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53-565: The square was known for its landscaped traffic circle featuring the equestrian statue of Trần Nguyên Hãn  [ vi ] and the white bust of Quách Thị Trang  [ vi ] . For six years from 2017 to 2022, it was the construction site of the Bến Thành station , the central station of the Ho Chi Minh City Metro . For two decades following the French conquest of Saigon ,

106-416: A pedestrian island for protection that also forces drivers to slow and begin to change direction, encouraging slower, safer speeds. On the island, the pedestrian crossing may become diagonal, to direct the gaze of those crossing into exiting traffic. Physically separated bikeways best protect cyclists. Less optimally, terminating cycle lanes well before roundabout entrances requires cyclists to merge into

159-546: A rotary and a traffic circle are types of circular intersection or junction in which road traffic is permitted to flow in one direction around a central island, and priority is typically given to traffic already in the junction. In the USA, engineers use the term modern roundabout to refer to junctions installed after 1960 that incorporate various design rules to increase safety. Compared to stop signs, traffic signals, and earlier forms of roundabouts, modern roundabouts reduce

212-406: A 15-year-old Buddhist and student, was shot dead by a stray bullet at Diên Hồng Square while protesting against the martial law imposed by Ngô Đình Diệm . A year later, a white memorial bust of Quách Thị Trang was placed near the center of the roundabout. According to Vu Quang Hung, who was then a student and the head of the secret "Quach Thi Trang Monument Construction Committee", the erection of

265-410: A roundabout can reduce delays, because half of the time a full stop would be required. Dedicated left turn signals (in countries where traffic drives on the right) further reduce throughput. Roundabouts can reduce delays for pedestrians compared to traffic signals, because pedestrians are able to cross during any safe gap rather than waiting for a signal. During peak flows when large gaps are infrequent,

318-707: A significant improvement, in terms of both operations and safety, when compared with older rotaries and traffic circles. The design became mandatory in the United Kingdom for all new roundabouts in November 1966. Australia and other British-influenced countries were the first outside the UK to build modern roundabouts. In the United States modern roundabouts emerged in the 1990s after years of planning and educational campaigning by Frank Blackmore and Leif Ourston , who sought to bring

371-409: A stop and a 90-degree turn to enter. Because these circumstances caused a lot of vehicle collisions, construction of traffic circles and rotaries ceased in the 1950s, and some were removed. Widespread use of the modern roundabout began when the UK's Transport Research Laboratory engineers re-engineered and standardised circular intersections during the 1960s. Frank Blackmore led the development of

424-514: A tree or tall shrubs. Road signage or flagpoles may be erected at the top of a landscaped mound. Some communities use the island for monuments, the display of large public art or for a fountain. Pedestrians may be prohibited from crossing the circling lane(s). Access to the central island requires an underpass or overpass for safety. Roundabouts have attracted art installations around the world: For larger roundabouts, pedestrian islands at each entry/exit encourage drivers to slow and prepare to enter

477-561: Is a major hub in the national railway network. Located about 1 km from the city center, Saigon railway station is the final station on the North–South railway , and the southernmost point of the Vietnamese railways. Despite the city being named Ho Chi Minh City after the Vietnam War , the name of the station has remained the same. The first Saigon station, which opened in 1885 as part of

530-414: Is a type of looping junction in which road traffic travels in one direction around a central island and priority is given to the circulating flow. Signs usually direct traffic entering the circle to slow and to give way to traffic already on it. Because low speeds are required for traffic entering roundabouts, they are physically designed to slow traffic entering the junction to improve safety, so that

583-404: Is clear without waiting for a signal to change. Roundabouts can increase delays in locations where traffic would otherwise often not be required to stop. For example, at the junction of a high-volume and a low-volume road, traffic on the busier road would stop only when cross traffic was present, otherwise not having to slow for the roundabout. When the volumes on the roadways are relatively equal,

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636-616: Is in common use. In the Channel Islands a third type of roundabout, known as "Filter in Turn", exists. Here approaching drivers neither give way to traffic on the roundabout, as normal, nor have priority over it, but take it in turns to enter from each. Almost all of Jersey 's roundabouts are of this type. In the Philippines , the term rotunda or rotonda is used in referring to roundabouts. The fundamental principle of modern roundabouts

