69-560: Qaladze ( Sorani Kurdish : قەڵادزێ , romanized: Qeladizê , Arabic : قلدز ) is a town in Kurdistan Region , Iraq , north of Sulaymaniyah , near the Iranian border . It is surrounded by mountains like many parts of Kurdistan. The town is located in the middle of Pshdar District . Qalladze means "Castle of Two Rivers" from the Kurdish words Qala= castle, dw= two and ze= river. In
138-555: A hot-summer Mediterranean ( Csa ) according to Köppen climate classification with hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters. Winter nights average below freezing and snow occasionally occurs. This Kurdistan geographical location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Iraq geographical location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sorani Kurdish language Sorani Kurdish ( Sorani Kurdish : کوردیی ناوەندی , Kurdî Nawendî ), also known as Central Kurdish ,
207-607: A 'dialect'. The policy of the Pahlavi state in regard to Kurdish was like that of safety valve where rights were restricted when the state felt threatened. After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the new Iranian constitution was ambiguous towards Kurdish but the new regime discouraged the use of Sorani both in private and in public. Limited media in Sorani was allowed in the subsequent years. The policy of safety valve continued throughout
276-562: A general massacre in Bradost and Mukriyan (reported by Eskandar Beg, Safavid historian in the book Alam Aray-e Abbasi ) and resettled the Afshar tribe in the region while deporting many Kurdish tribes to Khorasan region, where many of their descendants still reside of as of today. The Safavid control was firmly restored by Shah Abbas but during the Afghan invasion (1722–1728) more than a century later,
345-521: A grammar sketch of the Sorani variety of Mukriyan in 1906. Lastly, Ludvig Olsen Fossum published a grammar book in 1919 based on the Sorani variety spoken around Mahabad . After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire , much of the Sorani-speaking region came under British rule in present-day Iraq. Sorani subsequently became the language for prose , media, and journalism, and a distinct alphabet
414-677: A metal plaque dating from 800 BC was found that depicts a scene from the Epic of Gilgamesh . Ruins such as these and the UNESCO world heritage site at the Sasanian compound of Takht-i-Suleiman illustrate the strategic importance and tumultuous history of the province through the millennia. Overall, the province enjoys a wealth of historical attractions, with 169 sites registered by the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran . Urmia University
483-550: A mixed population of both Azerbaijanis and Kurds. Salmas moreover has a Christian minority. At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 2,831,779 people in 655,260 households. The following census in 2011 counted 3,080,576 inhabitants in 822,152 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 3,265,219 in 935,956 households. [REDACTED] The population history and structural changes of West Azerbaijan province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in
552-494: A modified version of the Arabic alphabet . The Latin-based Hawar Alphabet is also used increasingly, and there have been discussions about its adoption. In the Sorani writing system almost all vowels are always written as separate letters. This is in contrast to the original Arabic writing system and most other writing systems developed from it, in which certain vowels (usually "short" vowels) are shown by diacritics above and under
621-458: A short-lived, Soviet-supported puppet state called the Republic of Mahabad , from November 1945 to November 1946. The districts of Maku, Khoy, Salmas, and Arasbaran, and the region of Urmia, according to 19th-century administrative division became a part of the northwestern Iranian province of Azerbaijan. In 1937 the province was renamed to Shomal-e gharb (Northwestern Province). Shortly after it
690-522: A show of solidarity to Mustafa Barzani's decision which angered the Ba’athi government. Bomber planes, rockets and internationally prohibited cannon fires set alight the town of Qalladze, the Ba’athist government had demolished the town of Qalladze and it is said that more than 132 children and students alone were killed during the attacks, with over 400 Kurds injured or missing. Although the exact number of victims
759-519: A significant impact on Sorani as thousands of Sorani-speakers have gotten free access to literature. It also became easier to listen to radio and watch television. The Internet moreover fostered the use of Sorani in Iran and the diaspora, where the language had no official status. Orthography remains a challenge for Sorani. In Iraq, Sorani orthography is moving towards being based on a single morpheme while Sorani-speakers in Iran make longer words. An example
