51-642: The Quick Bayonet Mount ( QBM ) is the bayonet mount system for the range of interchangeable lenses fitted to 135 film cameras built by Rollei in Germany and Singapore from 1970 through 1990, including the Rolleiflex SL35 , Rolleiflex SL2000F , and Voigtländer VSL series. Lens brands sold with QBM included Carl Zeiss , Rolleinar, Schneider , and Voigtländer. QBM has a flange focal distance of 44.5 mm. The aperture ring should be set to its maximum position (smallest f / -number) before mounting on
102-527: A wedge base which can be inserted either way without complication. Some special-purpose bulbs, such as infra-red, have 3 pins 120 degrees apart to prevent them being used in any but the intended socket. Bayonet bases or caps are often abbreviated to BA, often with a number after. The number refers to the diameter of the base (e.g., BA22 is a 22 mm diameter bayonet cap lamp). BA15, a 15 mm base, can also be referred to as SBC standing for small bayonet cap. The lower-case letter s or d specifies whether
153-531: A Bosch fitting) was once a common automotive (twin filament) headlamp fitting but has largely been superseded by more modern, higher-rated H-series sockets and is only used for some lower-powered applications such as combined automotive tail and stop lamps. In Japan, the JIS C 8310 “hook ceiling” bayonet mount is quite common. It is designed to both provide power and carry the weight of a lamp. A similar concept existed in BS 7001 as
204-410: A T when viewed from the side. The receptacle has two slots resembling curved keyholes which have holes at one end sized to accept the pin ends. The lamp is inserted into the receptacle by placing the pins in the holes and rotating in a clockwise direction. Note that, unlike the traditional bayonet fitting, the retaining springs act laterally on the pins so no inward pressure is required to lock the lamp in
255-444: A cable to a connector on the panel of a piece of equipment. The coupling system is usually made of two bayonet ramps machined on the external side of the receptacle connector and 2 stainless steel studs mounted inside the plug connector’s coupling nut. Several classes of electrical cable connectors, including audio , video , and data cables use bayonet connectors. Examples include BNC , C , and ST connectors. (The BNC connector
306-459: A closed-circuit system as an analog signal. Broadcast or studio cameras use a single or dual coaxial cable system using serial digital interface (SDI). See List of video connectors for information about physical connectors and related signal standards. Video may be transported over networks and other shared digital communications links using, for instance, MPEG transport stream , SMPTE 2022 and SMPTE 2110 . Digital television broadcasts use
357-453: A female receptor with matching L-shaped slot(s) and with spring(s) to keep the two parts locked together. The slots are shaped like a capital letter L with serif (a short upward segment at the end of the horizontal arm); the pin slides into the vertical arm of the L, rotates across the horizontal arm, then is pushed slightly upwards into the short vertical "serif" by the spring; the connector is no longer free to rotate unless pushed down against
408-433: A natively progressive broadcast or recorded signal, the result is the optimum spatial resolution of both the stationary and moving parts of the image. Interlacing was invented as a way to reduce flicker in early mechanical and CRT video displays without increasing the number of complete frames per second . Interlacing retains detail while requiring lower bandwidth compared to progressive scanning. In interlaced video,
459-442: A number is available. Analog video is a video signal represented by one or more analog signals . Analog color video signals include luminance (Y) and chrominance (C). When combined into one channel, as is the case among others with NTSC , PAL , and SECAM , it is called composite video . Analog video may be carried in separate channels, as in two-channel S-Video (YC) and multi-channel component video formats. Analog video
510-438: A particular refresh rate, display resolution , and color space . Many analog and digital recording formats are in use, and digital video clips can also be stored on a computer file system as files, which have their own formats. In addition to the physical format used by the data storage device or transmission medium, the stream of ones and zeros that is sent must be in a particular digital video coding format , for which
561-507: A ratio between width and height. The ratio of width to height for a traditional television screen is 4:3, or about 1.33:1. High-definition televisions use an aspect ratio of 16:9, or about 1.78:1. The aspect ratio of a full 35 mm film frame with soundtrack (also known as the Academy ratio ) is 1.375:1. Pixels on computer monitors are usually square, but pixels used in digital video often have non-square aspect ratios, such as those used in
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#1733084902033612-404: A sequence of miniature photographic images visible to the eye when the film is physically examined. Video, by contrast, encodes images electronically, turning the images into analog or digital electronic signals for transmission or recording. Video technology was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode-ray tube (CRT) television systems. Video
663-583: A variety of media, including radio broadcasts , magnetic tape , optical discs , computer files , and network streaming . The word video comes from the Latin video (I see). Video developed from facsimile systems developed in the mid-19th century. Early mechanical video scanners, such as the Nipkow disk , were patented as early as 1884, however, it took several decades before practical video systems could be developed, many decades after film . Film records using
714-500: Is an electronic medium for the recording, copying , playback, broadcasting , and display of moving visual media . Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode-ray tube (CRT) systems, which, in turn, were replaced by flat-panel displays of several types. Video systems vary in display resolution , aspect ratio , refresh rate , color capabilities, and other qualities. Analog and digital variants exist and can be carried on
765-456: Is in rough chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers, or consumers; or were important historically. Digital video tape recorders offered improved quality compared to analog recorders. Optical storage mediums offered an alternative, especially in consumer applications, to bulky tape formats. A video codec is software or hardware that compresses and decompresses digital video . In
816-455: Is less sensitive to details in color than brightness, the luminance data for all pixels is maintained, while the chrominance data is averaged for a number of pixels in a block, and the same value is used for all of them. For example, this results in a 50% reduction in chrominance data using 2-pixel blocks (4:2:2) or 75% using 4-pixel blocks (4:2:0). This process does not reduce the number of possible color values that can be displayed, but it reduces
