century made single-shot cameras almost completely dominant, even in high-end commercial photography. Most current consumer digital cameras use a Bayer filter mosaic in combination with an optical anti-aliasing filter to reduce the aliasing due to the reduced sampling of the different primary-color images. A demosaicing algorithm is used to interpolate color information to create

5880-486: The bundled software and serial cable were specific to the host computer's operating system, but the camera hardware itself was identical. The Windows version of the QuickTake 100 was released by December 1994. The CCD sensor was claimed to be derived from the sensor fitted to the Kodak DCS 100. The camera had a built-in flash, but no focus or zoom controls, as the fixed- focal length lens had an equivalent angle of view as

5978-504: The camera used a silicon diode vidicon tube detector, which was cooled using dry ice to reduce dark current, allowing exposure times of up to one hour.    The Cromemco Cyclops was an all-digital camera introduced as a commercial product in 1975. Its design was published as a hobbyist construction project in the February 1975 issue of Popular Electronics magazine. It used a 32×32 metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) image sensor, which

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6076-452: The camera, its FOV, is this angular extent of the target times the ratio of full image size to target image size. The target's angular extent is: α = 2 arctan ⁡ L 2 f c {\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {L}{2f_{c}}}} where L {\displaystyle L} is the dimension of the target and f c {\displaystyle f_{c}}

6174-425: The dimension, d {\displaystyle d} , of the frame (the film or image sensor ). Treat the lens as if it were a pinhole at distance S 2 {\displaystyle S_{2}} from the image plane (technically, the center of perspective of a rectilinear lens is at the center of its entrance pupil ): Now α / 2 {\displaystyle \alpha /2}

6272-404: The edge. If the angle of coverage of the lens does not fill the sensor, the image circle will be visible, typically with strong vignetting toward the edge, and the effective angle of view will be limited to the angle of coverage. A camera's angle of view depends not only on the lens, but also on the sensor. Digital sensors are usually smaller than 35 mm film , and this causes the lens to have

6370-404: The education and small business markets, other companies such as Kodak , Fujifilm , Canon , and Nikon shortly thereafter entered the digital market with brands that consumers associated with photography. The QuickTake line was discontinued in 1997 shortly after Steve Jobs came back to Apple. In an attempt to streamline Apple's operations, Jobs discontinued many non-computer products, including

6468-587: The first time in America at the Photo Marketing Association trade show, and released for sale on June 20 of that year. The initial list price was US$ 749 (equivalent to $ 1,540 in 2023). It was one of the first digital cameras marketed to consumers, emphasizing ease of use. It received a Product Design Award in 1995, and early reviews were enthusiastic about the industrial design and ease of use. Two separate models (for Macintosh or Windows) were sold;

6566-450: The flash appropriately. Apple also offered several different accessories for the QuickTake 150, including a travel case, AC adapter, battery booster pack (using 8×AA batteries), and a connection kit for Microsoft Windows . The last QuickTake model was the Fujifilm -built QuickTake 200, released in 1996. The QuickTake 200 was a still video camera which captured images at 640×480 resolution. It

6664-420: The formula above). Digital compact cameras sometimes state the focal lengths of their lenses in 35 mm equivalents, which can be used in this table. For comparison, the human visual system perceives an angle of view of about 140° by 80°. As noted above, a camera's angle level of view depends not only on the lens, but also on the sensor used. Digital sensors are usually smaller than 35 mm film, causing

6762-539: The frame), vertically (from the top to bottom of the frame), or diagonally (from one corner of the frame to its opposite corner). For a lens projecting a rectilinear image (focused at infinity, see derivation ), the angle of view ( α ) can be calculated from the chosen dimension ( d ), and effective focal length ( f ) as follows: α = 2 arctan ⁡ d 2 f {\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {d}{2f}}} d {\displaystyle d} represents

6860-503: The image. Their usual autofocus is by the same contrast-detect mechanism as compacts, but many bridge cameras have a manual focus mode and some have a separate focus ring for greater control. The big physical size and small sensor allow superzoom and wide aperture. Bridge cameras generally include an image stabilization system to enable longer handheld exposures, sometimes better than DSLR for low light conditions. Angle of view In photography , angle of view ( AOV ) describes

6958-447: The lens focal length or sensor size is not known (that is, when the calculation above is not immediately applicable). Although this is one typical method that the optics industry uses to measure the FOV, there exist many other possible methods. UV/visible light from an integrating sphere (and/or other source such as a black body ) is focused onto a square test target at the focal plane of

7056-426: The lens to usually behave as a longer focal length lens would behave, and have a narrower angle of view than with 35 mm film, by a constant factor for each sensor (called the crop factor ). In everyday digital cameras, the crop factor can range from around 1 (professional digital SLRs ), to 1.6 (mid-market SLRs), to around 3 to 6 for compact cameras . So a standard 50 mm lens for 35 mm photography acts like

