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81-556: His personal name Mochuo is Chinese transcription of his Turkic name Bögü-Çor , with Old Turkic : 𐰋𐰇𐰏 , romanized:  Bögü meaning "wise". The same name occurs in the Sogdian version of the Karabalsagun inscription (821 AD). He used the name Bögü Chor Shad during Ilterish 's reign. His regnal name Qapaghan comes from the Old Turkic verb " kap- " meaning "to conquer". He

162-624: A Tang dynasty prince for marriage to his daughter, part of a plot to join his family with the Tang, displace the Zhou, and restore Tang rule over China under his influence. When Wu Zetian sent a member of her own family, grandnephew Wu Yanxiu (武延秀), to marry Qapaghan's daughter instead. Zhang Jianzhi opposed, stating, " In ancient times, no Chinese imperial prince had ever married a barbarian woman as his wife ." This opposition drew displeasure from Wu Zetian, as she wanted peace with Turks, and she demoted Zhang to be

243-463: A 148 kilometres (92 mi) north–south extent and a 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide from east to west. The prefecture has borders stretching 760 kilometres (472 mi) long and covers an area of 15,722 square kilometres (6,070 sq mi). Bordering prefecture-level cities in Hebei are Hengshui (E), Xingtai (S), and Baoding (N/NE). To the west lies the province of Shanxi . The city stands at

324-796: A Tang Princess. Emperor Ruizong accepted and created a daughter of Li Chengqi , the Princess Jinshan (金山公主). Excited khagan sent his son Ashina Yangwozhi (阿史那楊我支) to Changan. However, the decision was soon reversed by newly enthroned Xuanzong . Later that year Turgesh forces were crushed by Tonyukuk in Battle of Bolchu . Certain Bars Beg (or probably Suluk ) was appointed chief of Turgesh and married Mojilian's daughter. In 713, Karluks were defeated by combined forces of Kapaghan, Mojilian and Kul Tegin . In 714, February Inel, Tonga Tegin and khagan's brother-in-law Huoba Elteber Ashibi attacked Beiting , during

405-409: A large city. As of the end of 2017, the urban population of Shijiazhuang exceeded 4.5 million. In just six decades, the city's population has increased by more than 20 fold. At the end of 2009, the city's total non-migrant population was 9,774,100, an increase of 109,300 over the previous year. The birth rate of the city's population is 14.65%, the death rate is 6.25%, and the natural growth rate

486-608: A nasal in a word such as 𐰢𐰤 ( men , "I"). There are approximately 12 case morphemes in Old Turkic (treating 3 types of accusatives as one); the table below lists Old Turkic cases following Marcel Erdal ’s classification (some phonemes of suffixes written in capital letters denote archiphonemes which sometimes are dropped or changed as per (East) Old Turkic phonotactics ): Old Turkic (like Modern Turkic) had 2 grammatical numbers: singular and plural. However, Old Turkic also formed collective nouns (a category related to plurals) by

567-412: A rare distinction of being served by both the "conventional" Beijing–Guangzhou Railway and the new Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong High-Speed Railway . Such an arrangement is fairly uncommon on China's high-speed rail network , as typically high-speed lines are constructed to bypass city cores, where the older "conventional" train stations are. In Shijiazhuang's case, to make it possible to bring

648-443: A separate suffix -(A)gU(n) e.g. tay agun uŋuz ‘your colts’. Unlike Modern Turkic, Old Turkic had 3 types of suffixes to denote plural: Suffixes except for -lAr is limitedly used for only a few words. In some descriptions, -(X)t and -An may also be treated as collective markers. -(X)t is used for titles of non-Turkic origin, e.g. tarxat ← tarxan 'free man' <Soghdian, tégit ← tégin 'prince' (of unknown origin). -s

729-508: A thick layer of smog over the region. Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered district heating system in North China region. Prevailing winds blew low-hanging air masses of factory emissions (mostly SO 2 ) towards China's east coast. Shijiazhuang has direct administrative jurisdiction over: Migrants flowing in from all across China largely contributed to

