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55-525: Formerly the Quai de Javel , after the town of Javel formerly on the site (this developed in 1485 out of the village of Javetz and its small port and boat yard), it was renamed in honour of the car manufacturer André Citroën (1878–1935). The Citroën factories operated there between 1915 and 1974 (on what is now the Parc André Citroën ). The quay's axis is largely north-east to south-west. It continues in

110-466: A synthetic ( liquide hydraulique synthétique , LHS). Both had the disadvantage of being hygroscopic . Disuse allows water to enter the hydraulic components, causing deterioration and requiring expensive maintenance. The difficulty with hygroscopic hydraulic fluid was exacerbated in the DS/ID due to the extreme rise and fall in the fluid level in the reservoir, which went from nearly full to nearly empty when

165-572: A France still deep in reconstruction after the devastation of World War II, and also building its identity in the post-colonial world, the DS was a symbol of French ingenuity. The DS was distributed to many territories throughout the world. It also posited the nation's relevance in the Space Age , during the global race for technology of the Cold War . Structuralist philosopher Roland Barthes , in an essay about

220-419: A car as early as 1902 by British Lanchester , volume production had not been applied until 1949, by USA small car manufacturer Crosley , but without success. The Citroën DS was the first successful fielding of disc brakes on a mass-produced car. Furthermore, at launch the DS featured innovative centerlock wheels which used a captive allen bolt as the central fastener whilst a hexagonal protrusion transferred

275-448: A chemical factory founded in 1777, Claude Louis Berthollet studied and produced a disinfectant with a sodium hypochlorite base (bleach), which is known today in French as eau de Javel (literally: "Water from Javel"). Later, other industrial plants were set up in the neighborhood, including that of André Citroën in 1915. The factory was originally a munitions factory designed to support

330-495: A large, expensive executive car and a downward brand extension was attempted, but without result. Throughout the late 1950s and 1960s, Citroën developed many new vehicles for the very large, profitable market segments between the 2CV and the DS, occupied by vehicles like the Peugeot 403 , Renault 16 and Ford Cortina , but none made it into production. Either they had uneconomic build costs, or were ordinary "me too" cars, not up to

385-456: A less expensive variant, the Citroën ID , the DS was known for its aerodynamic, futuristic body design; unorthodox, quirky, and innovative technology, and set new standards in ride quality , handling , and braking, thanks to both being the first mass production car equipped with hydropneumatic suspension , as well as disc brakes . The 1967 series 3 also introduced directional headlights to

440-578: A mass-produced car. Italian sculptor and industrial designer Flaminio Bertoni and the French aeronautical engineer André Lefèbvre styled and engineered the car, and Paul Magès developed the hydropneumatic self-levelling suspension . Robert Opron designed the 1967 Series 3 facelift. Citroën built 1,455,746 examples in six countries, of which 1,330,755 were manufactured at Citroën's main Paris Quai de Javel (now Quai André-Citroën ) production plant. In combination with Citroën's proven front-wheel drive,

495-564: A school, a day care, housing, and a public park are in the process of being created while preserving the memory of the site and its architectural heritage. The headquarters of the Imprimerie nationale , formerly at Rue de la Convention, closed in 2005. The site is now occupied by various offices of the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs . The following sites are found within the Javel neighborhood:

550-653: A wide market gap to the DS range all through the 1960s. In 1970, Citroën finally introduced a car to target the mid-range – the Citroën GS , which won the "European car of the Year" for 1971 and sold 2.5 million units. It combined a small 41 kW (55 hp) flat-4 air-cooled engine with Hydropneumatic suspension . The intended 79 kW (106 hp) Wankel rotary-engined version with more power did not reach full production. The DS maintained sales and remained competitive throughout its production run. Its peak production year

605-399: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Javel, Paris Javel ( French pronunciation: [ʒavɛl] ) is the 60th administrative district of Paris situated in the 15th arrondissement . Situated on 261 hectares, the neighborhood is bordered to the north by Rue Linois and Rue des Entrepreneurs , to the east by Rue de la Croix-Nivert and Rue Lecourbe , to