7154-493: The mid-1970s, when Steve Sasson built a toaster-sized experimental model that recorded data to a cassette tape; the first digital photograph was captured at a resolution of 100 pixels square in December 1975. However, the first electronic still cameras to be marketed were shown as early as 1981, when Sony demonstrated the prototype Pro Mavica . These early filmless cameras recorded still video frames instead of creating digital files;

7252-412: The number of remaining photos in free space, postponing the exhaustion of space storage, which is of use where no further data storage device is available and for captures of lower significance, where the benefit from less space storage consumption outweighs the disadvantage from reduced detail. An image's sharpness is presented through the crisp detail, defined lines, and its depicted contrast. Sharpness

7350-504: The old Apple Serial protocol, but image files in the QTK format can still be decoded on modern operating systems using the open source program dcraw or the OS X application GraphicConverter . Digital camera Digital and digital movie cameras share an optical system, typically using a lens with a variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image pickup device. The diaphragm and shutter admit

7448-448: The optical instrumentation industry the term field of view (FOV) is most often used, though the measurements are still expressed as angles. Optical tests are commonly used for measuring the FOV of UV , visible , and infrared (wavelengths about 0.1–20 μm in the electromagnetic spectrum ) sensors and cameras. The purpose of this test is to measure the horizontal and vertical FOV of a lens and sensor used in an imaging system, when

7546-513: The other two positions. The high proportion of green takes advantage of the properties of the human visual system, which determines brightness mostly from green and is far more sensitive to brightness than to hue or saturation. Sometimes a 4-color filter pattern is used, often involving two different hues of green. This provides potentially more accurate color, but requires a slightly more complicated interpolation process. The color intensity values not captured for each pixel can be interpolated from

7644-503: The phone could send up to two images per second over Japan's Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) cellular network . The Samsung SCH-V200, released in South Korea in June 2000, was also one of the first phones with a built-in camera. It had a TFT liquid-crystal display (LCD) and stored up to 20 digital photos at 350,000-pixel resolution. However, it could not send the resulting image over

7742-435: The pixel count is the product of the number of rows and the number of columns. For example, a 1,000 by 1,000-pixel sensor would have 1,000,000 pixels, or 1 megapixel . Firmwares' resolution selector allows the user to optionally lower the resolution to reduce the file size per picture and extend lossless digital zooming . The bottom resolution option is typically 640×480 pixels (0.3 megapixels). A lower resolution extends

7840-403: The pixels, while each pixel in a CMOS active-pixel sensor has its own amplifier. Compared to CCDs, CMOS sensors use less power. Cameras with a small sensor use a back-side-illuminated CMOS (BSI-CMOS) sensor. The image processing capabilities of the camera determine the outcome of the final image quality much more than the sensor type. The resolution of a digital camera is often limited by

7938-444: The planet about 14 times per day. Also in 1972, Thomas McCord from MIT and James Westphal from Caltech together developed a digital camera for use with telescopes . Their 1972 "photometer-digitizer system " used an analog-to-digital converter and a digital frame memory to store 256 x 256-pixel images of planets and stars, which were then recorded on digital magnetic tape.  CCD sensors were not yet commercially available, and

8036-416: The portion of the image that is the target are determined by inspection (measurements are typically in pixels, but can just as well be inches or cm). The collimator's distant virtual image of the target subtends a certain angle, referred to as the angular extent of the target, that depends on the collimator focal length and the target size. Assuming the sensed image includes the whole target, the angle seen by

8134-529: The present" list. Although the greyscale Dycam Model 1 (also marketed as the Logitech FotoMan) was the first consumer digital camera to be sold in the US (starting in November 1990) and at least one other camera, the Fuji DS-X, was sold in Japan even earlier, in late 1989, the QuickTake was probably the first digicam to have wide consumer acceptance. Kodak had been developing CCD -based digital cameras since

8232-669: The size of a subject, changing the angle of view can indirectly distort perspective, changing the apparent relative size of the subject and foreground. If the subject image size remains the same, then at any given aperture all lenses, wide angle and long lenses, will give the same depth of field . An example of how lens choice affects angle of view. This table shows the diagonal, horizontal, and vertical angles of view, in degrees, for lenses producing rectilinear images, when used with 36 mm × 24 mm format (that is, 135 film or full-frame 35 mm digital using width 36 mm, height 24 mm, and diagonal 43.3 mm for d in

8330-413: The size of the film (or sensor) in the direction measured (see below: sensor effects ) . For example, for 35 mm film which is 36 mm wide and 24 mm high, d = 36 m m {\displaystyle d=36\,\mathrm {mm} } would be used to obtain the horizontal angle of view and d = 24 m m {\displaystyle d=24\,\mathrm {mm} } for