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#1733086102820828-458: A standard language which had given it legitimacy. During the new Iraqi Republic from 1958 to 1968, the number of journals in Sorani increased fast and a Kurdish department was established at the University of Baghdad and moreover a Directorate General of Kurdish Studies was established to answer the growing Kurdish demands for mother tongue education. In 1960, the first Sorani-Arabic dictionary
897-403: A translation of the introduction to Gulistan by Saadi Shirazi . The language of these works heavily relied on Arabic and Persian, which prevented Sorani from enjoying further progress besides being a literary language. Only after World War I did this change. Besides poetry and the few other texts mentioned above, linguistic works on Sorani also existed. Leonard Chodźko wrote a sketch of
966-628: A way of resisting Sorani. Fearing the loss of hegemony, 53 academics, writers and poets pushed the Kurdish Parliament to declare Sorani as the official language of the autonomous region. This attempt failed multiple times and Kurmanji remains the official Kurdish language in Duhok. In the 2010s, criticism arose due to the quality of the Sorani school textbooks, media texts and signage . In 2011, two journalism professors from Salahaddin University criticized
1035-466: A written, standardized form of Central Kurdish written in the Sorani alphabet developed from the Arabic alphabet in the 1920s by Sa'ed Sidqi Kaban and Taufiq Wahby . Tracing back the historical changes of Sorani is difficult. No predecessors of Kurdish are yet known from Old and Middle Iranian times. The extant Kurdish texts may be traced back to no earlier than the 16th century CE. Sorani originates from
1104-411: Is 4 °C and in winter 15 °C. Permanent settlements were established in the province as early as the 6th millennium BC as excavation at sites such as Teppe Hasanlu establish. In Hasanlu, a famous Golden Vase was found in 1958. The province is the location of Tepe Hajji Firuz , site of some of the world's earliest evidence of wine production. Gooy Teppe is another significant site, where
1173-569: Is a Kurdish dialect or a language spoken in Iraq , mainly in Iraqi Kurdistan , as well as the provinces of Kurdistan , Kermanshah , and West Azerbaijan in western Iran . Sorani is one of the two official languages of Iraq, along with Arabic , and is in administrative documents simply referred to as "Kurdish". The term Sorani, named after the Soran Emirate , is used especially to refer to
1242-456: Is one of the 31 provinces of Iran , whose capital and largest city is Urmia . It is in the northwest of the country, bordered by Turkey ( Ağrı , Hakkâri , Iğdır and Van Provinces ), Iraq ( Erbil and Sulaymaniyah Governorates ) and Azerbaijan 's Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic , as well as the Iranian provinces of East Azerbaijan , Zanjan , and Kurdistan . West Azerbaijan province
1311-475: Is part of Region 3 . It is separated from Armenia by Turkey's short border with the Azerbaijan Republic . The province covers an area of 39,487 km , or 43,660 km including Lake Urmia . The major known ancient civilization in the region was that of Mannaeans , a buffer state between Urartian and Assyrian sphere of influence. Mannaeans in turn spoke a language related to Urartian. After
1380-458: Is the main language of the province as a whole. However, our own preliminary investigations of this topic, which are based on district-by-district calculations... suggest that Kurdish may in fact be the mother tongue of a slight majority of the province's population. The counties of Bukan , Mahabad , Oshnavieh , Piranshahr and Sardasht are populated by Kurds, while Chaldoran , Maku , Miandoab , Naqadeh , Salmas and Takab have
1449-554: Is the word to review which can be spelled both pêdaçûnewe and pê da çûnewe. Arabic and Persian words continue to be purged from written Sorani and are getting replaced by neologisms. Conversely, Sorani is borrowing words from the English language . Iraq After the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, Iraq declared Kurdish as the official language of the country beside Arabic. The first section of Article 4 secures this. In 2006, Duhok began using Kurmanji as their official language as
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#17330861028201518-775: Is unclear, some estimate that over 350 people, including students and teachers died. Two days after the Iraqi government's first airstrike on the Kurds, attentions were turned to the town of Halabja – the second victim of Saddam Hussein's airstrikes. On 10 February 2013, the council ministers of the Kurdish Regional Government elected 24 April as the University Martyrs Day; a homage to the fallen martyrs of Sulaymaniyah University (now known as Salahaddin University). Qaladiza has
1587-451: The Artsruni dynasty of Van . The Seljuk Turkic tribes, who the local Hadhabani Kurds initially resisted, eventually conquered the region in the 11th and early 12th centuries. During Timurid rule in the 14th century, Khoy gained an important role in all over the region. After Hadhabanis, three other Kurdish principalities, Mukriyans in the southern part, Bradosti in the middle, and Donboli in
