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54-589: Creative New Zealand started out as the Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council which was set up in 1963. Prior to that in the 1940s because of centennial celebrations the government set up a cultural office within the Department of Internal Affairs , the New Zealand Film Unit and a national orchestra. A literary fund was also established. The Māori and South Pacific Arts Council (MASPAC) was part of

108-432: A glistening grey balloon, with a puppy inside, is propelled through the vulva . After further contractions, the sac is expelled and the bitch breaks the membranes, releasing clear fluid and exposing the puppy. The mother chews at the umbilical cord and licks the puppy vigorously, which stimulates it to breathe. If the puppy has not taken its first breath within about six minutes, it is likely to die. Further puppies follow in

162-760: A history of the department, The Mother of All Departments , the title of which reflects this status. The department's role has changed over time as new departments and ministries have been formed. The Colonial Secretary was the chief aide of the governor of New Zealand . Until 1848 his office dealt with all correspondence between the governor and his employees, and between officials and the public. Other early functions included inspecting sheep, running prisons, supervising government printing, licensing auctioneers, registering births, deaths and marriages, collecting statistics, and responsibility for gambling, fire brigades, constitutional matters (including running elections) and citizenship. Some of these functions are still duties of

216-434: A letter from a third party. Those under 16 need a guardian or parent to apply on their behalf. The Births, Deaths, Marriages and Relationship Registration Act 2021 also added the option of a 'non-binary' marker for birth certificates, so non-binary individuals do not have to identify themselves as male or female. In mid-April 2024, the department experienced a backlog in processing New Zealand passport applications due to

270-432: A multiple birth) signifies the end of stage two. The cow scrambles to her feet (if lying down at this stage), turns round and starts vigorously licking the calf. The calf takes its first few breaths and within minutes is struggling to rise to its feet. The third and final stage of labor is the delivery of the placenta , which is usually expelled within a few hours and is often eaten by the normally herbivorous cow. Birth

324-465: A similar way one by one usually with less straining than the first usually at 15-60-minute intervals. If a pup has not been passed in 2 hours a veterinarian should be contacted. Stage three is the passing of the placentas. This often occurs in conjunction with stage two with the passing of each offspring. The mother will then usually eat the afterbirth. This is an adaption to keep the den clean and prevent its detection by predators. An infant marsupial

378-406: A time, although they may have twin or multiple births on occasion. In these large animals, the birth process is similar to that of a human, though in most the offspring is precocial . This means that it is born in a more advanced state than a human baby and is able to stand, walk and run (or swim in the case of an aquatic mammal) shortly after birth. In the case of whales, dolphins and porpoises,

432-544: A very few give birth to offspring that are miniature versions of the adult. The aphid has a complex life cycle and during the summer months is able to multiply with great rapidity. Its reproduction is typically parthenogenetic and viviparous and females produce unfertilized eggs which they retain within their bodies. The embryos develop within their mothers' ovarioles and the offspring are clones of their mothers. Female nymphs are born which grow rapidly and soon produce more female offspring themselves. In some instances,

486-580: Is allocated to Toi Uru Kahikatea Arts Development and Toi Tōtara Haemata Leadership Investments. In the 2023 - 2025 cycle this is a total of NZ$ 104 million over three-years between 81 organisations, with all also sourcing income from other places. Funding is available for artists, community groups and arts organisations. Creative New Zealand funds projects and organisations across many art-forms, including theatre , dance , music , literature , visual art , craft object art, Māori arts, Pacific arts, Inter-arts and Multi-disciplinary. Creative New Zealand funding

540-453: Is born in a very immature state. The gestation period is usually shorter than the intervals between oestrus periods. The first sign that a birth is imminent is the mother cleaning out her pouch . When it is born, the infant is pink, blind, furless and a few centimetres long. It has nostrils in order to breathe and forelegs to cling onto its mother's hairs but its hind legs are undeveloped. It crawls through its mother's fur and makes its way into