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660-541: The 2+2 seating configuration meant the SM as actually produced could not seize the mantle from the DS. While the design funds invested would allow the DS to be replaced by two cars, a 'modern DS' and the smaller CX , it was left to the CX alone to provide Citroën's large family or executive car in the model range. The last DS came off the production line on 24 April 1975 – with Citroën building up approximately eight months of inventory of

715-661: The Quai André-Citroën , formerly the Quai de Javel. The neighborhood is currently occupied by the Parc André-Citroën, the Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou , many large buildings containing offices and television studios ( Sagem , Snecma , Direction générale de l'Aviation civile , Canal+ , France Télévisions , etc.). The former Hôpital Boucicaut closed at the end of the year 2000; a program consisting of

770-713: The port de Javel , the Rue de Javel , the église Saint-Christophe-de-Javel , the Polypores fountain by Jean-Yves Lechevallier featured in the movie " Same Old Song " by Alain Resnais , the Gare de Javel on the C line of the RER , and the métro station Javel-André Citroën on the 10 line. Additionally, to south of the Boulevard Périphérique is a small section of the 15th arrondissement that

825-410: The 'break'/'Safari' (estate/station wagon) version of the DS, to continue sales until the autumn of 1975 when the estate/station wagon version of the CX would be introduced. The DS maintained its size and shape, with easily removable, unstressed body panels, but design changes occurred. During the 20-year production, improvements were made on an ongoing basis. The 1955 DS19 was 65% more expensive than

880-514: The 10 days of the show, the DS took in 80,000 deposits; a record that stood for over 60 years, until it was eclipsed by the Tesla Model 3 which received 180,000 first day deposits in March 2016. The original list price for a 1959 ID19 was US$ 2,833 ($ 29,611 in 2023 dollars). Contemporary journalists said the DS pushed the envelope in the ride vs. handling compromise possible in a motor vehicle. To

935-528: The 1960s at Heidelberg, Victoria , identified as the ID 19 "Parisienne." Australian market cars were fitted with options as standard equipment such as the "DSpecial DeLuxe" that were not available on domestic European models. Until 1965 UK cars were assembled at the manufacturer's Slough premises, to the west of London, using a combination of French-made knock down kits and locally sourced components, some of them machined on site. A French electrical system superseded

990-496: The 1961 Ami . It was also designed by Flaminio Bertoni and aimed to combine Three-box styling with the chassis of the 2CV. The Ami was very successful in France, but less so on export markets. Many found the styling controversial, and the car noisy and underpowered. The Dyane was a modernised 2CV with a hatchback that competed with the 2CV inspired Renault 4 Hatchback . All these 2 cylinder models were very small, so there remained

1045-630: The 1985 cc engine replaced the original 1911 cc unit in September 1965 the manual-equipped DSes built in Slough were renamed DS19A . The Slough factory closed on 18 February 1966 and thereafter cars for the British market were imported fully assembled from the company's French plant. The British-built cars are distinguished by their leather seats, wooden (early ID19 models) or one-piece plastic (early DS19 models) dashboards, chromed number plate mount set into

1100-440: The 19th to the 20th century, the name of this place was spelled "Javelle". Before its annexation to Paris in 1860, it was part of the commune of Issy . Afterwards, it became industrialized with the installation of electric plants ( Thomson ) and automobile factories ( Citroën ). The Citroën factories occupied a very large section of the neighborhood until the 1970s-1980s. The plant has been demolished. In this neighborhood, in

1155-533: The 56 kW (75 hp) claimed for the DS19. Power outputs were further differentiated in 1961 when the DS19 acquired a Weber-32 twin bodied carburettor, and the increasing availability of higher octane fuel enabled the manufacturer to increase the compression ratio from 7.5:1 to 8.5:1. A new DS19 now came with a promised 62 kW (83 hp). The ID19 was also more traditional mechanically: it had no power steering and had conventional transmission and clutch instead of

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1210-542: The British one on the Slough cars in 1962, giving rise to a switch to "continental style" negative earthing. An intermediate model between the DS and the ID, called the DW , was introduced on the UK market in 1963 with a manual transmission and simpler foot-operated clutch while retaining the DS power unit, power steering and power braking; outside of the UK this model was known as the DS19M . When

