101-763: The Qu'Appelle River / k ə ˈ p ɛ l / is a river in the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba that flows 430 kilometres (270 mi) east from Lake Diefenbaker in south-western Saskatchewan to join the Assiniboine River in Manitoba, just south of Lake of the Prairies , near the village of St. Lazare . It is in a region called the Prairie Pothole Region of North America , which extends throughout three Canadian provinces and five U.S. states . It
202-530: A Cree legend of a spirit that travels up and down it. The aboriginal people told the North West Company trader Daniel Harmon in 1804 that they often heard the voice of a human calling, " kâ-têpwêt? ", meaning "What is calling?" (" que + appelle? " in French). They would respond, and the call would echo back (there is a strong echo phenomenon at Lebret ). Pauline Johnson , a half- Mohawk poet, learned of
303-770: A base to the navy of an adversary), as well as to support amphibious operations throughout the region (such as the Chesapeake campaign during the American War of 1812 ). Bermuda was consequently the most important British naval and military base in the Americas. Canadian confederation resulted in the Canadian Militia becoming responsible for the defence of the Maritimes, the abolition of the British Army's commander-in-chief there, and
404-665: A great deal of power relative to the federal government, with jurisdiction over many public goods such as health care, education, welfare, and intra-provincial transportation. They receive " transfer payments " from the federal government to pay for these, as well as exacting their own taxes. In practice, however, the federal government can use these transfer payments to influence these provincial areas. For instance, in order to receive healthcare funding under Medicare , provinces must agree to meet certain federal mandates, such as universal access to required medical treatment. Provincial and territorial legislatures have no second chamber like
505-529: A license. Indigenous hunters often demonstrate respect for the animals by leaving tobacco when an animal is taken. This is a way to honor the animal for the life it has given in order to provide food. It is also common for Indigenous hunters to share the meat with elders and people who are not able to hunt themselves. Those fishing in the valley catch northern pike , walleye , whitefish, tullibee , burbot , yellow perch , carp , bigmouth buffalo , white sucker , and channel catfish . The primary method to fish
606-515: A lieutenant-general termed a general officer commanding and the Bermuda garrison becoming a command in its own right. Bermuda was consequently left out of the confederation of Canada, though it retained naval links with Halifax and the state church (or established church ), the Church of England , continued to place Bermuda under the bishop of Newfoundland until 1919 (Bermuda also remained linked to
707-631: A prolonged economic crisis , and the legislature turned over political control to the Newfoundland Commission of Government in 1933. Following Canada's participation in the Second World War , in a 1948 referendum , a narrow majority of Newfoundland citizens voted to join the Confederation, and on March 31, 1949, Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province. The province was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador in 2001. Bermuda ,
808-499: A result of the seasonal variability, there is significant erosion that occurs from the snowmelt each spring. The effects are intensified where there is little ground cover present. There is also more sediment deposited where agriculture has taken place because the disruption of the land has accelerated the erosion of the soil. 14,000 years ago the last ice age retreated, forming the Qu'Appelle Valley and leaving many glacial deposits and evidence in
909-402: A sub-humid continental climate. As such, it is generally dry, sunny, and has extreme temperatures in summer and winter. The mean annual precipitation is 365 millimetres (14.4 in). Between 1981 and 2010, the mean temperature for January was −14.2 °C (6.4 °F) and the mean temperature for July was 18.5 °C (65.3 °F). The soil surface texture varies from loamy sand to loam and
1010-486: Is Round Lake . The residential areas of Round Lake consist of two resort villages: Birds Point and West End. The Qu'Appelle Valley is made up of two ecosystems: grasslands and wetlands. The temperate grassland ecosystem is one of the world's most endangered ecosystems as it is often converted into farmland or developed for human expansion. Grasslands are dominated mostly by grass species and various herbs. Few tree types grow in grasslands and if they do they are stunted due to
1111-419: Is 67,090 million litres (1.476 × 10 imp gal). 2060 estimated amount of water demand is 206,353 million litres (4.5391 × 10 imp gal). b) Industry and mining: 2010 amount of water demand was 21,815 million litres (4.799 × 10 imp gal). 2020 estimated amount of water demand is 83,779 million litres (1.8429 × 10 imp gal). 2060 estimated amount of water demand
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#17330857665831212-474: Is 95,460 million litres (2.100 × 10 imp gal). Water demand is affected by changes in climate and occurrence of extreme weather related events. In the Qu'Appelle River Basin, climate change will produce higher temperatures and longer growing seasons which will have significant impacts on demand for water in the agricultural sector since crops and livestock will require more water. Industry and mining are not expected to increase their water demand under