8428-574: The telephone function but required a computer connection to access photos. The first mass-market camera phone was the J-SH04 , a Sharp J-Phone model sold in Japan in November 2000. It could instantly transmit pictures via cell phone telecommunication. By the mid-2000s, higher-end cell phones had an integrated digital camera, and by the early 2010s, almost all smartphones had an integrated digital camera. The two major types of digital image sensors are CCD and CMOS. A CCD sensor has one amplifier for all

8526-418: The user. Some also have manual controls. Compact digital cameras typically contain a small sensor that trades-off picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression (JPEG). Most have a built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. A few high-end compact digital cameras have a hotshoe for connecting to an external flash. Live preview

8624-421: The values of adjacent pixels which represent the color being calculated. Cameras with digital image sensors that are smaller than the typical 35 mm film size have a smaller field or angle of view when used with a lens of the same focal length . This is because the angle of view is a function of both focal length and the sensor or film size used. The crop factor is relative to the 35mm film format . If

8722-491: The vertical angle. Because this is a trigonometric function, the angle of view does not vary quite linearly with the reciprocal of the focal length. However, except for wide-angle lenses, it is reasonable to approximate α ≈ d f {\displaystyle \alpha \approx {\frac {d}{f}}} radians or 180 d π f {\displaystyle {\frac {180d}{\pi f}}} degrees. The effective focal length

8820-636: The whole camera. A digital rotating line camera offers images consisting of a total resolution that is very high. The choice of method for a given capture is determined largely by the subject matter. It is usually inappropriate to attempt to capture a subject that moves with anything but a single-shot system. However, the higher color fidelity and larger file sizes and resolutions that are available with multi-shot and scanning backs make them more attractive for commercial photographers who are working with stationary subjects and large-format photographs. Improvements in single-shot cameras and image file processing at

8918-402: The wider total field. For example, buildings appear to be falling backwards much more severely when the camera is pointed upward from ground level than they would if photographed with a normal lens at the same distance from the subject, because more of the subject building is visible in the wide-angle shot. Because different lenses generally require a different camera–subject distance to preserve

9016-436: Was a modified MOS dynamic RAM ( DRAM ) memory chip . Steven Sasson , an engineer at Eastman Kodak , built a self-contained electronic camera that used a monochrome Fairchild CCD image sensor in 1975. Around the same time, Fujifilm began developing CCD technology in the 1970s. Early uses were mainly military and scientific, followed by medical and news applications. The first filmless SLR (single lens reflex) camera

9114-453: Was bundled with a 2MB SmartMedia flashRAM card (SSFDC), and an Apple-branded 4MB card was available as a separate accessory purchase; using the 2MB card, up to 20 (high-quality) or 40 (standard-quality) images could be captured. Compared to the prior Kodak/Chinon-based models, the most noticeable change for the QuickTake 200 was an 1.8 in (46 mm) color LCD screen on the rear panel to preview stored photographs. The screen updated with

9212-409: Was capable of storing eight photos at 640×480 resolution, 32 photos at 320×240 resolution, or a mixture of both sizes. All photos were stored at 24-bit color. There was no way to preview them on the camera, nor was there any way to delete individual photos from the camera (though there was a recessed 'trash' button which would delete the entire contents of the camera). The bundled Apple QuickTake software

9310-453: Was originally to use a single image sensor with three filters passed in front of the sensor in sequence to obtain the additive color information. Another multiple-shot method is called microscanning . This method uses a single sensor chip with a Bayer filter and physically moves the sensor on the focus plane of the lens to construct a higher resolution image than the native resolution of the chip. A third version combines these two methods without

9408-464: Was publicly demonstrated by Sony in August 1981. The Sony "Mavica" (magnetic still video camera ) used a color-striped 2/3" format CCD sensor with 280K pixels, along with analogue video signal processing and recording. The Mavica electronic still camera recorded FM-modulated analog video signals on a newly developed 2" magnetic floppy disk, dubbed the "Mavipak". The disk format was later standardized as

9506-543: Was the charge-coupled device (CCD), invented by Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith at Bell Labs in 1969, based on MOS capacitor technology. The NMOS active-pixel sensor was later invented by Tsutomu Nakamura 's team at Olympus in 1985, which led to the development of the CMOS active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor) at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1993. In the 1960s, Eugene F. Lally of

9604-431: Was used to retrieve photographs from the camera's internal memory, providing basic editing tools (rotating, resizing, and cropping) and allowing the user to select a file format and color bit depth for export. Apple offered a factory upgrade to the QuickTake 100 changing the name to the QuickTake 100 Plus, which included all the functionality of the QuickTake 150. Apple improved the file compression technology and released

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