1265-507: The Citroën brand name as an automotive innovator, building on the success of the Traction Avant , which had been the world's first mass-produced unitary body front-wheel-drive car in 1934. In fact, the DS caused such a huge sensation that Citroën was apprehensive that future models would not be of the same bold standard. No clean sheet new models were introduced from 1955 to 1970. The DS was

1320-464: The DS was used competitively in rally racing during almost its entire 20‑year production run, and achieved multiple major victories, as early as 1959, and as late as 1974. It placed third in the 1999 Car of the Century poll recognizing the world's most influential auto designs and was named the most beautiful car of all time by Classic & Sports Car magazine. The name DS and ID are puns in

1375-467: The DS's hydraulically controlled set-up. Initially, the basic ID19 was sold on the French market with a price saving of more than 25% against the DS, although the differential was reduced at the end of 1961 when the manufacturer withdrew the entry-level ID19 "Normale". A station wagon variant, the ID Break , was introduced in 1958. The ID was replaced by the D Spécial and D Super in 1970, but these retained

1430-641: The DS. The SM was not designed to be a practical 4-door saloon suitable as a large family car , the key market for vehicles of this type in Europe. Typically, manufacturers would introduce low-volume coupés based on parts shared with an existing saloon, not as unique models, a contemporary example being the Mercedes-Benz SLC (C107) . BMW follows a similar strategy of a mid-size sedan (5 series), large coupe (6 series), and large sedan (7 series) sharing common underpinnings. The SM's high price and limited utility of

1485-475: The French language. "DS" is pronounced exactly like déesse , lit.   ' goddess ' , whereas "ID" is pronounced as idée ('idea'). After 18 years of secret development as the successor to the Traction Avant , the DS 19 was introduced on 6 October 1955, at the Paris Motor Show . In the first 15 minutes of the show, 743 orders were taken, and orders for the first day totalled 12,000. During

1540-526: The United States, and little better in Canada. While promoted as a luxury car, it did not have the basic features that American buyers expected to find on such a vehicle, such as an automatic transmission , air conditioning , power windows , or a powerful engine. The DS was designed specifically to address the French market, with punitive tax horsepower taxation of large engines and very poor roads, and not for

1595-450: The application of the hydraulic system to the car's suspension system to provide a self-levelling system was an innovative move. This suspension allowed the car to achieve sharp handling combined with very high ride quality , frequently compared to a " magic carpet ". The hydropneumatic suspension used was pioneered the year before, on the rear of another car from Citroën, the top of range Traction Avant 15CV-H. The 1955 DS cemented

1650-561: The car it replaced, the Citroën Traction Avant . This affected potential sales in a country still recovering economically from World War II, so a cheaper submodel, the Citroën ID, was introduced in 1957. The ID shared the DS's body but was less powerful and luxurious. Although it shared the engine capacity of the DS engine (at this stage 1,911 cc), the ID provided a maximum power output of only 51 kW (69 hp) compared to

1705-477: The car, but did not have the funds to put the prototype engine into production. The DS placed third in the 1999 Car of the Century competition, and fifth on the 2005 list of "100 Coolest Cars" by Automobile Magazine . It was also named the most beautiful car of all time by Classic & Sports Car magazine after a poll of 20 world-renowned car designers, including Giorgetto Giugiaro , Ian Callum , Roy Axe , Paul Bracq , and Leonardo Fioravanti . The DS

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1760-456: The car, said that it looked as if it had "fallen from the sky". An American advertisement summarised this selling point: "It takes a special person to drive a special car". Because they were owned by the technologically aggressive tyre manufacturer Michelin , Citroën had designed their cars around the technologically superior radial tyre since 1948, and the DS was no exception. The car used double wishbone suspension with L-shaped arms at

1815-415: The company's high standard of innovation . As Citroën was owned by Michelin from 1934 to 1974 as a sort of research laboratory, such broad experimentation was possible. Michelin was getting a powerful advertisement for the capabilities of the radial tyre Michelin had invented, when such experimentation was successful. New models based on the small, utilitarian 2CV economy car were introduced, such as