1313-590: Is a concern as well as the ongoing maintenance of the river channels, pipelines, and pumping stations for years to come. In the 1930s, water in the Qu'Appelle basin became critical due to persistent drought in the prairie and the global economic depression. These incidents prompted the Federal Government to establish the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration (PFRA). The PFRA was tasked with restoring drought and soil drift zones in
1414-611: Is also within Palliser's Triangle and the Great Plains ecoregion . The river is part of the Upper Qu'Appelle River watershed and starts at the southern end of Last Mountain Lake . It travels in a southerly direction for about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) until it meets the Qu'Appelle River in the Qu'Appelle Valley, which was formed during the last ice age . During years in which the Qu'Appelle River
1515-608: Is also within Palliser's Triangle and the Great Plains ecoregion . With the construction of the Qu'Appelle River Dam and Gardiner Dam upstream, water flow was significantly increased and regulated. Most of the Qu'Appelle's present flow is actually water diverted from the South Saskatchewan River . According to the Saskatchewan Water Security Agency , the Qu'Appelle Valley is made up of two watersheds with
1616-522: Is an extensive floodplain on the south-east corner of Last Mountain Lake at the point where Last Mountain Creek starts. The wetland is over 30 square kilometres (12 sq mi) in size and follows the course of the river towards Craven and the Qu'Appelle River for about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). A 900-acre conservation project called Valeport Wildlife Management Area Trails protects the wetlands for migratory birds, ducks, grebes , and other wildlife. It
1717-605: Is by rod and reel throughout all seasons. Some Indigenous fishermen rely on snares to harvest fish. However, non-Indigenous people are required to have a license to fish and are bound to regulations such as fishing seasons and catch limits. The valley is also home to the Fort Qu'Appelle Fish Culture Station near Echo Lake that produces 20 million walleye a year to be distributed around the province. Provinces and territories of Canada Canada has ten provinces and three territories that are sub-national administrative divisions under
1818-745: Is called the National Assembly . Ontario has a legislative assembly but its members are called members of the Provincial Parliament or MPPs. The legislative assemblies use a procedure similar to that of the House of Commons of Canada . The head of government of each province, called the premier , is generally the head of the party with the most seats. This is also the case in Yukon, but the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have no political parties at
1919-525: Is evident in their contemporary use of the land. Big game and birds are the main focus for hunting in the valley. The primary big game animals include mule deer , whitetail deer , elk , moose , pronghorn , and black bear . These animals are hunted mostly in the fall season because the young are grown and the game tend to be fatter. The birds that are hunted include migratory game birds ( geese , ducks, cranes, coots , and snipes), and upland game birds ( grouse , partridge , and pheasants ). Although hunting
2020-446: Is high, Last Mountain Creek naturally reverses direction and flows into Last Mountain Lake. Craven Dam is located east of Last Mountain Creek's mouth on the Qu'Appelle River on the eastern side of the village of Craven. The gates of the dam are used to regulate water flows along the Qu'Appelle and can be closed to backflood water up Last Mountain Creek and into Last Mountain Lake. At the southernmost point of Last Mountain Lake, there
2121-518: Is intended to service the needs of multiple industrial customers and meet the ever-growing demands of the Belle Plaine area, particularly with respect to potash mining operations. The proposed project consists of three main parts: an intake and pumping station, a pipeline to carry water to an area south of Kronau, Saskatchewan , and a booster station along the route of the pipeline. A number of potential environmental impacts have been identified. Firstly,
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#17330857665832222-403: Is low to moderately sensitive to compaction. The more compaction, the less the soil is capable of supporting plant growth. Because of the short warm season and long, cold winters, vegetation routinely dies and decomposers do not have adequate time to breakdown all the material. As a result, the groundcover of litter is built up. A large quantity of nutrients is stored in this litter as opposed to in
2323-629: Is on, it becomes as populated as the biggest cities in Saskatchewan. The second village within the Qu'Appelle Valley is Tantallon , which has a total population of 91. This village is located off of Highway 8 , and is known for its large statue of a whitetail deer. The residential areas of Buffalo Pound Lake consist of multiple communities made up of both seasonal and year-round houses and cabins. Resort villages consist of North Grove, Sun Valley, and South Lake. Hamlets on Buffalo Pound Lake consist of Parkview and Sand Point Beach. The residential areas of
2424-402: Is open to everyone, the regulations of hunting for non-Indigenous peoples requires that hunters have a tag for the big game animal they are harvesting. These tags, besides resident whitetail deer, are all handed out through a draw system. Licenses are also required for the hunting of birds. Status First Nation hunters can exercise their right to hunt for the purpose of food without having to obtain