689-476: Is that entering drivers give way to traffic within the roundabout without the need for traffic signals. Conversely, older traffic circles typically require circling drivers to give way to entering traffic. Roundabouts may also have an interior lane. Generally, exiting directly from an inner lane of a multi-lane roundabout is permitted, given that the intersecting road has as many lanes as the roundabout. By contrast, exiting from an inner lane of an older traffic circle

742-424: Is the controversy for drivers that seasoned driving teachers complain about this discomfort a decade after its safety is proven and adoption widespread. The central island may be surrounded by a truck apron that is high enough to discourage drivers from crossing over it, but low enough to allow wide or long vehicles to navigate the roundabout. The island may provide a visual barrier, to alert approaching drivers to

795-497: Is usually not permitted and traffic must first move into the outside lane. Vehicles circulate around the central island in one direction at speeds of 25–40 km/h (15–25 mph). In left-hand traffic countries they circulate clockwise (looking from above); in right-hand traffic, anticlockwise. Multi-lane roundabouts are typically less than 75 metres (250 ft) in diameter; older traffic circles and roundabout interchanges may be considerably larger. Roundabouts are roughly

848-741: The Saigon–Mỹ Tho Railway , was located near the Quách Thị Trang Square in District 1. In 1904, Hanoi-Nha Trang Railway was opened but the first Saigon station was too small, so the colonial authorities decided to move the station. The second Saigon station was located at the southwest of the Bến Thành Market and constructed in 1915. The current (third) Saigon station was opened in 1983 at Hòa Hưng, District 3. Every year, one or two months before Tết , thousands of people queue all day at

901-453: The current station ), while the area of the old station was converted into the present-day September 23 Park. Upon the completion of the metro station, the square was temporarily restored and traffic was rerouted to create a pedestrian zone in front of Bến Thành Market. A further major renovation of the square, which includes the reerection of the two monuments, is expected to be completed in 2025. Traffic circle A roundabout ,

954-401: The "priority rule" and subsequently invented the mini-roundabout to overcome capacity and safety limitations. The priority rule was found to improve traffic flow by up to 10%. In 1966, the United Kingdom adopted a rule at all circular junctions that required entering traffic to give way to circulating traffic. A Transportation Research Board guide reports that the modern roundabout represents

1007-654: The US. Research on Australian roundabouts was conducted in the 1980s at the Australian Road Research Board (ARRB). Its analytical capacity and performance models differ from the TRL model significantly, following a lane-based gap-acceptance theory including geometric parameters. Saigon station Saigon station (previosly Hòa Hưng station ) is a railway station in District 3 , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam . The station

1060-772: The United Kingdom in the 1960s. In the mid-2010s, about 3% of the then circa 4,000 U.S. modern roundabouts were located in Carmel, Indiana , whose mayor James Brainard had been actively promoting their construction; because of increased safety, injuries caused by car accidents in the city dropped by 80% after 1996. As of December 2015 there were about 4,800 modern roundabouts in the United States. As an example, Washington state contained about 120 roundabouts as of October 2016 , all having been built since 1997, with more planned. The first Canadian traffic circles were in Edmonton. There were 7 such by 1954. However, they didn't gain popularity in

1113-401: The United Kingdom. A roundabout is also a traditional English name given to amusement rides known as a carousel , or a merry-go-round in other English-speaking countries. In U.S. dictionaries the terms roundabout , traffic circle , road circle and rotary are synonyms. However, several experts such as Leif Ourston have stressed the need to distinguish between the characteristics of

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1166-796: The approaches. Many traffic circles have been converted to modern roundabouts, including the former Kingston traffic circle in New York and several in New Jersey. Others have been converted to signalised intersections, such as the Drum Hill Rotary in Chelmsford, Massachusetts , which is now six lanes wide and controlled by four separate intersections. Japan was first introduced to roundabouts in September 2014 to stop major accidents and traffic jams. The word roundabout dates from early 20th-century use in