1870-468: The drive to a matching recess in the wheel. This made it possible to change the wheel very quickly in the event of a puncture and proved an advantage in motor racing . As with all French cars, the DS design was affected by the tax horsepower system, which effectively encouraged smaller engines. Unlike the Traction Avant predecessor, there was no top-of-range model with a powerful six-cylinder engine. Citroën had planned an air-cooled flat-6 engine for

1925-433: The entire event. In conventional cars, hydraulics are only used in brakes and power steering . In the DS they were also used for the suspension, clutch, and transmission. The cheaper 1957 ID19 did have manual steering and a simplified power braking system. An engine-driven pump pressurizes the closed system to 17.2 MPa (2,490 psi) At a time when few passenger vehicles had independent suspension on all wheels,

1980-659: The first mass-produced European car: the Citroën Type A 10 HP . The automobile factory continued to produce cars until 1975; the last car released by the factory was the Citroën DS . The company's headquarters moved in 1982 and permanently left its historic address at Quai de Javel. The following became named after André Citroën: the André Citroën Park , the Collège André Citroën (" André Citroën secondary school "), and

2035-518: The front and trailing-arms at the rear, with totally novel hydropneumatic spring and damper units . The car's advanced hydraulics included automatic self-levelling and driver adjustable ride-height , developed in-house by Paul Magès . This suspension allowed the DS to travel quickly on the poor road surfaces then common in France. In addition, the vehicle had power steering and a semi-automatic transmission (the transmission required no clutch pedal but gears still had to be shifted by hand, with

2090-639: The front bumper, and (on pre-1962 cars) Lucas -made electrics. These were all right hand drive cars. The DS was built and sold in South Africa from 1959 to 1975. The DS was sold in Japan, but the models were built in France and left hand drive . The DS was sold in North America from 1956 to 1972. Despite its popularity in Europe and regard for its design from the American motoring press, it did not sell well in

2145-408: The front fenders. All models in the range changed nose design at the same time, including the ID and station wagon models. In late 1967, for the 1968 model year, the DS and ID was again restyled, by Robert Opron , who also styled the 1970 SM and 1974 CX. This version had a more streamlined headlamp design. This design had four headlights under a smooth glass canopy and the inner set swivelled with

2200-448: The lower specification position in the range. The D Super was available with the DS21 2175 cc engine and a 5-speed gearbox, and named the D Super 5. In September 1962, the DS was restyled with a more aerodynamically efficient nose, better ventilation, and other improvements. It retained the open two headlamp appearance, but was available with an optional set of driving lights mounted on

2255-465: The métro. The neighborhood has in recent years been serviced by the newly constructed tramway line 2 and line 3a . Citro%C3%ABn DS The Citroën DS ( French pronunciation: [si.tʁɔ.ɛn de.ɛs] ) is a front mid-engined, front-wheel drive executive car manufactured and marketed by Citroën from 1955 to 1975, in fastback/sedan, wagon/estate, and convertible body configurations, across three series of one generation. Marketed with

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2310-651: The north into the Quai de Grenelle at the Pont de Grenelle , and to the south by the Quai d'Issy-les-Moulineaux at the Pont du Garigliano . The Pont Mirabeau also joins to the Quai André-Citroën. The whole of this quay along the Seine is occupied by the Port de Javel. 48°50′39″N 2°16′31″E  /  48.84417°N 2.27528°E  / 48.84417; 2.27528 This Parisian road or road transport-related article

2365-406: The same design. Axles, wheel bearings, steering knuckles, and hydraulic components were either DS parts or modified DS parts. The SM had a different purpose than replacing the 15-year-old DS design, however – it was meant to launch Citroën into a completely new luxury grand touring market segment . Only fitted with a costly, exotic Maserati engine, the SM was faster and much more expensive than

2420-451: The seals. Using either fluid in the incorrect system would completely destroy the hydraulic seals very quickly. To help avoid this problem, Citroën added a bright green dye to the LHM fluid and also painted all hydraulic elements bright green. The earlier LHS parts were painted black. All models, including the station wagon and ID, were upgraded at the same time. The hydraulic fluid changed to