2525-531: Is the Valeport Dam ( 50°43′45″N 104°51′36″W / 50.7292°N 104.8601°W / 50.7292; -104.8601 ) and associated dykes that help control the lake's water levels. The dam was built in 1939, upgraded in 1958, and is 3.7 metres (12 ft) high. It is owned and operated by the Saskatchewan Water Security Agency . Last Mountain Creek flows out of the lake at the dam and runs through Valeport Marsh following Highway 20 until it meets
2626-402: Is the first major lake along the path of the Qu'Appelle river after being released from the Qu'Appelle River Dam at Lake Diefenbaker . At levels of full supply, Buffalo Pound Lake holds 91,987,000 cubic metres (2.0234 × 10 imp gal) of water that is used for recreation, industrial operations and to supply water to roughly one quarter of the province. This non-potable water supply system
2727-602: The Alberta Party and Saskatchewan Party . The provincial political climate of Quebec is different: the main split is between sovereignty , represented by the Parti Québécois and Québec solidaire , and federalism , represented primarily by the Quebec Liberal Party . The Coalition Avenir Québec , meanwhile, takes an abstentionist position on the question and does not support or oppose sovereignty. Currently,
2828-560: The Canadian Senate . Originally, most provinces had such bodies, known as legislative councils , with members titled councillors. These upper houses were abolished one by one, Quebec's being the last in 1968. In most provinces, the single house of the legislature is known as the Legislative Assembly; the exceptions are Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, where the chamber is called the House of Assembly , and Quebec where it
2929-548: The Colony of British Columbia . NWT included the northern two-thirds of Ontario and Quebec. After the province of Manitoba was established in 1870, in a small area in the south of today's province, almost all of present-day Manitoba was still contained in the NWT. (Manitoba expanded to its present size in 1912.) The British claims to the Arctic islands were transferred to Canada in 1880, adding to
3030-607: The Constitution Act are divided between the Government of Canada (the federal government) and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment , whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada or government. In modern Canadian constitutional theory ,
3131-627: The Hudson's Bay Company . In 1870, the company relinquished its claims for £300,000 (CND$ 1.5 million), assigning the vast territory to the government of Canada. Subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the North-West Territories. The North-West Territories encompassed all of current northern and western Canada, except for the British holdings in the Arctic islands and
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3232-772: The Keewatin Region . It occupied the area that is now the Kenora District of Ontario, northern Manitoba, and mainland Nunavut. The government of Keewatin was based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The territory did not have any representation in federal parliament. The vast majority of Canada's population is concentrated in areas close to the Canada–US border . Its four largest provinces by area ( Quebec , Ontario , British Columbia and Alberta ) are also (with Quebec and Ontario switched in order) its most populous; together they account for 86% of
3333-529: The Moose Jaw River , Wascana Creek , Loon Creek, Jumping Deer Creek, Pheasant Creek , Kaposvar Creek, and Last Mountain Creek . 93% of the land in the Qu'Appelle Rivershed is used for agriculture purposes. Last Mountain Lake , also known as Long Lake, the largest natural lake in southern Saskatchewan (Lake Diefenbaker is larger but is a reservoir behind the Gardiner and Qu'Appelle River Dams ), drains into
3434-625: The Pasqua , Echo , Mission , Katepwa , Crooked , and Round Lakes. Major tributaries in this watershed are Loon, Jumping Deer, Pheasant , and Kapsovar Creeks. Lesser tributaries include the Pearl, Indianhead, Redfox, Ekapo, Cutarm, and Scissor Creeks. The Wascana & Upper Qu’Appelle Watersheds are made up of four sub-basins and the Moose Jaw River Watershed . The four sub-basins total about 14,143 square kilometres (5,461 sq mi) and
3535-534: The Pasqua First Nation recall the days when they would pack up and head to what is now Regina's exhibition grounds to sell roots, berries, herbs and crafts. Regulations such as the Indian Act and prevented Indigenous people from participating in the settler economy and subsequently few Indigenous people of the Qu'Appelle Valley corridor were able to financially prosper from such activity. Without permission from
3636-562: The River St. Lawrence and Coast of America and North America and West Indies Station , the North America and Newfoundland Station , the North America and West Indies Station , and finally the America and West Indies Station ) main bases, dockyards, and Admiralty Houses. The squadron of the station was based at Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax , during the summers and Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda , in
3737-563: The world's second-largest country by area. The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly called the British North America Act, 1867 ), whereas territories are federal territories whose governments are creatures of statute with powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada . The powers flowing from
3838-646: The 60° parallel, Ontario's to Hudson Bay and Quebec's to encompass the District of Ungava . In 1869, the people of Newfoundland voted to remain a British colony over fears that taxes would increase with Confederation, and that the economic policy of the Canadian government would favour mainland industries. In 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status. In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada , Newfoundland underwent