1656-687: The Avarayr Plain , at what is modern-day Churs in West Azerbaijan province, the Armenian army under Vardan Mamikonian clashed with the Sasanian one. Although the Persians were victorious on the battlefield itself, the battle proved to be a major strategic victory for Armenians, as Avarayr paved the way to the Nvarsak Treaty (484 AD), which affirmed Armenia's right to practice Christianity freely. In
1725-759: The Silêmanî region. The oldest written literature in Sorani is reported to have been Mehdîname (the book of Mahdi) from 1762 by Mulla Muhammed ibn ul Haj. Sorani thus only emerged as a written language after the decline of the Gorani vernacular, the Ardalan state and the rise of Baban around Silêmanî. During the Baban era, Sorani emerged as an important literary vernacular and many poets such as Nalî wrote in Sorani despite being proficient in Arabic and Persian . Nalî mentioned that he wrote in Sorani knowing his poetry might not receive
1794-527: The 1980s. Iraq Kurdistan Region Parliament passed a provisional constitution in 1992 making Kurdish the official language of Kurdistan Region . 'Kurdish' would refer to Sorani which also became the language of instruction in Kurmanji– and Gorani–speaking areas until these linguistic communities demanded education in Kurmanji and Gorani , respectively. Sorani ceased as language of instruction in these areas in
1863-620: The British to implement the law themselves in May 1931, which made Kurdish an official language in the governorates of Sulaymaniyah , Kirkuk , and Erbil . Kurds were, however, dissatisfied, since Kurdish was only allowed to be used in elementary schools and Iraq had fully arabized the education and administration systems in Kirkuk and Mosul. In subsequent years, linguistic rights for Kurds were either ignored or reluctantly implemented. The development of Sorani
1932-461: The Iraqi government attacked it on 24 April 1974. At 9.15am on Wednesday 24 April 1974, Qalladze fell victim to Saddam Hussein first airstrike against the Kurds. It was rumoured that the town attracted the eye of Saddam Hussein because the University of Slemani* had temporarily relocated to Qalladze on 1 April 1974 – under the command of leader Mustafa Barzani who led the Kurdish revolution. More than 425 students and teachers re-located to Qalladze as
2001-514: The Kurds and Iraq in the 1970s, the state still sponsored the implementation of Sorani as language in secondary schools. However, this ended by 1978 when the Iraqi authorities embarked on an Arabization to quell Kurdish nationalism. On this, Hassanpour wrote in 1992 that: Language-related aspects of Arabization include, among other things, the Arabization of Kurdish schools in the Autonomous region;
2070-456: The Ottomans captured the northwestern regions of Iran, until Nadir Shah expelled them and reasserted Iranian suzerainty over the region and far beyond. The Russian (Tsarist) army occupied the region in 1909, and again in 1912–1914 and 1915–1918 period. The Ottomans occupied the region in 1914–1915 and 1918–1919 periods. The Soviet forces occupied the region in 1941, resulting in the establishment of
2139-508: The Silêmanî variety of Sorani in 1857; de Morgan wrote his " Etudea linguistiques: Dialectee Kurdea " in 1904, in which he compared eleven varieties of Kurdish to each other and with Persian and Sanskrit . Later, in 1903, Ely Bannister Soane published a learner textbook and vocabulary list on Sorani for British personnel in Kurdistan, while Oskar Mann wrote Die Mundart der Mukri Kurden containing
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2208-577: The Sorani alphabet take various forms depending on where they occur in the word. Forms given below are letters in isolation. An important allophonic variation concerns the two velar sounds /k/ and /g/. Similar to certain other languages of the region (e.g. Turkish and Persian), these consonants are strongly palatalized before the close and mid front vowels (/i/ and /e/) in Central Kurdish. Sorani allows both complex onsets (e.g. spî: "white", kwêr: "blind") and complex codas (e.g. ferş: "carpet"). However,
2277-584: The dissolution of the Kurdish Academy in 1978 and the formation of a 'Kurdish corporation' within the Iraqi Scientific Academy (the policy was to replace 'Kurdish' by 'Iraqi' in the name of organizations, institutions and unions); the removal of Sulaymanya University from Sulaymaniya, main center of Kurdish nationalism, to Arbil and partial Arabization of its faculty and curriculum; and the Arabization of Kurdish geographical names. Sorani continued as
2346-529: The extent that the number of Iraqi Kurds who speak Arabic fluently has dropped significantly over the past decades. Some Kurdish media in Iraq seem to be aiming for constructing a cross-border Kurdish identity. The Kurdish-language satellite channel Kurdistan TV (KTV), owned by the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), for example, employs techniques that expose audiences to more than one Kurdish variety in