810-856: Is 11.2 times the World Health Organization PM2.5 Guideline (5 μg/m : set in September, 2021). These pollution levels are estimated to reduce the Life Expectancy of an average person living in Shijiazhuang by almost 5 years. A dense wave of smog began in the Central and Eastern part of China on December 2, 2013, across a distance of around 1,200 kilometres (750 mi), including Shijiazhuang and surrounding areas. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow-moving air masses carrying industrial emissions, collected airborne pollutants to form

891-639: Is 5,075,875, accounting for 49.94% of the total population. The gender ratio of the total population is 100 women per 100.24 men. The population aged between 0 and 14 is 1,548,125, accounting for 15.23% of the total population; the population aged between 15 and 64 is 7,789,753, accounting for 76.64% of the total population; the population aged 65 and over is 825,910, accounting for 8.13% of the total population. The top 10 surnames of Shijiazhuang are: Zhang (10.27%), Wang (9.25%), Li (9.17%), Liu (6.73%), Zhao (4.28%), Yang (2.82%), Gao (2.08%), Chen (1.92%), Ma (1.77%), and Guo (1.55%). On May 6, 2011,

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972-413: Is 8.4%. According to the sixth national census in 2010, the city's total non-migrant population stands at 10,163,788. Compared with the fifth national census a decade prior, there was an increase of 818,365 people, or an increase of 8.76%, and an average annual growth rate of 0.84%. Among them, the male population stood at 5,087,913, accounting for 50.06% of the total population; the female population

1053-476: Is Liu Heng, its name was changed to Changshan (常山). From Han (206 BC–AD 220) to Sui (581–618) times it was the site of a county seat named Shiyi. With the reorganization of local government in the early period of the Tang dynasty (618–907), Hengshan county was abolished, and it was reestablished as a prefecture. It was renamed as Zhen Prefecture due to a naming taboo with Emperor Muzong of Tang , whose personal name

1134-444: Is a similar suffix, e.g. ïšbara-s 'lords' <Sanskrit īśvara . -An is used for person, e.g. ärän 'men, warriors' ← är 'man', oglan ← ogul 'son'. Today, all Modern Turkic languages (except for Chuvash ) use exclusively the suffix of the -lAr type for plural. Finite verb forms in Old Turkic (i.e. verbs to which a tense suffix is added) always conjugate for person and number of the subject by corresponding suffixes save for

1215-406: Is assimilated through the word through vowel harmony . Some vowels were considered to occur only in the initial syllable, but they were later found to be in suffixes. Length is distinctive for all vowels; while most of its daughter languages have lost the distinction, many of these preserve it in the case of /e/ with a height distinction, where the long phoneme developed into a more closed vowel than

1296-511: Is east of the Taihang Mountains , a mountain range extending over 400 km (250 mi) from north to south with an average elevation of 1,500 to 2,000 m (4,900 to 6,600 ft). The city's present name, Shijiazhuang (Chinese: 石家庄 ), first appeared during the Ming dynasty . Its literal meaning is " Shi family's village". The word Shijiazhuang was generally used after construction of

1377-558: Is home to major pharmaceutical companies and factories like the North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang Pharma Group , and Shineway Pharma. The textile industry is also one of the backbones of the city's commerce. Other sectors include machinery and chemicals such as Shijiazhuang Donghua Jinlong , building materials, light industry, and electronics. With abundant agricultural resources, Shijiazhuang has 590,000 hectares of cultivated land and

1458-626: Is known from 9th-century Yenisei Kirghiz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian alphabet of the 10th century. Words were usually written from right to left. Variants of the script were found in Mongolia and Xinjiang in the east and the Balkans in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated between the 8th and 10th centuries. Vowel roundness

1539-638: Is similar to spring in temperature and lack of rainfall. January averages −1.4 °C (29.5 °F), while July averages 27.7 °C (81.9 °F); the annual mean is 14.3 °C (57.7 °F). With the monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 38 percent in July to 56 percent in May, the city receives 2,163 hours of sunshine annually. More than half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August alone. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −26.5 °C (−15.7 °F) to 42.8 °C (109.0 °F). According to

1620-624: Is the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language. The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolai Yadrintsev . This writing system was later used within the Uyghur Khaganate . Additionally, a Yenisei variant