3939-509: The Arctic , particularly as global warming could make that region more open to exploitation leading to more complex international waters disputes . Last Mountain Creek Last Mountain Creek is a river in south-central Saskatchewan. It is a tributary of the Qu'Appelle River in a region called the Prairie Pothole Region of North America , which extends throughout three Canadian provinces and five U.S. states . It
4040-531: The Canadian mainland (from those in James Bay to the Queen Elizabeth Islands ). The following table lists the territories in order of precedence (each province has precedence over all the territories, regardless of the date each territory was created). Another territory, the District of Keewatin , existed from October 7, 1876, until September 1, 1905, when it rejoined the Northwest Territories and became
4141-818: The French government donated the land used for the Vimy Memorial "freely, and for all time, to the Government of Canada the free use of the land exempt from all taxes". The site of the Somme battlefield near Beaumont-Hamel site was purchased in 1921 by the people of the Dominion of Newfoundland . These sites do not, however, enjoy extraterritorial status and are thus subject to French law. Since Confederation in 1867, there have been several proposals for new Canadian provinces and territories. The Constitution of Canada requires an amendment for
Qu'Appelle River - Misplaced Pages Continue
4242-486: The Indian agent, the Qu'Appelle Valley Indigenous people could not leave their reserve to sell their wares nor could they sell or butcher their own cattle. Some Indigenous communities in the Qu'Appelle Valley corridor had a complete outfit for grain farming and owned tractors and combines. They became so efficient at farming that they were "shut down" for fear of outcompeting non-native farming operations. The Indigenous people of
4343-620: The Maritimes under the Methodist and Roman Catholic churches). In 1903, resolution of the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbia's northwestern boundary. This was one of only two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. The second reduction, in 1927, occurred when a boundary dispute between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador enlarged at Quebec's expense; this land returned to Canada, as part of
4444-675: The Ministry of Indian Affairs. This dam, known as the Echo Lake Project, was completed in 1942. At first, Indian Affairs believed that the dam project would cause damage to the environment and estimated that a total of $ 8,050 should be paid to the Muscowpetung and Pasqua Bands. Although both the PFRA and Indian Affairs agreed on the amount, it was never paid to the Bands. Furthermore, there is no evidence that
4545-614: The Moose Jaw River Watershed adds a further 9,360 square kilometres (3,610 sq mi). The total combined drainage basin for the Upper Qu'Appelle Watershed is 23,443 square kilometres (9,051 sq mi). The four sub-basins include the Lanigan-Manitou Sub-basin , Wascana Creek Sub-basin , Last Mountain Lake Sub-basin , and the Upper Qu'Appelle Sub-basin. The Upper Qu'Appelle Sub-basin includes all of
4646-488: The Muscowpetung and Pasqua Bands actually approved the dam project. Neither band received compensation until 1973 when negotiations began between the Bands and the PFRA. On 16 November 1976, the Bands accepted a one-time payment of $ 265,000 from the PFRA. Also in 1941, the Crooked Lake and Round Lake Projects were launched. The PFRA began construction without the consent of the Bands in the dam area, but in 1943 paid $ 3,300 to
4747-556: The North, for organizational and economic purposes. For much of the Northwest Territories' early history it was divided into several districts for ease of administration. The District of Keewatin was created as a separate territory from 1876 to 1905, after which, as the Keewatin Region, it became an administrative district of the Northwest Territories. In 1999, it was dissolved when it became part of Nunavut. Theoretically, provinces have
4848-628: The North-West Territories and as it was the place of signing for Treaty 4 . The first village within the Qu'Appelle Valley is Craven which is located north-east of Regina at the junction of Highways 20 and 99 . This village is home to the Country Thunder Music Festival—previously known as the Craven Country Jamboree . Although the population of Craven year-round is 214, when the Craven Country Jamboree
4949-497: The Pasqua First Nation, berries are not as numerous as they once were. The berries that were picked in the Qu'Appelle Valley included chokecherries , saskatoon berries , cranberries, strawberries, raspberries, blueberries and others. The valley has a number of contemporary uses including hunting, fishing, trapping, gathering, and scientific study. Indigenous peoples have a connection to Indigenous knowledge and traditions that
5050-533: The Qu'Appelle River at the village of Craven and Highways 641 and 729 . Wascana Creek meets the Qu'Appelle River just west and upstream from the mouth of Last Mountain Creek. Other than Last Mountain Lake and Valeport Marsh, no named tributaries flow into Last Mountain Creek. Several tributaries flow into Last Mountain Lake, though, including Arm River , Lewis Creek, and Lanigan Creek . Valeport Marsh ( 50°43′23″N 104°50′57″W / 50.7231°N 104.8491°W / 50.7231; -104.8491 )