1219-544: The authorities installed a traffic circle with landscaped gardens at the square's center. In 1955, place Eugène Cuniac was renamed Diên Hồng Square ( Công trường Diên Hồng ) by the South Vietnamese government after the name of a meeting convened by emperor Trần Thánh Tông to solicit a referendum in the face of the second Mongol invasion of Đại Việt . On 25 August 1963 (during the Buddhist crisis ), Quách Thị Trang,

1272-526: The bust was carefully planned to take place very quickly in late September 1964 during a protest against the Vũng Tàu Charter proclaimed by General Nguyễn Khánh , when the crowd surrounded the site and concealed the monument construction. In 1966, an equestrian statue of Trần Nguyên Hãn, a 15th-century general who fought in the Lam Sơn uprising , was also erected in the center of the roundabout. After Vietnam

1325-698: The by then well-established increased safety and traffic flow in other countries to America. The first was constructed in Summerlin, Nevada , in 1990 and was followed by another the following year. This roundabout occasioned dismay from residents, and a local news program said about it, "Even police agree, [roundabouts] can be confusing at times." Between 1990 and 1995, numerous modern roundabouts were built in California, Colorado, Florida, Maryland, Nevada, and Vermont. Municipalities introducing new roundabouts often were met with some degree of public resistance, just as in

1378-496: The circle. They also provide a refuge where pedestrians may pause mid-crossing. Vehicles or bicycles entering or exiting the roundabout must yield to all traffic including pedestrians. Pedestrian crossings at each entry/exit may be located at least one full car length outside the circle. The extra space allows pedestrians to cross behind vehicles waiting to enter the circle, and to allow exiting vehicles to stop for pedestrians without obstruction. Each pedestrian crossing may traverse

1431-455: The engine will require less work to regain the initial speed, resulting in lower emissions. Research has also shown that slow-moving traffic in roundabouts makes less noise than traffic that must stop and start, speed up and brake. Modern roundabouts were first standardised in the UK in 1966 and were found to be a significant improvement over previous traffic circles and rotaries. Since then, modern roundabouts have become commonplace throughout

1484-552: The exit arms of the motorised roundabout, priority must be established. In the Netherlands, cyclists will normally be given priority to promote cycling over driving. As well as their use in the Netherlands and Denmark, these designs have been subsequently built in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The capacity of a roundabout varies based on entry angle, lane width, and the number of entry and circulating lanes. As with other types of junctions, operational performance depends heavily on

1537-449: The flow volumes from various approaches. A single-lane roundabout can handle approximately 20,000–26,000 vehicles per day, while a two-lane design supports 40,000 to 50,000. Under many traffic conditions, a roundabout operates with less delay than signalised or all-way stop approaches. Roundabouts do not stop all entering vehicles, reducing both individual and queuing delays. Throughput further improves because drivers proceed when traffic

1590-673: The likelihood and severity of collisions greatly by reducing traffic speeds and minimizing T-bone and head-on collisions . Variations on the basic concept include integration with tram or train lines, two-way flow, higher speeds and many others. For pedestrians, traffic exiting the roundabout comes from one direction, instead of three, simplifying the pedestrian's visual environment. Traffic moves slowly enough to allow visual engagement with pedestrians, encouraging deference towards them. Other benefits include reduced driver confusion associated with perpendicular junctions and reduced queuing associated with traffic lights . They allow U-turns within

1643-435: The modern roundabout and the nonconforming traffic circle: The U.S. Department of Transportation adopted the term modern roundabout to distinguish those that require entering drivers to give way to others. Many old traffic circles remain in the northeastern US . Some modern roundabouts are elongated to encompass additional streets, but traffic always flows in a loop. In the United States, traffic engineers typically use

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1696-545: The most, by -47% to -84% for the aforementioned heights. The level of irritation to drivers is not to be understated, as it is the crucial point of the design: to force drivers to pay attention to the sides of the driving direction. This leads to drivers complaining about these designs, as Denmark in most regards embraces designing road infrastructure, such that the wanted driving behaviour leads to comfort i.e., lane width corresponding to speed limit and obstacles encouraging slowdown near points of safety concern such as schools. Such