1701-417: Is the capital and most populous city of China's Hebei Province. A prefecture-level city about 266 kilometres (165 mi) southwest of Beijing, it administers eight districts , three county-level cities and eleven counties . At the 2020 census, the city had a population of 11,235,086, with 6,230,709 in the built-up area comprising all urban districts except Jingxing District and Zhengding County ,

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1782-421: Is the main source of cotton, pears, dates and walnuts in Hebei province. In 2008, total imports reached US$ 1.393 billion, an increase of 42.1 percent over the previous year. Exports increased by 34.9 percent to US$ 5.596 billion. 2006 World Bank reported that Shijiazhuang was spending less than RMB400 per capita on education, as opposed to Beijing (RMB1,044) and Weihai (RMB1,631). The zone

1863-465: Is very close to Old Uyghur. East Old Turkic and West Old Turkic together comprise the Old Turkic proper, though West Old Turkic is generally unattested and is mostly reconstructed through words loaned through Hungarian . East Old Turkic is the oldest attested member of the Siberian Turkic branch of Turkic languages, and several of its now-archaic grammatical as well as lexical features are extant in

1944-604: The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences published the "2011 China Urban Competitiveness Blue Book: China Urban Competitiveness Report". In it, the happiness survey sampled 294 cities across China, arriving at the conclusion that the residents of Shijiazhuang were the happiest. This result caused strong doubts from netizens. In 2014, the GDP of Shijiazhuang reached CN¥510.02 billion (about $ 80.45 billion in USD), an increase of 12 percent over

2025-478: The First Five-Year Plan . Shijiazhuang was one of the fourteen cities selected as focus cities for development. The population more than tripled in the decade 1948–58 after Communist won the civil war. In the 1950s, the city experienced a major expansion in the textile industry, with large-scale cotton spinning, weaving, printing, and dyeing works. In addition, there are plants processing local farm produce. In

2106-488: The North China Plain , particularly grain, tobacco, and cotton. By 1935, it had far outstripped Zhengding as an economic center. At the end of World War II the character of the city changed when it took on an administrative role as the preeminent city in western Hebei, and developed into an industrial city. Some industries, such as match manufacturing, tobacco processing, and glassmaking, had already been established before

2187-586: The Shijiazhuang station of the Zhengtai Railway in 1907. The origin of the name is heavily disputed. One story claimed that the Wanli Emperor sent 24 officers and their families to the area, after which the group splits into two settlements consisting of 10 and 14 families. The imperial court then named the settlements "village of 10 families" ( 十家庄 ) and "village of 14 families" (十四家庄), respectively. Since

2268-514: The 13th century. Old Turkic can generally be split into two dialects, the earlier Orkhon Turkic and the later Old Uyghur . There is a difference of opinion among linguists with regard to the Karakhanid language , some (among whom include Omeljan Pritsak , Sergey Malov , Osman Karatay and Marcel Erdal ) classify it as another dialect of East Old Turkic, while others prefer to include Karakhanid among Middle Turkic languages; nonetheless, Karakhanid

2349-432: The 1960s it was the site of a new chemical industry , with plants producing fertilizer and caustic soda . Shijiazhuang also became an engineering base, with a tractor-accessory plant. There are important coal deposits at Jingxing and Huailu, now named Luquan , a few miles to the west in the foothills of the Taihang Mountains , which provide fuel for a thermal-generating plant supplying power to local industries. Tianjin

2430-408: The 3rd person, in which case person suffix is absent. This grammatical configuration is preserved in the majority of Modern Turkic languages, except for some such as Yellow Uyghur in which verbs no longer agree with the person of the subject. Old Turkic had a complex system of tenses, which could be divided into six simple and derived tenses, the latter formed by adding special (auxiliary) verbs to

2511-469: The Chinese characters for ten ( 十 ; shí ) and stone ( 石 ; shí ) are homophones, it is speculated that the city name gradually evolved into its current spelling. Another explanation is that the settlement was named after the highest-ranking official amongst the groups, who was surnamed Shi . However, a county named Shiyi (Chinese: 石邑 ; lit. 'stone city'), in present-day Luquan District ,