5151-535: The Qu'Appelle Valley hunted numerous animal species. Deer, the most common big game which was targeted in the years after Treaty 4 and depletion of wild bison herds, provided food and leather. Other animal species that were hunted in the area included elk , moose , antelope and occasionally black bear . Small game and waterfowl were also targeted due to their abundance near the Qu'Appelle Valley lakes. Ducks ( canvasbacks , blue bills, mallards and teals), geese , prairie chickens, partridges and pheasants were among
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#17330857665835252-433: The Qu'Appelle Valley included walleye , perch , whitefish, northern pike and more. Before the days of treaties and reserve life First Nations people, including those in the Qu'Appelle Valley, constructed weirs at the narrow sections of rivers and streams in order to catch fish. Fish were either cooked soon after catch or split and smoked over fire in order to preserve for eating later. According to testimony from Elders of
5353-421: The Qu'Appelle Valley". The name of the river in the Cree language is kâ-têpwêwi-sîpiy ᑳ ᑌᐻᐏ ᓰᐱᐩ . In June 2021, hundreds of unmarked graves were found at the Qu'Appelle Valley's former Marieval Indian residential school on the Cowessess 73 reserve in Marieval, part of the Canadian Indian residential school system , the most found in Canada to date. While there are no large population centres along
5454-418: The Qu'Appelle near the town of Craven , through Last Mountain Creek. In 1787, the North West Company established a fur trading post at Fort Espérance on the lower river. After it was abandoned in 1819, the Hudson's Bay Company established a post at Fort Qu'Appelle in 1852 immediately adjacent to the site of what became the town of the same name. The Qu'Appelle River and Valley derive their name from
5555-457: The Sakimay, Cowessess and Ochapowace Bands. The Qu'Appelle Valley corridor has a rich history of trade and natural resource use that dates back prior to written records. Utilizing the local plants and animals, many Indigenous people of the corridor participated in trade and other economic activities. Women picked berries and Seneca root to sell to settlers in addition to use at home, while men cut and sold firewood. Some living Indigenous elders from
5656-472: The Upper Qu'Appelle River through Last Mountain Creek at Craven . The river flows into several lakes in south-east Saskatchewan, including: Assorted tributary coulees drain into the Qu'Appelle Valley at various junctures along its course, notably Echo Creek immediately upriver from Fort Qu'Appelle, and Last Oak Creek, north of Grenfell and Broadview , in the past the locus of an extremely successful aboriginal-managed ski resort. The other tributaries include
5757-764: The Watershed report assessed the overall condition of the Wascana Watershed as "impacted" and the impact of its stressors as being of "high intensity." In the Lower Qu'Appelle River Basin, shoreline properties result in water degradation because many disturb riparian areas and their septic infrastructure is aging and leaking. There is also a lack of policy to regulate and enforce septic infrastructure on shoreline properties. Short-term goals should focus on better education for citizens and cottage goers on how they can mitigate their environmental impact. Some solutions include using phosphate free shampoo, installing low flush toilets, and stopping illegal drainage. Located 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of Moose Jaw , Buffalo Pound Lake
5858-449: The alteration of the natural flow of lakes and river systems. The Water Security Agency states that the highest threat to the bigmouth buffalo population is demand of water used for agricultural, commercial, and domestic purposes. The brown bullhead , channel catfish , chestnut lamprey , and rock bass , are some other uncommon fish that are found in the valley. The rock bass are Saskatchewan's only native bass . Other fish species found in
5959-437: The bird species that were hunted for food. Trapping for furs was also a profitable economic activity to the Indigenous people of the Qu'Appelle Valley corridor in the early part of the 20th century. Locals would trap rabbit, beaver , mink , muskrat , coyote , gopher , weasel and skunk and when possible and legal, sell the furs to settlers. Fishing for food and trade was practiced quite extensively. Targeted species within
6060-438: The country's population. The territories (the Northwest Territories , Nunavut and Yukon ) account for over a third of Canada's area but are only home to 0.3% of its population, which skews the national population density value. Canada's population grew by 5.0% between the 2006 and 2011 censuses. Except for New Brunswick , all territories and provinces increased in population during this time. In terms of percent change,
6161-445: The course of the river, only small towns, Indian reserves, villages, and resort villages , within the river's watershed is the province's second largest city and capital, Regina. St. Lazare is the only community on the river in Manitoba and it sits at the confluence of the Assiniboine and Qu'Appelle Rivers. The Qu'Appelle Valley is in Treaty 4 territory and is home to the Cree, Saulteaux, Dakota, and Nakota peoples who have inhabited
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#17330857665836262-411: The creation of a new province but the creation of a new territory requires only an act of Parliament , a legislatively simpler process. In late 2004, Prime Minister Paul Martin surprised some observers by expressing his personal support for all three territories gaining provincial status "eventually". He cited their importance to the country as a whole and the ongoing need to assert sovereignty in