594-455: Is distributed under four programmes: Creative New Zealand funds Toi Ake that seeks to protect, develop and retain the heritage of Māori arts / ngā toi Māori . The Arts Council of New Zealand Toi Aotearoa is the governing board of Creative New Zealand. In the 2015 report the Council consisted of 13 members. Creative New Zealand is a crown entity and works within a legislative framework formed by

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648-408: Is external protrusion of the amniotic sac through the vulva, closely followed by the appearance of the calf's front hooves and head in a front presentation (or occasionally the calf's tail and rear end in a posterior presentation). During the second stage, the cow will usually lie down on her side to push and the calf progresses through the birth canal. The complete delivery of the calf (or calves in

702-478: Is from Lotto it fluctuates dependent on numbers of lotto and instant kiwi tickets sold. In 2011/2012 Creative New Zealand received NZ$ 27.5 million of lottery funding and with NZ$ 15.7 million from the Arts Culture and Heritage budget. Between 2010 and 2019 Creative New Zealand's crown funding was static with NZ$ 15.89 million annually. In the 2014/2015 the breakdown was approximately 30% central government funding and

756-416: Is termed whelping in dogs. Among dogs , as whelping approaches, contractions become more frequent. Labour in the bitch can be divided into 3 stages. The first stage is when the cervix dilates, causing discomfort and restlessness in the dog. Common signs of this stage are panting, fasting, and/or vomiting. This may last up to 12 hours. Stage two is the passage of the offspring. The amniotic sac looking like

810-615: The Colonial Secretary's Office , which from the time New Zealand became a British colony , in 1840, was responsible for almost all central government duties. The department was the first government department to be established in New Zealand, and it became the home for a diverse range of government functions providing services to New Zealanders and advice to Ministers of the Crown. A former Minister of Internal Affairs, Michael Bassett , wrote

864-467: The Department of Justice in 1950 before becoming an independent Electoral Commission in 2010. The Ministry of Industries and Commerce took over the statistics function in 1931; an independent Department of Statistics was created in 1957. The Department of Conservation was established in 1987 by merging the department's wildlife service with other smaller entities. The National Library of New Zealand and Archives New Zealand were separated from

918-585: The Minister of Foreign Affairs in relation to the Peace and Disarmament Education Trust and the Pacific Development Conservation Trust. Births Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring , also referred to in technical contexts as parturition . In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause the muscular walls of the uterus to contract, expelling

972-591: The government on a range of relevant policies and issues. Other services provided by the department include a translation service, publication of the New Zealand Gazette (the official government newspaper), a flag hire service, management of VIP visits to New Zealand, running the Lake Taupō harbourmaster's office (under a special agreement with the local iwi ) and the administration of offshore islands. The Department of Internal Affairs traces its roots back to

1026-424: The right ventricle starts to flow to the lungs for gaseous exchange and oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium , which is pumped into the left ventricle , and then pumped into the main arterial system. As a result of these changes, the blood pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium, and this pressure difference forces the foramen ovale to close separating the left and right sides of

1080-429: The uterus are not obvious externally, but the cow may be restless. She may appear agitated, alternating between standing and lying down, with her tail slightly raised and her back arched. The fetus is pushed toward the birth canal by each contraction and the cow's cervix gradually begins to dilate. Stage one may last several hours, and ends when the cervix is fully dilated. Stage two can be seen to be underway when there

1134-640: The Arts Council of New Zealand Toi Aotearoa Act 2014 and the Crown Entities Act 2004 . Department of Internal Affairs The Department of Internal Affairs ( DIA ) ( Māori : Te Tari Taiwhenua ) is the public service department of New Zealand charged with issuing passports ; administering applications for citizenship and lottery grants; enforcing censorship and gambling laws; registering births , deaths , marriages and civil unions ; supplying support services to ministers ; and advising