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2592-607: The National Environmental Analysis released by Tsinghua University and The Asian Development Bank in January 2013, Shijiazhuang was one of ten most air-polluted cities in the world. Also according to this report, 7 of 10 most air-polluted cities are in China, including Taiyuan , Beijing, Urumqi , Lanzhou , Chongqing, Jinan and Shijiazhuang. As air pollution in China is at an all-time high, several northern cities are among

2673-496: The bombs via taxi and stated that the bombings were an act of revenge on his relatives, who were among the tenants of the apartments. Jin and his accomplices were later executed. In December 2020, its mayor, Deng Peiran, was charged with corruption, with Ma Yujun currently serving as the acting mayor. A few weeks later, the city became a new COVID-19 hotspot: starting from the village of Xiaoguozhuang in Gaocheng District in

2754-459: The city alongside. Wu Zetian angered to the point that she issued a proclamation that if anyone killed the khagan would be granted title Prince. She subsequently renamed him Zhanchuo (斩啜, meaning "chopped head") as a play on his name Mochuo. In September, Zhaozhou was also attacked, deputy governor Tang Boruo (唐波若) handed over the keys and governor Gao Rui (高睿) was immediately executed. In October, khagan let Yan Zhiwei (阎知微) to go back to China, who

2835-644: The city as "Shijiazhuang" or "Shizhuang". To avoid confusion and association with the Japanese Army , the Chinese Communist Party ultimately reverted the city's name back to Shijiazhuang on December 26, 1947. Since then, many terms regarding the city have been stemmed from the "zhuang" suffix, including its nickname "international village" ( 国际庄 ), and the colloquial demonym, "villagers" ( 庄里人 ). Jokingly, people also call it "Sky Home Town" or "Rocksville" from its Chinese translating into English. This area

2916-494: The city's divisions. Qiaodong District was dissolved and merged into Chang'an and Qiaoxi districts. Three county-level cities, Gaocheng , Luquan , and Luancheng , became urban districts. Shijiazhuang is located in south-central Hebei, and is part of the Bohai Economic Rim . Its administrative area ranges in latitude from 37° 27' to 38° 47' N, and the longitude 113° 30' to 115° 20' E. The prefecture-level city reaches

2997-575: The city's position as a key political center. A year later, as the result of the merger between the Bank of North China, the Bank of Beihai, and the Northwest Agricultural Bank, the People's Bank of China was established here, where it produced and released the first series of the renminbi . Meanwhile, the industrialization of the city also gathered momentum thanks to government initiatives including

3078-404: The city, Jingxing Mining District , was created on June 27, 1950. On November 7, 1952, Hengshui Prefecture, to the east, was merged into Shijiazhuang, adding six more counties. The prefecture continued to expand after Dingxian Prefecture was split and merged into Baoding and Shijiazhuang on June 18, 1954. Between March 1960 and May 1961, the prefecture and the city merged. Thereafter, however,

3159-650: The contemporaneous ancestor of Modern Uyghur was the Chagatai literary language . East Old Turkic is attested in a number of scripts, including the Old Turkic script , the Old Uyghur alphabet , the Brahmi script , and the Manichaean script . The Turkic runiform alphabet of Orkhon Turkic was deciphered by Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893. The Old Turkic script (also known variously as Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script)

3240-486: The eastern part of Shijiazhuang, covers an area of 5.8 km (2.2 sq mi), and serves as the primary section of the New High-tech Industrial Development Zone. The district focuses on the establishment of new high-tech enterprises. There are plans to expand the district into an area of 9.8 km (3.8 sq mi). A railway line operated by Shijiazhuang Oil Refinery runs through

3321-618: The edge of the North China Plain , which rises to the Taihang Mountains to the west of the city, and lies south of the Hutuo River . From west to east, the topography can be summarised as moderately high mountains, then low-lying mountains, hills, basin, and finally plains. Out of the eight east–west routes across the Taihang Mountains, the fifth, the Niangzi Pass , connects the city directly with Taiyuan , Shanxi. The mountainous part of

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3402-571: The headquarters of the People's Liberation Army during the decisive stages of the Chinese Civil War between May 26, 1948, and March 23, 1949, at which point they were moved to Beijing. Today, the area is a memorial site. Since the city was pivotal to the People's Liberation Army 's victory of the Chinese Civil War , many governmental agencies have roots in Shijiazhuang. The creation of the North China People's Government in 1947 affirmed