6363-431: The dividing point being Craven Dam on the east side of Craven : The Lower Qu'Appelle Valley is in the south-eastern part of Saskatchewan and covers an area of 17,800 square kilometres (6,900 sq mi). The Lower Qu'Appelle Watershed begins at the Craven Dam east of the village of Craven and extends to the Manitoba border. In the Lower Qu'Appelle Valley, the river flows through six major lakes. From west to east are
6464-483: The fastest-growing province or territory was Nunavut with an increase of 12.7% between 2011 and 2016, followed by Alberta with 11.6% growth, while New Brunswick's population decreased by 0.5%. Generally, Canadian provinces have steadily grown in population along with Canada. However, some provinces such as Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador have experienced long periods of stagnation or population decline. Ontario and Quebec have always been
6565-408: The federal level, and as a result, have a commissioner that represents the federal government. There are three territories in Canada. Unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government. They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay and all islands north of
6666-403: The federal party. The Liberal Party of Canada shares such an organizational integration with Atlantic Canada provincial Liberals in New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island . Other provincial Liberal parties are unaffiliated with their federal counterpart. Some provinces have provincial political parties with no clear federal equivalent, such as
6767-611: The four Fishing Lakes consist of multiple communities made up of both seasonal and year-round houses and cabins. These communities consist of both resort villages and hamlets and are spread out among the four lakes. The resort villages are Fort San , and B-Say-Tah , and multiple communities representing the District of Katepwa . In addition to the resort villages, the organized hamlets consist of Pasqua Lake and Taylor Beach . The residential areas of Crooked Lake are Sunset Beach, Moose Bay, Exner Twins Bay, Lakeside Beach, Melville Beach, Grenfell Beach, and Greenspot. East of Crooked Lake
6868-482: The groundwater supply is fed through the watershed. Forests of trembling aspen and green ash grow on the slopes of the Qu'Appelle Valley while grasslands grow on the south facing slope of the valley. There are rich wetlands and riparian vegetation, as well as hayfields and cultivated land on the valley floor. Bur oak mainly take up the eastern section of the valley appearing on the southern facing slopes. There are 30 small- and large-bodied fish species that live in
6969-495: The groundwater. According to the Water Security Agency and the Saskatchewan Ministry of Health, algae blooms occur during calm, hot weather in lakes with shallow, slow moving, or still water that have acquired high levels of nutrients that promote the blooms. The nutrients come from: crop and livestock production, surface runoff containing fertilizers, pesticides, and manure, waste from waterfront properties, and waste from upstream communities. The Saskatchewan Government's 2013 State of
7070-415: The indicia of sovereignty from the United Kingdom. Prior to this, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada. Over the following years, Manitoba (1870), British Columbia (1871), and Prince Edward Island (1873) were added as provinces. The British Crown had claimed two large areas north-west of the Canadian colony, known as Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory , and assigned them to
7171-479: The jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution . In the 1867 Canadian Confederation , three provinces of British North America — New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and the Province of Canada (which upon Confederation was divided into Ontario and Quebec )—united to form a federation , becoming a fully independent country over the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times as it has added territories and provinces, making it
7272-574: The land in the Qu'Appelle Watershed is used for agricultural purposes. Five potash mines are in the basin and an increase in irrigation development is expected. Water demand is anticipated to increase by 126% from 2010 to 2060. On low flow years, Lake Diefenbaker supplies roughly 90% of the flow of the Qu'Appelle River. This water mainly originates from mountain snowmelt from the Rocky Mountains of Alberta. The South Saskatchewan River , which flows into Lake Diefenbaker, has seen flow rates drop by 12% in
7373-415: The last 11,000 years. However, due to acts such as the Indian Act of 1876, Indigenous peoples were forced to live on reserves. The Indian reserves located within the Qu'Appelle Valley include Piapot , Pasqua , Muscowpetung , Standing Buffalo , Cowessess , Kahkewistahaw , Sakimay , and Ochapowace . There are two towns and two villages in the valley along the course of the river. The first town within
7474-607: The last British North American colony, which had been somewhat subordinated to Nova Scotia, was one of two Imperial fortress colonies in British North America ;– the other being Nova Scotia, and more particularly the city of Halifax. Halifax and Bermuda were the sites of the Royal Navy's North America Station (or, depending on the time period and the extent of the Western Hemisphere it included,
7575-494: The last century. With only 2% increase from runoff, water scarcity could be a problem in the near future. On the other hand, severe flooding of the Qu'Appelle Valley could also occur. Studies suggest that due to climate change, 31% to 46% of glacier volume of the eastern Rockies could melt by 2100. In 2010, demand for water in the Qu'Appelle River Basin was estimated at 599,342 million litres (1.31837 × 10 imp gal) with direct anthropogenic demands accounting for 22.6% of