2475-498: The shift lever controlling a powered hydraulic shift mechanism in place of a mechanical linkage). It had a fibreglass roof which lowered the centre of gravity, and so reduced weight transfer . Inboard front disc brakes (as well as independent suspension) reduced unsprung weight. Different front and rear track widths reduced the unequal tyre loading, which is well known to promote understeer , typical of front-engined and front-wheel drive cars. Although disc brakes had been tried on

2530-614: The south by the Paris - Issy-les-Moulineaux heliport , and to the west by the Seine . In the 15th century, the neighborhood was named "Javetz" and situated to the south of the Grenelle plain bordering the Seine and to the west of Paris. The neighborhood was founded as a small port and a boat garage. The region became better known starting in the 17th century for its windmill and its stylish gathering spots frequented by swimmers, fishermen, and boaters. From

2585-536: The steering wheel. This allowed the driver to see "around" turns, especially valuable on twisting roads driven at high speed at night. The directional headlamps were linked to the wheels by cable. Behind each glass cover lens, the inboard high-beam headlamp swivels by up to 80° as the driver steers, throwing the beam along the driver's intended path rather than uselessly across the curved road. The outboard low-beam headlamps are self-leveling in response to pitching caused by acceleration and braking. Because this feature

2640-412: The suspension extended to maximum height and the six accumulators in the system filled with fluid. With every "inhalation" of fresh moisture- (and dust-) laden air, the fluid absorbed more water. For the 1967 model year, Citroën introduced a new mineral oil -based fluid LHM ( liquide hydraulique minéral ). This fluid was much less harsh on the system. LHM required completely different materials for

2695-586: The technically superior LHM in all markets except the US and Canada, where the change did not take place until January 1969 due to local regulations. The DS was primarily manufactured at the Quai André-Citroën in the Javel neighborhood of Paris, with other manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom, South Africa, the former Yugoslavia (mostly Break Ambulances), and Australia. Australia constructed their own D variant in

2750-492: The war effort by the mass production of artillery shells. Following World War I, André Citroën used his experience in automobile construction acquired in the Mors factories, which was headquartered at 48 Rue du Théâtre . He applied the principles of Henry Ford after having discovering them on a trip to Detroit in 1913 and meeting Henry Ford. The factory in Javel was converted to an automobile production facility which went on to produce

2805-472: Was 1970. Certain design elements like the somewhat narrow cabin, column-mounted gearstick , and separate fenders began to seem a little old-fashioned in the 1970s. Citroën invested enormous resources to design and launch an entirely new vehicle in 1970, the SM , which was in effect a thoroughly modernized DS, with similar length, but greater width. The manual gearbox was a modified DS unit. The front disc brakes were

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2860-603: Was formerly a parade ground and then an airfield (at the beginning of the 20th century), but which is now occupied by the Paris - Issy-les-Moulineaux heliport, a sports complex (the Parc omnisport Suzanne-Lenglen), a recreational center (Aquaboulevard) and a small housing community called Les Frères-Voisin. Javel is served by the RATP . The neighborhood is served by the RER C and lines 8 , 10 , and 12 of

2915-565: Was involved with DS competition again two years later, when a drunk driver in a Mini in Sydney Australia crashed into the DS that was leading the 1968 London–Sydney Marathon , 158 km (98 mi) from the finish line. Robert Neyret won the Rallye du Maroc in 1969 and 1970 in a DS 21. The DS was still competitive in the grueling 1974 London-Sahara-Munich World Cup Rally , where it won over 70 other cars, only 5 of which even completed

2970-452: Was not allowed in the US (see World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations ), a version with four exposed headlights that did not swivel was manufactured for the US market. Although a directional headlight was previously seen on the 1948 Tucker 48 'Torpedo', Citroën was the first to mass-market adaptive headlights. The original hydropneumatic system used a vegetable oil ( liquide hydraulique végétal , LHV), but later switched to

3025-457: Was successful in motorsports like rallying , where sustained speeds on poor surfaces are paramount, and won the Monte Carlo Rally in 1959. In the 1000 Lakes Rally , Pauli Toivonen drove a DS19 to victory in 1962. In 1966, the DS won the Monte Carlo Rally again, with some controversy as the competitive BMC Mini -Cooper team was disqualified due to rule infractions. Ironically, Mini

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