3483-481: The largest formula seller in China for a continuous 15-year period. Richard McGregor , author of The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers , said that Sanlu became "an invaluable asset for a city otherwise struggling to attract industry and investment on a par with China's premier metropolises." Both the dairy trade and Sanlu were affected by the 2008 Chinese milk scandal . The chairman and general manager of Sanlu, and several party officials, including

3564-696: The mistreatment of the Khitan people by the Zhou official Zhao Wenhui (趙文翽), the prefect of Ying Prefecture ( Chinese : 營州 , roughly Chaoyang County, Liaoning ), rebelled, with Li assuming the title of Wushang Khan. Armies that Wu Zetian sent to suppress Li and Sun's rebellion were defeated by Khitan forces, which in turn attacked Zhou proper. Khagan encouraged the Khitan 's Li-Sun Rebellion (696–697) to eventually attack and plunder successful Khitan on their rear, to his full benefit. Meanwhile, Qapaghan Qaghan offered help and yet

3645-515: The modern Yellow Uyghur , Lop Nur Uyghur and Khalaj (all of which are endangered); Khalaj, for instance, has (surprisingly) retained a considerable number of archaic Old Turkic words despite forming a language island within Central Iran and being heavily influenced by Persian . Old Uyghur is not a direct ancestor of the modern Uyghur language , but rather the Western Yugur language ;

3726-780: The most polluted cities and have some of the worst air quality in China. Reporting on China's air quality has been accompanied by what seems like a monochromatic slideshow of the country's several cities smothered in thick smog. According to a survey made by "Global voices China" in February 2013, Shijiazhuang is among China's 10 most polluted cities along with other cities including major Chinese cities like Beijing and Zhengzhou , and 6 other prefectural cities all in Hebei . These cities are all situated in traditional geographic subdivision of "Huabei (North China) Region". In 2020, annual average PM2.5 Air Pollution in Shijiazhuang stood at 56 μg/m , which

3807-433: The northern portion of the city, cases has been increasing rapidly since January 2, 2021. Due to its proximity with Beijing and the severity of the outbreak, harsh measures were put into place, with all 11 million residences undergoing mandatory testing, as well as school closures, banning of gatherings, and residential districts being sealed. All highways were blocked off, with rail and air links also suspended. Throughout

3888-623: The pharmaceutical industry and the petrochemical industry . By 2009, some 2,600 enterprises had settled in the zone, of which 185 were foreign-funded enterprises. Firms from Japan, the US, the Republic of Korea, Germany, Italy, Canada, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan had established themselves in the zone. The city is a center for the dairy trade, being the headquarters of the Sanlu Group . Sanlu became Shijiazhuang's largest taxpayer since it had become

3969-539: The plains area in the east and south of the city, the focus of the developments later shifted towards the mountainous districts and counties in the west, as well as along the Hutuo River in the north. In the early hours of March 16, 2001, four apartment buildings were leveled after a series of explosions rocked the city, killing 108 while injuring 38. The perpetrator was a deaf, unemployed man named Jin Ruchao who police arrested weeks later. Jin confessed that he had delivered

4050-602: The population growth of Shijiazhuang in recent times. With a population of 120,000 in 1947, Shijiazhuang became the first medium-large city captured by the Chinese Communist Party from the Kuomintang . By the time of the People's Republic of China's founding in 1949, the total urban population increased to more than 270,000 people, more than doubling in a span of two years. In 1953, when China rolled out its first five-year plan,

4131-671: The prefect of He Prefecture (合州, modern northern Chongqing ). Khagan nevertheless rejected the prince. He had no intention to cement the peace treaty with a marriage; instead, when Wu Yanxiu arrived, he detained Wu Yanxiu and then launched a major attack on Zhou, advancing as far south as Zhao Prefecture (趙州, in modern Shijiazhuang , Hebei ). He created Chinese general Yan Zhiwei (阎知微) as Southern Khagan (南面可汗) persuaded Yan to help invade cities of Zhaozhou and Dingzhou . Zhou general Murong Xuanjiao (慕容玄皦) also submitted to Qapaghan with 5000 soldiers. In August 698, Qapaghan attacked Dingzhou, captured and killed its governor Sun Yangao (孙彦高), burning