2415-545: The fall of Assyria, the region was known as Mantiene (or Matiene) in Greek sources. Matiene bordered on Atropatene situated east of Lake Urmia. The region is known as Vaspurakan and Nor Shirakan in Armenian history and made up an important part of historical Armenia , functioning as one of the cradles of Armenian civilisation. On 26 May 451 AD, a very important battle was fought that would prove pivotal in Armenian history. On
2484-483: The first government press in Sorani was established in Sulaymaniyah in 1920, which propelled Sorani into becoming a language of media, education, and administration. The government press had by 1923 published six books, 118 issues of the weekly publication Pêşkewtin (Progress), fourteen issues of Bangî Kurdistan (The Call of Kurdistan), and sixteen issues of Rojî Kurdistan (The Day of Kurdistan). The period also saw
2553-505: The first syllable of the English word "above"). This sound change takes place when [æ] directly precedes [w] or when it is followed by the sound [j] (like English "y") in the same syllable. If it, instead, precedes [j] in a context where [j] is a part of another syllable it is pronounced [ɛ] (as in English "bet"). The vowels [o] and [e], both of which have slight off-glides in English, do not possess these off-glides in Sorani. Letters in
2622-447: The following table. According to the 2016 census, 2,136,203 people (over 65% of the population of West Azerbaijan province) live in the following cities: With an area of 43,660 square kilometers, including Lake Urmia , the province of West Azerbaijan is located on the northwest of Iran. Cold northern winds affect the province during winter and cause heavy snow. According to existing meteorological data, local temperatures vary within
2691-501: The grip of the Abbasid caliphate weakened, allowing some native dynasties to rise. By the first half of the 11th century, the Byzantine emperors were actively trying to round off their eastern territories, in an attempt to absorb the unstable Armenian dynasties. In 1021-1022 emperor Basil II led his army as far as Khoy within 175 km of Dvin , and obtained the surrender of royalty from
2760-466: The implementation of Article 15 of the Constitution which would allow the use of regional languages. The use of Sorani in Iran has since then been revitalized by Kurdish book publishers like Mang . Nonetheless, the use of Sorani in the public school system is not supported by Iranian nationalists and conservatives who believe it could damage the unity of the nation-state. Sorani is mostly written with
2829-524: The last few decades. Kurdish media outlets in Iraq mushroomed during the 1990s, spurred by the semi-autonomous status the region has enjoyed since the uprising against the Saddam regime in 1991. The use of Kurdish in media and education is prevalent in Iraqi Kurdistan. Seven of the top 10 TV stations viewed by Iraqi Kurds are Kurdish-language stations, and the use of Arabic in Kurdistan schools has decreased to
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2898-541: The late 4th century AD the Sasanians incorporated the area into the neighbouring Adhurpadagan satrapy to the east. The name Adhurpadagan, later Arabicized to Azerbaijan, derives from Atropates , an Iranian satrap of Media under the Achaemenid empire, who later was reinstated as the satrap of Media under Alexander of Macedonia . In the 7th century this area was under Islamic rule. After Babak Khorramdin revolted,
2967-469: The letters, and usually omitted. The other major point of departure of the Sorani writing system from other Arabic-based systems is that the Arabic letters that represent sounds that are non-existent in Sorani are usually (but not always) replaced by letters that better represent their Kurdish pronunciation. Iraq is the only country in which a Kurdish language has enjoyed official or semi-official rights during
3036-410: The main language in elementary and secondary schools in Iraqi Kurdistan. In the 1980s, the state sponsored publications in Sorani despite warring with the Kurds. Iran In the 1960s, schooling in Kurdish or teaching Kurdish was unthinkable, even in private. However, the University of Tehran began offering two courses in Kurdish even though one had to refrain from discussing Kurdish and had to call it
3105-538: The mid-2000s. In 1997, the Kurdistan Sciency Academy was established in Erbil with the goal of creating a unitary language in the autonomous region. Iran More leniency was given towards Kurdish, especially Sorani Kurdish in the 1990s, but use of Sorani in administration and education was still not allowed. The debate on mother tongue education entered the public sphere in the 2000s. World Wide Web has had
3174-497: The new letters ( پ/ژ/چ/گ/ڤ/ڕ/ڵ/وو/ێ ). Wahby also supported switching to the Latin alphabet , but this idea was not accepted by the literary society or the state. In the 1930s, the League of Nations urged Iraq to draft a law guaranteeing the use of the Kurdish language. The authorities reluctantly agreed, but the British knew the law would not be implemented once they left Iraq. This pushed