7676-573: The legend and elaborated upon it with Victorian sentiment. In her version, a young Cree swain heard his name while crossing one of the lakes and replied, "Who calls?" Only his echo could be heard (hence Echo Lake), and he realized it had been his bride-to-be calling out his name at the instant of her death. There has been local civic-booster advocacy to rename the Fishing Lakes as the Calling Lakes, so as further to emphasize Pauline Johnson's "legend of
7777-704: The one minority provincial/territorial government is held by the Liberals in Yukon . They are in government with a formal confidence and supply agreement from the Yukon New Democratic Party . The Canadian National Vimy Memorial , near Vimy , Pas-de-Calais, and the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial , near Beaumont-Hamel , both in France, are ceremonially considered Canadian territory. In 1922,
7878-577: The proposed water pipeline would cause ground disturbance and would cross over two major tributaries of the Qu'Appelle River: the Moose Jaw River and Wascana Creek . Included in the Environmental Impact Statement was the acknowledgement that Buffalo Pound contains at least two species of concern: bigmouth buffalo and the chestnut lamprey . There is concern that development may further threaten these and other fish species. There would be
7979-410: The province of Newfoundland, in 1949. In 1999, Nunavut was created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the western portion of Northern Canada, while Nunavut is in the east. All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km (1,514,192 sq mi) in land area. They are often referred to as a single region,
8080-468: The provinces are considered to be co-sovereign within certain areas based on the divisions of responsibility between the provincial and federal government within the Constitution Act, 1867 , and each province thus has its own representative of the Canadian Crown , the lieutenant governor . The territories are not sovereign, but instead their authorities and responsibilities are devolved directly from
8181-516: The reduction of British military forces in the Maritimes to a small garrison for the protection of the Halifax dockyard, which would be withdrawn when that dockyard was handed over to the Dominion government in 1905 for use by the new Canadian naval service. Britain retained control of Bermuda as an imperial fortress, with the governor and commander-in-chief of Bermuda (a military officer previously ranking between lieutenant-colonel and major-general) becoming
8282-450: The reduction of habitat for several rare plant and animal species that are known to exist in the area. These include: big bluestem , few flowered aster, low milkvetch, lesser navarretia, Kelsey's cryptanthe, the burrowing owl , the piping plover , and the northern leopard frog . This project could also contribute to the loss or alteration of heritage resources used by First Nations and Metis peoples. Increased volume of traffic from vehicles
8383-487: The referenced climate change scenario . Municipal and domestic sectors are expected to increase their demand minimally. [1] Under the water conservation scenario, a 14% reduction in demand could be achieved by reductions in agriculture, industrial, and mining water demands. The water quality of freshwater sources in Southern Saskatchewan is poor. This is a result of eutrophication and the high mineral content of
8484-502: The remaining land not included in the other basins all the way up to Qu'Appelle River Dam . The Upper Qu'Appelle River is fed by several rivers and creeks which include Ridge Creek, Iskwao Creek, High Hill Creek, Deer Run Creek, Wascana Creek , Boggy, and Flying Creeks, Last Mountain Creek , and Moose Jaw River. There are two major lakes along the course of the river in the Upper Qu'Appelle Sub-basin: Buffalo Pound Lake and Eyebrow Lake. Another major lake, Last Mountain Lake , flows into
8585-491: The river and drainage systems that enter it. Some eastern animals found in the valley include the eastern grey squirrel , red belly snake , and smooth green snake . This area is also home to around 30 endangered animal species including loggerhead shrike , and the northern leopard frog . Climatic characteristics that are common to the grasslands ecosystems are: high evaporation rates, droughts, low precipitation, and high summer temperatures. This moist-mixed grassland biome has
8686-407: The river's and lakes of the Qu'Appelle Watershed include walleye , sauger , yellow perch , northern pike , lake whitefish , cisco , mooneye , white sucker , shorthead redhorse , common carp , black bullhead , burbot , and chub . Bird species in the valley include the wood duck , eastern wood-pewee , lazuli bunting , and indigo bunting . Painted and snapping turtles can be found in
8787-500: The same name. For example, no provincial Conservative or Progressive Conservative Party shares an organizational link to the federal Conservative Party of Canada , and neither do provincial Green Parties to the Green Party of Canada . Provincial New Democratic Parties, on the other hand, are fully integrated with the federal New Democratic Party —meaning that provincial parties effectively operate as sections, with common membership, of
8888-514: The size of the North-West Territories. In 1898 the Yukon Territory, later renamed "Yukon" in 2003, was carved from the area surrounding the Klondike gold fields . On September 1, 1905, a portion of the North-West Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba were expanded northward: Manitoba's to