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4212-637: The prefecture consists of parts of: The Hutuo River Basin in the east juts into: The city has a continental, monsoon -influenced semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk / Dwa ), characterised by hot, humid summers due to the East Asian monsoon, and generally cold, windy, very dry winters that reflect the influence of the Siberian anticyclone . Spring can see sandstorms blowing in from the Mongolian steppe, accompanied by rapidly warming, but generally dry, conditions. Autumn

4293-555: The prefecture was re-established, with Hengshui Prefecture splitting away the next year. The city and its prefecture merged for good in June 1993. In the 2010s, Shijiazhuang's administrative divisions saw further changes. In 2013, the county-level city of Xinji , although still part of Shijiazhuang prefecture, is now directly administered by Hebei province . Later, the State Council of the People's Republic of China approved more adjustments to

4374-550: The previous year, and placing the city 20th in provincial capitals by GDP. Shijiazhuang has become a major industrial city in North China and is considered to be the economic center of Hebei province, along with Tangshan . The city also located in Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang Hi-Tech Industrial Belt , which is one of the main Hi-Tech Belts in China. Nicknamed the "medicine hub of China", it

4455-449: The proposal; in exchange, Wu Yanxiu was released on khagan's order. However, Emperor Zhongzhong 's accession changed political climate. In 705, Tujue forces commanded by Mojilian entered Lingwu, defeating Shazha Chongyi (沙吒忠义), he was dismissed from service. Angered Zhongzhong declined marriage proposal and proclaimed prize for anyone willing to kill khagan. In 711, khagan sent a marriage proposal to Ruizong , this time intending to marry

4536-468: The revolting Tiele tribes of Huihe , Tongluo, Baixi, Bayegu and Xueyantuo , was ambushed killed by a Bayegu tribesman named Xiezhilue (颉质略) on July 22, 716 while passing through a forest. His severed head was sent to Changan . According to Cuisenier, he married El Bilga Khatun, a widow of his brother. He had a number of issues: Old Turkic language Old Siberian Turkic , generally known as East Old Turkic and often shortened to Old Turkic ,

4617-402: The short counterpart. Old Turkic is highly restrictive in which consonants words can begin with: words can begin with /b/, /t/, /tʃ/, /k/, /q/, /s/, /ɫ/ and /j/, but they do not usually begin with /p/, /d/, /g/, /ɢ/, /l/, /ɾ/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/, /m/, /ʃ/, or /z/. The only exceptions are 𐰤𐰀 ( ne , "what, which") and its derivatives, and some early assimilations of word-initial /b/ to /m/ preceding

4698-405: The siege Tonga Tegin was killed, while Ashibi fled to Tang in fear, where who would be renamed Huoba Guiren (火拔歸仁) and created a general. In 715, due to his cruelty, some his men and a number of tribes, including his Korean son-in-law Gao Wenjian (高文簡) and Ashide son-in-law Ashide Hulu (阿史德胡禄) submitted to Tang. Rebellions of tribes followed later. Khagan was on his way back from suppressing

4779-424: The simple tenses. Some suffixes are attested as being attached to only one word and no other instance of attachment is to be found. Similarly, some words are attested only once in the entire extant Old Turkic corpus. The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as denominal noun suffixes. The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as deverbal suffixes. Shijiazhuang Shijiazhuang

4860-557: The title Ilterish Da Chanyu (頡跌利施大單于), Ligong Baoguo (立功報國), Generalissimo of the Left Guards (左衛大將軍) as well as Duke of Guiguo (歸國) and Qianshan Khagan (迁善可汗), literally meaning " Good moving khagan " in 695. After securing Chinese border, in winter, he turned his attention to further expansion to north, notably subjugating Yenisei Kyrgyz and killing their khagan. While preparing an attack on Turgesh forces, his khatun died, so invasion had to be called off. In 698, Qapaghan demanded