3243-579: The northern part ruled the region for centuries, who temporarily sided with either the Ottomans or Safavids. The battle of DimDim between the Safavids and local Bradosti Kurds took place in this region. After a long and bloody siege led by the Safavid grand vizier Hatem Beg , which lasted from November 1609 to the summer of 1610, the Castle of Dimdim was captured. All the defenders were killed and Shah Abbas I ordered
3312-405: The pharyngeal sounds /ħ/ and /ʕ/ are counted or not). Alveolar Vowels in parentheses are not phonemic , but have been included in the table below because of their ubiquity in the language. Letters in the Sorani alphabet take various forms depending on where they occur in the word. Forms given below are letters in isolation. The vowel [æ] is sometimes pronounced as [ə] (the sound found in
3381-403: The province of Azerbaijan was divided into a western and eastern part which were renamed to Chaharom (Fourth Province) and sevom (Third Province), respectively. In 1961 Fourth province was renamed West Azerbaijan by the Iranian authorities. Some events in the 19th and 20th centuries are: Some Muslim researchers have proclaimed that the birth of the prophet Zoroaster was in this area, in
3450-483: The province, linguist Anonby argued in 2019 that: As is the case for most other parts of Iran, there are no reliable or detailed data on language distribution in West Azerbaijan Province. A number of districts in the province are majority Azerbaijani-speaking, including the capital city of Orumieh (Urmia). Because of this – and perhaps also because of the province's name – it is often assumed that Azerbaijani
3519-705: The province. Average temperature differs from 9.4 °C in Piranshahr to 11.6 °C in Mahabad, while it is 9.8 °C in Urmia , 10.8 °C in Khoy, 9.4 °C in Piranshahr , and in Mahabad 11.6 °C. According to the same data, the highest temperature in the province reaches 34 °C in July, and the lowest temperature is –16 °C in January. The maximum change of temperature in summer
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#17330861028203588-407: The publication of Sorani works for schools, and courts began using the language as well. In 1923, Taufiq Wahby was instructed to produce school books in Sorani by the Iraqi government, and his modified orthography for the language would be implemented as the official Sorani script in school textbooks two decades later. His orthography included purging the Arabic letters ( ث/ذ/ص/ض/ط/ظ ) and creating
3657-678: The publication of periodicals in Sorani but also state-sponsored radio broadcasting and teaching Kurdish at the University of Tehran . In the 1950s, the Iranian authorities began restricting and controlling the tolerance towards Kurdish which continued towards the Iranian Revolution in 1979. No positive rights were given and any written use was controlled. However, the restrictions had to be loosen since Kurds in Iran were receiving radio broadcasting from Iraq and Soviet Armenia . Iran thus allowed for limited radio broadcasting in Mahabad, Sanandaj and Kermanshah which legitimized and popularized Sorani further. Iraq The Kurdish Scientific Academy
3726-412: The same dissemination as it might have done in the more prestigious Arabic or Persian. Contemporaries of Nalî like Salim and Mustefa Bêgî Kurdî also wrote in Sorani and their writings would become the foundation for the standard variety of Sorani. When the Baban dynasty was overthrown in 1850, the golden era of Sorani ended and poets including Nalî left the Silêmanî region. Hacî Qadirî Koyî continued
3795-547: The same show or program. It has been suggested that continuous exposure to different Kurdish varieties on KTV and other satellite television stations might make Kurdish varieties increasingly mutually intelligible. In Iran, state-sponsored regional TV stations air programs in both Kurdish and Persian. Kurdish press are legally allowed in Iran, but there have been many reports of a policy of banning Kurdish newspapers and arresting Kurdish activists. Sorani has 9 phonemic vowels and 26 to 28 phonemic consonants (depending on whether
3864-458: The southwest of the city there is a castle between two rivers. Qaladiza is a town in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, known for its rich history and cultural significance. Below is a detailed overview of Qaladiza from its early history to the present day. Qaladiza's history is a testament to the resilience and endurance of its people. From ancient times through periods of conflict and upheaval,
3933-559: The state of Sorani in Kurdistan Region which could affect its use among the people. They also expressed dismay over the method of the Parliament in using the language, since the institution wrote their bills and laws in Arabic and then translated to Sorani. Iran More flexibility was shown to Kurdish in the mid-2000s by the reformists , likely to win the Kurdish vote. Kurds used the opportunity and began publishing more in Sorani, set up private language learning courses and also advocated for
4002-491: The town and moved to Bazzian and other parts of Iraqi Kurdistan, but mostly they were moved to some camps somewhere near Bazzian, a small town located west of Slemani . The people who have been moved, stayed there until the Kurdish uprising against Saddam Hussein's regime in 1991. Then they came back to their land. The town has continued to expand. A branch of the Sulaimania University was established there in 1974, but