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1188-562: The Births, Deaths, Marriages and Relationships Registration Act 2021 (BDMR) . As a result of this bill, on June 15, 2023, the ability of people to change their sex on their birth certificate changed. Previously people were required to go through the Family Courts in order to do this, and provide information alongside their application with the Court that they had taken medical treatment that aligned with

1242-689: The Colonial Secretary's Office coordinated the relationship between central government and provincial government and, when the provinces were abolished in 1876, took on responsibility for the new system of local government. Over the twentieth century the department's functions would include cultural affairs, civil defence, a translation service, conservation, tourism, sport and recreation, support for ethnic communities, and support services for government ministers. Several new government departments have been formed by establishing new agencies around former Internal Affairs services. The electoral office moved to

1296-720: The Dunedin Multicultural Weavers Association so cultures could exchange their artforms and Indigenous stories, and in the same year Emily Schuster became the convener of a steering committee to look at the needs of weavers around New Zealand. In 1993 the Arts Council restructured with separate general and Māori arts boards. In 1994 the crown entity of Creative New Zealand replaced the Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council. In 2012, Creative New Zealand introduced Toi Uru Kahikatea Arts Development and Toi Tōtara Haemata Leadership Investments to replace

1350-449: The Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council. They were set up in 1978 to 'encourage, promote and develop the practice and appreciation of the arts and crafts of the Māori and South Pacific people in New Zealand.' One of the things they did in the early 1980s was acknowledge weaving as an artform which had been a desire of Ngoi Pēwhairangi . In 1983 MASPAC awarded funding to Misa Emma Kesha to establish

1404-632: The Recurrently Funded Organisations funding. Arts Development Investments provide funding for three years for established artists, arts practitioners, groups and arts organisations. Since the 1980s Creative New Zealand's funding came also from the Lottery Grants Board (now the Lotto New Zealand ). In 2006/2007 Creative New Zealand received NZ$ 15.45 million in base funding. Since the majority of Creative New Zealand's income

1458-537: The Tarangire National Park of Tanzania, estimated to have been born in August 2017. Birthing in cattle is typical of a larger mammal. A cow goes through three stages of labor during normal delivery of a calf. During stage one, the animal seeks a quiet place away from the rest of the herd. Hormone changes cause soft tissues of the birth canal to relax as the mother's body prepares for birth. The contractions of

1512-401: The buttocks in a breech birth ) of the baby is pushed against the cervix , which gradually dilates until it is fully dilated at 10 cm diameter. At some time, the amniotic sac bursts and the amniotic fluid escapes (also known as rupture of membranes or breaking the water). In stage two, starting when the cervix is fully dilated, strong contractions of the uterus and active pushing by

1566-436: The department holds concurrent roles as Chief Executive, Secretary for Internal Affairs, Secretary for Local Government and Government Chief Digital Officer. As at 7 July 2022: The department provides secretariat support for several entities including: The department serves 7 portfolios and 5 ministers. In addition, the department also has responsibilities to the Minister of Finance in relation to community trusts and to

1620-467: The department in the late 1990s but merged back in 2011. A standalone Ministry of Cultural Affairs (now the Ministry for Culture and Heritage , which in the present day also has responsibility for the sport and recreation portfolio) was established in 1991. The department briefly held responsibility for tourism from 1998 until 2000, when this was combined with other former Ministry of Commerce functions in

1674-455: The eggs being hatched inside the mother's body, and others are viviparous , with the embryo developing inside their body, as in the case of mammals. Humans usually produce a single offspring at a time. The mother's body is prepared for birth by hormones produced by the pituitary gland , the ovary and the placenta . The total gestation period from fertilization to birth is normally about 38 weeks (birth usually occurring 40 weeks after

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1728-437: The expectation that a small number may survive to become mature individuals. Terrestrial invertebrates may also produce large numbers of eggs, a few of which may avoid predation and carry on the species. Some fish, reptiles, and amphibians have adopted a different strategy and invest their effort in producing a small number of young at a more advanced stage which are more likely to survive to adulthood. Birds care for their young in