8989-418: The soil as it takes three to four years to be broken down in the grasslands. Because of the accumulation of plant litter on the top soil horizon, the soil is chernozemic and has a colour that varies from light brown to black. The soil is neutral to slightly alkaline, and it has a texture that is medium to moderately fine. Where the plants have been removed or replaced by invasive species, there is more erosion. As
9090-406: The soil. The municipality of Fort Qu'Appelle sits on alluvial deposits that consists of silt, sand, clay, gravel, and other organic material deposited by the glacier. In some parts of the valley, the deposits are 273 metres (896 ft) thick. Each watershed has its own water resources protection plan. The lower Qu'Appelle watershed plan is available here and the upper Qu'Appelle plan here . In
9191-643: The spring of 2009, planning staff from the Water Security Agency (WSA) invited stakeholders in the Lower Qu'Appelle River Watershed to participate in watershed planning. These stakeholders, representing various organizations within the watershed, formed two watershed advisory committees (WAC): the Eastern and Western Lower Qu'Appelle River WACs. The committees discuss aquifer protection, lake and river water management, and governance and legislative requirements. 93% of
9292-413: The territorial level. The King's representative in each province is the lieutenant governor . In each of the territories there is an analogous commissioner , but they represent the federal government rather than the monarch. Most provinces have rough provincial counterparts to major federal parties. However, these provincial parties are not usually formally linked to the federal parties that share
9393-498: The three prairie provinces and assisting in the protection of surface water supplies for household use, livestock and irrigation. Water in the river system was necessary to support human life as well as fisheries, livestock, and irrigation. In May 1941, the PFRA requested the construction of a dam at the eastern end of Pasqua Lake—which would cause persistent floods in the Maskopetung and Pasqua reserves—and would require approval from
9494-481: The top of the dyke. Along the west side of the Valeport Wildlife Management Area is a Nature Conservancy of Canada property called Big Valley ( 50°44′20″N 104°53′19″W / 50.73889°N 104.88861°W / 50.73889; -104.88861 ). Big Valley is 552 acres of protected grassland and is managed for bird and wildlife habitat. Valeport Marsh Wildlife Management Area
9595-461: The total demand. By 2060, estimates suggest that irrigation and expansion of the potash sector will account for 44.1% of water demand. Furthermore, there will be an increase of 162% in total direct anthropogenic water demand by 2060. The water demand per sector, according to the scenario analysis, is depicted below. As can be seen, agriculture demands the majority of the water in the Qu'Appelle basin. a) Agriculture: 2020 estimated amount of water demand
9696-494: The two biggest provinces in Canada, with together over 60% of the population at any given time. The population of the West relative to Canada as a whole has steadily grown over time, while that of Atlantic Canada has declined. Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were the original provinces, formed when several British North American colonies federated on July 1, 1867, into the Dominion of Canada and by stages began accruing
9797-420: The valley is Lumsden with a total population of 1,824. The second town in the Qu'Appelle Valley is Fort Qu'Appelle with a total population of 2,027. Located approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) north-east of Regina, the town of Fort Qu'Appelle is located between Echo Lake and Mission Lake . This town is of historical significance as it acted as a confluence between major trails that were positioned across
9898-515: The variability of moisture and temperature. Plants must have high tolerance to drought due to the low and varying precipitation. Roots of these plants grow deep into the ground in order to connect to the groundwater in the soil and reduce erosion. Wetlands in the valley ecosystem provide food and habitat for animals and also enhance water quality by filtering out toxins, water pollutants, and over accumulation of nutrients. Wetlands store rain water and overflows from rivers in order to reduce flooding, while
9999-435: The water system in the Qu'Appelle Valley and make up 45% of the fish biodiversity in Saskatchewan. The bigmouth buffalo , a fish species restricted only to the Qu'Appelle River watershed, is under federal protection as it is at risk of becoming extinct due to habitat loss. The Water Security Agency speculates that dams and structures that control water have caused the degradation of spawning habitats for bigmouth buffalo due to
10100-596: The winters until the 1820s, when Bermuda (which was better located to control the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States, impossible to attack over land, and almost impregnable against attack over water) became the main base year round. A large British Army garrison in Bermuda , which fell under the commander-in-chief in Nova Scotia , existed to defend the colony as a naval base (and to prevent it becoming as useful
10201-505: Was created by the provincial government with the assistance of Ducks Unlimited Canada and is an Important Bird Area of Canada called Valeport Marsh (SK 061). At the head of the river and edge of the marsh, along Last Mountain Lake's south-eastern shore, is the 57-hectare (140-acre) Valeport Provincial Recreation Site ( 50°44′52″N 104°52′15″W / 50.7478°N 104.8709°W / 50.7478; -104.8709 ). The park offers canoeing, picnicking, hiking, and walking along
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