1749-405: The normal flow of traffic, which often are not possible at other forms of junction. Moreover, since vehicles that run on gasoline typically spend less time idling at roundabouts than at signalled intersections, using a roundabout potentially leads to less pollution. When entering vehicles only need to give way, they do not always perform a full stop; as a result, by keeping a part of their momentum,

1802-460: The obstacles have been found to discomfort drivers more so than the roundabout itself compared to conventional intersections, thus initiating further observation and care taking of the driver. In Denmark, it was found to decrease accidents in roundabouts by 27% to 84% depending on height and type. In studies, heights of 0-0.9, 1-1.9 and 2+ metres were evaluated. It was found that for all heights, especially accidents leading to human injuries were reduced

1855-427: The path of an exiting vehicle is relatively straight, and so the motorist may often not slow substantially. To give way to a cyclist on the outside requires the exiting motorist to look toward the rear, to the perimeter. Other vehicles can obstruct the driver's view in this direction, complicating the motorist's task. The more frequent requirements for motorists to slow or stop reduce traffic flow. A 1992 study found that

1908-555: The planning of the new railway station and the construction of the Saigon–Cholon boulevard (modern-day Trần Hưng Đạo). As a result, the locomotive depot was demolished and the railway terminus was relocated to the area now occupied by September 23 Park. The square, originally a simple open space, was opened in March 1914, along with the Halles centrales (present-day Bến Thành Market). In 1916, it

1961-400: The presence of the roundabout, and to encourage drivers to focus on the traffic in the path of the circle. A visual barrier significantly reduces the accident rate. Otherwise, vehicles anywhere in or near the circle can cause those entering to stop and wait for them to pass, even if they are opposite, which unnecessarily reduces traffic flow. The barrier may be a landscaped mound, a raised wall,

2014-574: The rest of the country until the 1990s. They became increasingly popular amongst traffic planners and civil engineers in the 15 years thereafter due to their success in Europe. By 2014 there were about 400 roundabouts in Canada at the time (most in Quebec, Alberta, British Columbia and Ontario), or one per 90,000 inhabitants (compared to one per 84,000 inhabitants in the United States that year). A " modern roundabout"

2067-549: The risk to cyclists is high in all such intersections, but much higher when the junction has a marked bicycle lane or sidepath around its perimeter. Cycle lanes were installed at Museum Road, Portsmouth , but were replaced by a narrowed carriageway to encourage lane sharing. The roundabout at the Brown Road and Loop 202 interchange in Mesa, Arizona , adopts a U.S.-recommended design. On-street pavement markings direct cyclists to enter

2120-483: The roads typically approach the junction radially ; whereas older-style traffic circles may be designed to try to increase speeds, and have roads that enter the circle tangentially . Roundabouts are normally not used on controlled-access highways because of the low speed requirement, but may be used on lower grades of highway such as limited-access roads . When such roads are redesigned to incorporate roundabouts, traffic speeds must be reduced via tricks such as curving

2173-593: The rotary always has the right of way. For instance, in Massachusetts , "Any operator of a vehicle entering a rotary intersection shall yield the right-of-way to any vehicle already in the intersection." In Rhode Island entering vehicles "Yield to vehicles in the roundabout." In the dialect used in the Scottish city of Dundee , circle is used to refer to roundabouts. In the English West Midlands , island

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2226-436: The same size as signalled intersections of the same capacity. Design criteria include: Modern roundabouts feature a central island and sometimes pedestrian islands at each entry or exit often for decoration. Denmark has begun widespread adoption of particular high islands, or if not possible, obstacles such as hedges or a ring of trees in larger examples. This is done to further increase the safety benefits of roundabouts, as

2279-482: The sidewalk at the end of the bike lane. Cyclists who choose to travel on the wide sidewalk, cross roundabout arms perpendicularly, well outside the circle. A pedestrian island allows pedestrians and cyclists to cross one lane at a time. Protected roundabouts (or Dutch roundabout) were developed in the Netherlands , with cyclists separated from vehicles using dedicated lanes. As cyclists will conflict with motorists at