1782-557: The fetus at a developmental stage when it is ready to feed and breathe. In some species, the offspring is precocial and can move around almost immediately after birth but in others, it is altricial and completely dependent on parenting. In marsupials , the fetus is born at a very immature stage after a short gestation and develops further in its mother's womb pouch . It is not only mammals that give birth. Some reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates carry their developing young inside them. Some of these are ovoviviparous , with

1836-520: The genera Tiliqua and Corucia , give birth to live young that develop internally, deriving their nourishment from a mammal-like placenta attached to the inside of the mother's uterus. In a recently described example, an African species, Trachylepis ivensi , has developed a purely reptilian placenta directly comparable in structure and function to a mammalian placenta. Vivipary is rare in snakes , but boas and vipers are viviparous, giving birth to live young. The majority of insects lay eggs but

1890-463: The genus Nectophrynoides are ovoviviparous, developing through the larval stage inside the mother's oviduct and eventually emerging as fully formed juveniles. A more developed form of viviparity called placental viviparity is adopted by some species of scorpions and cockroaches, certain genera of sharks , snakes and velvet worms . In these, the developing embryo is nourished by some form of placental structure. The earliest known placenta

1944-423: The heart. The umbilical vein , umbilical arteries , ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus are not needed for life in air and in time these vessels become ligaments (embryonic remnants). Large mammals , such as primates , cattle , horses , some antelopes , giraffes , hippopotamuses , rhinoceroses , elephants , seals , whales , dolphins , and porpoises , generally are pregnant with one offspring at

1998-511: The installation of computer system upgrades in March 2024 and increased seasonal demand. Standard passport processing took eight weeks while urgent passport processing took three days. The number of passports processed dropped from 38,000 in February 2024 to half that number in March 2024. On 14 May 2024, the department apologised for delays in wait times for processing passport applications. The head of

2052-422: The last menstrual period ). The normal process of childbirth takes several hours and has three stages. The first stage starts with a series of involuntary contractions of the muscular walls of the uterus and gradual dilation of the cervix. The active phase of the first stage starts when the cervix is dilated more than about 4 cm in diameter and is when the contractions become stronger and regular. The head (or

2106-430: The modern department, which gained its present name in 1907, but other functions eventually grew into standalone government agencies. As the department's functions have changed over time, there has become a growing acknowledgement that it carries responsibility for all government functions which are not substantial enough to justify a standalone organisation or do not fit well into any other existing departments. From 1853

2160-424: The mother expels the baby out through the vagina , which during this stage of labour is called a birth canal as this passage contains a baby, and the baby is born with umbilical cord attached. In stage three, which begins after the birth of the baby, further contractions expel the placenta , amniotic sac, and the remaining portion of the umbilical cord usually within a few minutes. Enormous changes take place in

2214-412: The nest and provide for their needs after hatching and it is perhaps unsurprising that internal development does not occur in birds, given their need to fly. Ovoviviparity is a mode of reproduction in which embryos develop inside eggs that remain in the mother's body until they are ready to hatch. Ovoviviparous animals are similar to viviparous species in that there is internal fertilization and

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2268-558: The new Ministry for Ethnic Communities in 2021. The department has also gained responsibilities that previously belonged to other agencies. In 2009 the department took responsibility for government technology services from the State Services Commission . The Office for the Community and Voluntary Sector was transferred to the department from the Ministry of Social Development in 2011. In December 2021, Parliament passed

2322-471: The new Ministry of Economic Development , now the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment . The National Emergency Management Agency , which had been a business unit within the department since before World War II , was transferred to the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet in 2009. The Office of Ethnic Communities, originally a single part-time position within the department, became

2376-444: The newborn's circulation to enable breathing in air. In the uterus, the fetus is dependent on circulation of blood through the placenta for sustenance including gaseous exchange and the unborn baby's blood bypasses the lungs by flowing through the foramen ovale , which is a hole in the septum dividing the right atrium and left atrium . After birth the umbilical cord is clamped and cut, the baby starts to breathe air, and blood from