4941-511: The total population of Shijiazhuang's urban area increased to 320,000. In 1960, the total population of the Shijiazhuang urban area had reached 650,000. In 1968, the city experienced a substantial increase due to it being designated the capital of Hebei to avoid chaos in Baoding amidst the Cultural Revolution. By 1980, the urban population had surpassed the one million mark, joining the ranks of

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5022-490: The town from a local collecting center and market into a communications center of national importance on the main route from Beijing and Tianjin to Shanxi, and later, when the railway from Taiyuan was extended to the southwest, to Shaanxi as well. The city also became the center of an extensive road network. Pre- World War II , Shijiazhuang was a large railway town as well as a commercial and collecting center for Shanxi and regions farther west and for agricultural produce of

5103-506: The twelfth largest in mainland China. Shijiazhuang experienced dramatic growth after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The population of the metropolitan area has more than quadrupled in thirty years as a result of industrialization and infrastructural developments. From 2008 to 2011, Shijiazhuang implemented a three-year plan, resulting in an increase of green areas and new buildings and roads. A railway station, airport and subway system have been opened. Shijiazhuang

5184-612: The vice-mayor in charge of food and agriculture, Zhang Fawang, were reportedly removed from office. Mayor Ji Chuntang reportedly resigned on September 17, 2008. The city is served by many expressways, including the Shitai , Beijing– Shenzhen and Taiyuan – Cangzhou Expressways. Shijiazhuang is a transportation hub at the intersection point of the Beijing– Guangzhou , Taiyuan – Dezhou , and Shuozhou – Huanghua railways. The new Shijiazhuang railway station (opened December 2012) has

5265-495: The village to be established as an autonomous city under the name Shijia. The city ended up being renamed as Shimen ( 石门 ) when it was officially incorporated on August 29, 1925, after the merger with another village, Xiumen (Chinese: 休门 ; lit. 'auspicious gate'). Despite being renamed, however, many documents and war plans from the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War still referred to

5346-541: The war. By 1941, Shide railway line was constructed between Shijiazhuang and Dezhou , Shandong in the war occupied period , operated by North China Transportation Company . On November 12, 1947, the city was captured by Communist forces. Xibaipo , a village about 90 km (56 mi) from downtown Shijiazhuang, in Pingshan County was the location of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and

5427-405: The years, the city's administrative units have been shifted and adjusted multiple times. Initially, Shijiazhuang was administered under the prefecture of the same name, along with the counties of Zhengding , Pingshan , Lingshou , Jingxing , Jianping , Huailu , Jinxian , Gaocheng , Luancheng , Zhaoxian , Shulu , Yuanshi , Zanhuang , Gaoyi , and one town, Xinji . The first new district of

5508-464: The zone from north to south, so enterprises in the zone can build lines of their own. The Western District, located in the southwest of Shijiazhuang, covers an area of 8.2 km (3.2 sq mi). It focuses on small- and medium-sized technology enterprises and technology incubation. Liangcun District, which borders the Western District, covers 4 km (1.5 sq mi), and focuses on

5589-459: Was Li Heng. Zhending was a giant city in the area, now Zhengding county, where was destination of migration from Yuan dynasty people and central area of preceding Northern Song dynasty people, particularly in Kaifeng and Zhengzhou etc. Marco Polo has glanced the city and noted it in his book. The name "Shijiazhuang" was first mentioned in 1535 on a stele of a local temple. Shijiazhuang

5670-524: Was a Siberian Turkic language spoken around East Turkistan and Mongolia . It was first discovered in inscriptions originating from the Second Turkic Khaganate , and later the Uyghur Khaganate , making it the earliest attested Common Turkic language . In terms of the datability of extant written sources, the period of Old Turkic can be dated from slightly before 720 AD to the Mongol invasions of

5751-523: Was again carved out of Hebei in 1967, remaining a separate entity today. The provincial capital was then moved to Baoding , however, the city was plunged into chaos due to the Cultural Revolution just a year later. Thus, under the direction of Mao Zedong to "prepare for war and natural disasters", Shijiazhuang became the provincial capital in 1968. Beginning in the 1990s, Shijiazhuang saw another episode of rapid growth and development. Starting from