2332-537: The site that would become the present-day Quách Thị Trang was part of a large marsh known as Marais Boresse. In the early 1880s, part of the marsh was reclaimed for the construction of the Saigon–My Tho railway line and a large steam locomotive depot. However, the present-day square was not laid out until 1910, when the government approved a 1.25-million-piastre project for sanitation of the Boresse marsh which also included

2385-616: The slower speed of traffic entering and exiting can still allow crossing, despite the smaller gaps. Studies of roundabouts that replaced stop signs and/or traffic signals found that vehicle delays were reduced 13–89 percent and the proportion of vehicles that stopped was reduced 14–56 percent. Delays on major approaches increased as vehicles slowed to enter the roundabouts. Roundabouts have been found to reduce carbon monoxide emissions by 15–45 percent, nitrous oxide emissions by 21–44 percent, carbon dioxide emissions by 23–37 percent and hydrocarbon emissions by 0–42 percent. Fuel consumption

2438-413: The station to buy tickets home, because it is the main booking office of Vietnam Railways . Though electronic booking machines have been adopted, the queues continue, due to the monopoly of the railway. The head office is in 136 Ham Nghi Boulevard , Ben Thanh ward, district 1, Ho Chi Minh city. Due to the requirements of urban planning, the city government is considering the relocation of the station to

2491-407: The stream of motor traffic, but keeps cyclists in full view of drivers, at some cost in motor vehicle speed. Cyclists may also be permitted to use pedestrian crossings. Traditional cycle lanes increase vehicle–bicycle collisions. When exiting, a motorist must look ahead to avoid colliding with another vehicle or with pedestrians on a pedestrian crossing. As the intersection curves away from the exit,

2544-432: The term rotary for large-scale circular junctions between expressways or controlled-access highways . Rotaries of this type typically feature high speeds inside the circle and on the approaches. In the United States' New England region, however, a " rotary " is typically used as the general term for all roundabouts, including those with modern designs. State laws in these states mandate that traffic already driving in

2597-605: The world, including Australia, the United Kingdom and France. Circular junctions existed before roundabouts, including: Although some may still be referred to as roundabouts , the operating and entry characteristics of these traffic circles differed considerably from modern roundabouts. Circular intersections were built in the United States, though many were large-diameter 'rotaries' that enabled high-speed merge and weave manoeuvres. Older-style traffic circles may control entering traffic by stop signs or traffic lights. Many allow entry at higher speeds without deflection, or require

2650-469: Was officially named place Eugène Cuniac , in honour of the former Mayor of Saigon Eugène François Jean-Baptiste Cuniac (1851–1916), although still commonly known as the place du marché central (Central market Square). The subsequent openings of the new Saigon Railway Station (1915) and the Halles centrales electric tramway terminus (1923) and the operation of two bus stations transformed the square into one of Saigon's most important transport hubs. In 1929,

2703-680: Was reduced by an estimated 23–34 percent. Many countries have researched roundabout capacity. The software can help calculate capacity, delay and queues. Packages include ARCADY , Rodel, Highway Capacity Software and Sidra Intersection . ARCADY and Rodel are based on the Transport Research Laboratory mathematical model. The TRL approach is derived from empirical models based on geometric parameters and observed driver behaviour with regard to lane choice. Sidra Intersection software includes roundabout capacity models developed in Australia and

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2756-470: Was reunified, Diên Hồng Square was officially renamed Quách Thị Trang Square . The statues of Trần Nguyên Hãn and Quách Thị Trang remained in place until 2014, when the former was moved to Phú Lâm Park in District 6 , and the latter was moved to Bách Tùng Diệp Park . Additionally, in 1957, the tramway terminus at the square, previously managed by the Compagnie française des tramways de l'Indochine (C.F.T.I.),

2809-454: Was taken over by the Republic of Vietnam Ministry of Public Works and Transport and became the central bus station of Saigon. This bus station remained in operation until 2017 when it was relocated to the nearby Hàm Nghi Boulevard to make space for the metro station construction site. The Saigon Railway Station, on the other hand, was soon closed in 1978 and was relocated to Hòa Hưng (the site of

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