2430-417: The pouch. Here it fixes onto a teat which swells inside its mouth. It stays attached to the teat for several months until it is sufficiently developed to emerge. Joeys are born with "oral shields"; in species without pouches or with rudimentary pouches these are more developed than in forms with well-developed pouches, implying a role in maintaining the young attached to the mother's nipple. Many reptiles and

2484-476: The remaining from Lotto. In 2015/2016 there was NZ$ 30 million in Lotto funds, in 2018/2019 it was NZ$ 39 million in Lotto funds and in 2019/2022 it was NZ$ 47 million. In the 2022 budget Creative New Zealand received NZ$ 16.68 million baseline funding. Crown funding for the arts through Creative New Zealand has not expanded with population growth of almost 1 million people between 2006 and 2022. Approximately 55% of funds

2538-579: The sex they wished to change on their birth certificate. With the BDMR bill, the process moved under the Department of Internal Affairs. It now only requires a statutory declaration in front of a qualified individual, and either a photo ID or an identity referee declaration, which is then sent to the Registrar-General and given approval. Children 16-17 can also apply, with their guardians consent, or alternatively

2592-403: The single calf is normally born tail first which minimizes the risk of drowning. The mother encourages the newborn calf to rise to the surface of the water to breathe. Large mammals which give birth to twins is much more rare, but it does occur occasionally even for mammals as large as elephants. In April 2018, approximately 8-month old elephant twins were sighted joining their mother's herd in

2646-441: The vast majority of invertebrates, most fish, amphibians and all birds are oviparous , that is, they lay eggs with little or no embryonic development taking place within the mother. In aquatic organisms, fertilization is nearly always external with sperm and eggs being liberated into the water (an exception is sharks and rays, which have internal fertilization ). Millions of eggs may be produced with no further parental involvement, in

2700-420: The walls of the oviduct. The Lamniforme sharks practice oophagy , where the first embryos to hatch consume the remaining eggs and sand tiger shark pups cannibalistically consume neighbouring embryos. The requiem sharks maintain a placental link to the developing young, this practice is known as viviparity . This is more analogous to mammalian gestation than to that of other fishes. In all these cases,

2754-412: The young are born alive and fully functional. The majority of caecilians are ovoviviparous and give birth to already developed offspring. When the young have finished their yolk sacs they feed on nutrients secreted by cells lining the oviduct and even the cells themselves which they eat with specialist scraping teeth. The Alpine salamander ( Salamandra atra ) and several species of Tanzanian toad in

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2808-416: The young are born in an advanced state, but differ in that there is no placental connection and the unborn young are nourished by egg yolk . The mother's body provides gas exchange (respiration), but that is largely necessary for oviparous animals as well. In many sharks the eggs hatch in the oviduct within the mother's body and the embryos are nourished by the egg's yolk and fluids secreted by glands in

2862-638: Was found recently in a group of extinct fishes called placoderms . A fossil from Australia's Gogo Formation , laid down in the Devonian period, 380 million years ago, was found with an embryo inside it connected by an umbilical cord to a yolk sac . The find confirmed the hypothesis that a sub-group of placoderms, called ptyctodontids , fertilized their eggs internally. Some fishes that fertilize their eggs internally also give birth to live young, as seen here. This discovery moved our knowledge of live birth back 200 million years. The fossil of another genus

2916-513: Was found with three embryos in the same position. Placoderms are a sister group of the ancestor of all living jawed fishes ( Gnathostomata ), including both chondrichthyans , the sharks & rays, and Osteichthyes , the bony fishes. Among lizards, the viviparous lizard Zootoca vivipara , the Jackson's chameleon , slow worms and many species of skink are viviparous, giving birth to live young. Some are ovoviviparous but others such as members of

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