4071-461: The town has maintained its cultural identity and played a significant role in the Kurdish struggle for autonomy. Today, Qaladiza is a symbol of reconstruction and progress in the Kurdistan Region, with a promising future shaped by its rich heritage and ongoing development efforts. The town was destroyed by Saddam Hussein 's government during the Iran–Iraq War and all residents were forced to leave
4140-412: The tradition of writing in Sorani and lamented the lack of promotion of Sorani among the Kurdish clergy and called those who did not do so 'bastards'. Beside Koyi, Riza Talebanî also promoted Sorani as a literary language. Prior to the 20th century, only three non-poetic Sorani works are known to exist being Mewlûdname by Şêx Husên Qazî (1793-1871), a glossary of Arabic-Kurdish by Ehmedî from 1795 and
4209-573: The two members of the clusters are arranged in such a way that, in all cases, the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) is preserved. In many loanwords, an epenthetic vowel is inserted to resyllabify the word, omitting syllables that have codas that violate SSP. Originally mono-syllabic words such as /hazm/ ("digestion") and /zabt/ ("record") therefore become /hɛ.zɪm/ and /zɛ.bɪt/ respectively. West Azerbaijan province West Azerbaijan province ( Persian : استان آذربایجان غربی )
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#17330861028204278-401: The use of Sorani in radio broadcasting which elevated its prestige but also the urgency in proficiency since it was linked to current events. Iraq The 1940s experienced an intermittent suppression of Kurdish but Sorani still succeeded in becoming considerably standardized by the end of the period. By the time the 14 July Revolution took place in 1958, Sorani had incorporated the norms of
4347-470: The vicinity of Lake Orumieh , Chichest or Ganzak; recent scholarship, however, indicates that sites in Central Asia are more likely. There are no official statistics on the ethnic or linguistic makeup of Western Azerbaijan. Most of the population of the province consists of Azerbaijanis and Kurds , with smaller populations of Armenians , Assyrians , and Jews . On the question of linguistic majority of
4416-436: Was also in the works but rudimentary. When the Republic of Mahabad fell, formal use of Sorani also ceased in Iran, however the new Pahlavi state under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi would become more tolerant than that of Reza Shah. Researcher Hassanpour argues that the reason for this was the vulnerability of the new central government which had to approach the Kurds more relaxed. For this, some developments did take place including
4485-451: Was created for the vernacular. Sorani also gained a kurdified vocabulary by the 1950s. The British began publishing periodicals in the language to mobilize Kurds, since the Sorani-speaking contingent of Iraq was more urbanized, better educated, and more inclined towards Kurdish nationalism than the Kurmanji -speaking population around Duhok . Such nationalism was promoted to prevent any Turkish takeover of Kirkuk and Mosul . To this end,
4554-511: Was dominant to the detriment of other languages. A decree issued by the government in 1935 suppressed Kurdish and marked its end as a written language. Only a dozen handwritten poetic manuscripts in Sorani exist from this period, including works by Hassan Saifulquzzat, Said Kamil Imani, and Khalamin Barzanji. By the 1940s, the Silêmanî variant of Sorani had become the standard variant of Sorani and even Kurds in Iran accepted this. The 1940s also saw
4623-460: Was established in Baghdad in 1968 which devoted a significant part of their job to develop neologisms , grammar books, writing style guide-lines, a modified orthography and research in linguistics subjects. The Kurdistan Democratic Party and its media also used Sorani as their official language despite its leader Mustefa Barzanî being a Kurmanji-speaker. Despite the deterioration of relations between
4692-642: Was published. Iran After the ousting of Reza Shah in 1941 and the Anglo-Soviet occupation of Iran , nationalist movements among Kurds gained strength and Sorani became the formal language again, especially in Mukriyan where the Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd (KJK) used it as their official language. Sorani was also introduced in schools, administration and in mosques. Kurds in Iraq aided with this, for example by exporting school books to Iran. Language planning
4761-464: Was slow in Iran and faced many challenges. The earliest use of the language was during the Simko Shikak revolt of 1918 to 1922, which saw the use of Sorani side by side with Kurmanji as official languages in the area controlled by the rebels. After the defeat of the revolt, formal use of Sorani ceased until 1946. During the rule of Reza Shah from 1925 to 1941, Iran was extremely centralist and Persian
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