5832-507: Was already present during the Warring States period , suggesting that the name, or its elements, have even older origins. At first, the settlement was officially known only as "Shijia", as the "zhuang" was solely used to denote the nature of the settlement being a village, instead of being part of its name. This was further evidenced on June 24, 1925, when the Republican government ordered

5913-427: Was also launching attacks against Zhou and Khitan—including an attack against Khitan base of operations during the winter of 696, shortly after Li's death, that captured Li's and Sun's families and temporarily halted Khitan operations against Zhou. Sun, after taking over as khan and reorganizing Khitan forces, again attacked Zhou territory and had many victories over Zhou forces, including a battle during which Wang Shijie

5994-644: Was born around 664. In 681, he assisted his brother, Ilterish Qaghan , in a revolt against Tang dominion, and succeeded in reviving the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. In 689, he led a raid to frontier areas. In reaction, Empress Wu sent Huaiyi to fortify. He advanced to Zi River (紫河, a tributary of the Yellow River ) but did not encounter Tujue forces. He erected a monument at Chanyu Tower (單于臺, in modern Hohhot , Inner Mongolia ) before withdrawing. In 692, he succeeded his brother as khagan. His succession

6075-550: Was briefly granted to Liu Buyi ( 劉不疑 ), son of the Emperor Hui , during Empress Dowager Lü 's reign. The territory was then passed to Liu Hong, Emperor Houshao of Han , after Buyi's death. It was then granted to Liu Chao ( 劉朝 ), another son of Emperor Hui. During the defeat of the Lü clan , Liu Chao was killed and the territory became a commandery of Zhao once again. Later, due to a naming taboo of Emperor Wen of Han , whose personal name

6156-460: Was captured and executed on charges of treason. In 699, he appointed his younger brother Ashina Duoxifu as Tölös shad, meaning governor eastern wing, his nephew Ashina Mojilian as governor of western wing with each of them commanding 20000 men, also putting his son Bögü as their overseer, creating him as lesser khagan. He was also given command of Onoq with 40000 men. In 703, he sent Tonyukuk for another marriage proposal. Wu Zetian accepted

6237-556: Was established in March 1991 as a state-level development zone and is divided into three districts. National highways 107, 207, 307, 308 pass through the zone. It is 15 km (9.3 mi) away from Shijiazhuang railway station, 105 km (65 mi) away from Tianjin Port. Industries include pharmaceuticals, electronic information, mechanical production, automobile manufacturing, chemicals production and logistics. The Eastern District, located in

6318-434: Was killed. Wu Zetian tried to allay the situation by making peace with khagan at fairly costly terms—the return of Turkic people who had previously submitted to Zhou and providing Turks with seeds, silk, tools, and iron. In summer 697, Qapaghan launched another attack on Khitan's base of operations, and this time, after his attack, Khitan forces collapsed and Sun was killed in flight, ending the Khitan threat. Empress Wu gave him

6399-664: Was occupied by Xianyu people at beginning of Zhou dynasty ; it later belonged to the Zhongshan (中山國) and Zhao states during the pre-Qin period. In pre- Han times (i.e., before 206 BC), the site of the city of Shiyi in the state of Zhao was located in this area. After taking over Zhao , Qin Shi Huang established the Hengshan Commandery in the region. It became part of the Zhao Principality under Western Han . The land

6480-443: Was seen as usurpation in China. In 694, Qapaghan attacked Ling Prefecture (roughly modern Yinchuan , Ningxia ), and Wu Zetian commissioned Huaiyi, assisted by the chancellors Li Zhaode and Su Weidao , to defend against Qapaghan attack, but before the army could set out, Qapaghan withdrew, and therefore Huaiyi's army never launched. In summer 696, The Khitan chieftains Li Jinzhong and Sun Wanrong , brothers-in-law, angry over

6561-537: Was then little more than a local market town , subordinated to the flourishing city of Zhengding a few miles to the north. The growth of Shijiazhuang into one of China's major cities began in 1905, when the Beijing– Wuhan ( Hankou ) railway reached the area, stimulating trade and encouraging local farmers to grow cash crops. Two years later the town became the junction for the new Shitai line, running from Shijiazhuang to Taiyuan , Shanxi. The connection transformed

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