867-407: Is not exactly as described in this article, as the male, not female, connector has the slots and spring.) The GU-10 light fittings in common use for both halogen and LED miniature spotlight lamps have a similar means of connection but the retaining pins are fitted to the end of the lamp and also double as the electrical contacts. The pins are cylindrical but the ends have a larger diameter, resembling
918-517: Is often described as 576i50 , where 576 indicates the total number of horizontal scan lines, i indicates interlacing, and 50 indicates 50 fields (half-frames) per second. When displaying a natively interlaced signal on a progressive scan device, the overall spatial resolution is degraded by simple line doubling —artifacts, such as flickering or "comb" effects in moving parts of the image that appear unless special signal processing eliminates them. A procedure known as deinterlacing can optimize
969-527: Is reduced by registering differences between parts of a single frame; this task is known as intraframe compression and is closely related to image compression . Likewise, temporal redundancy can be reduced by registering differences between frames; this task is known as interframe compression , including motion compensation and other techniques. The most common modern compression standards are MPEG-2 , used for DVD , Blu-ray, and satellite television , and MPEG-4 , used for AVCHD , mobile phones (3GP), and
1020-422: Is shot at a slower frame rate of 24 frames per second, which slightly complicates the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve a comfortable illusion of a moving image is about sixteen frames per second. Video can be interlaced or progressive . In progressive scan systems, each refresh period updates all scan lines in each frame in sequence. When displaying
1071-502: Is used in NTSC television, YUV is used in PAL television, YDbDr is used by SECAM television, and YCbCr is used for digital video. The number of distinct colors a pixel can represent depends on the color depth expressed in the number of bits per pixel. A common way to reduce the amount of data required in digital video is by chroma subsampling (e.g., 4:4:4, 4:2:2, etc.). Because the human eye
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#17330849020331122-440: Is used in both consumer and professional television production applications. Digital video signal formats have been adopted, including serial digital interface (SDI), Digital Visual Interface (DVI), High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and DisplayPort Interface. Video can be transmitted or transported in a variety of ways including wireless terrestrial television as an analog or digital signal, coaxial cable in
1173-499: The MPEG-2 and other video coding formats and include: Analog television broadcast standards include: An analog video format consists of more information than the visible content of the frame. Preceding and following the image are lines and pixels containing metadata and synchronization information. This surrounding margin is known as a blanking interval or blanking region ; the horizontal and vertical front porch and back porch are
1224-547: The consumer market . Digital video is capable of higher quality and, eventually, a much lower cost than earlier analog technology. After the commercial introduction of the DVD in 1997 and later the Blu-ray Disc in 2006, sales of videotape and recording equipment plummeted. Advances in computer technology allow even inexpensive personal computers and smartphones to capture, store, edit, and transmit digital video, further reducing
1275-409: The 1157 automobile tail-light which has two different filaments to act as both a tail light and a brake light. In this bulb each filament has a different brightness and is connected to a separate contact on the bottom of the base; the two contacts are symmetrically positioned about the axis of the base, but the pins are offset so that the bulb can only be fitted in the correct orientation. Newer bulbs use
1326-463: The Internet. Stereoscopic video for 3D film and other applications can be displayed using several different methods: Different layers of video transmission and storage each provide their own set of formats to choose from. For transmission, there is a physical connector and signal protocol (see List of video connectors ). A given physical link can carry certain display standards that specify
1377-489: The PAL and NTSC variants of the CCIR 601 digital video standard and the corresponding anamorphic widescreen formats. The 720 by 480 pixel raster uses thin pixels on a 4:3 aspect ratio display and fat pixels on a 16:9 display. The popularity of viewing video on mobile phones has led to the growth of vertical video . Mary Meeker , a partner at Silicon Valley venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers , highlighted
1428-523: The Second World War, which prevented the development of the bi-pin cap design that was becoming commonplace elsewhere in the world; notably, in the United States. Production of these lamps continued until the early 1980s, although manufacturers had produced adaptors that permitted bi-pin lamps being used in older luminaires (equipped with bayonet lamp holders) since the 1960s. The BA20d (sometimes called
1479-538: The UK also made use of a 3 pin bulb base to discourage theft. Bayonet cap bulbs are also very common worldwide in applications where vibration may loosen screw-mount bulbs, such as automotive lighting and other small indicators , and in many flashlights . In many other countries the Edison screw (E) base is used for lighting. Some bulbs may have slightly offset lugs to ensure they can be only inserted in one orientation, for example
1530-450: The building blocks of the blanking interval. Computer display standards specify a combination of aspect ratio, display size, display resolution, color depth, and refresh rate. A list of common resolutions is available. Early television was almost exclusively a live medium, with some programs recorded to film for historical purposes using Kinescope . The analog video tape recorder was commercially introduced in 1951. The following list
1581-544: The bulb has single or double contacts. The entries from the table below pertain to IEC 60061 "Lamp caps and holders together with gauges for the control of interchangeability and safety" and to DIN 49xxx . These are the available sizes in the UK: Of these, only the BC (BA22d, often abbreviated as B22) is widely used in homes. Formerly, some linear fluorescent lamps in the UK used BA22d end caps, owing to material shortages arising from
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1632-406: The camera. The depth-of-field preview should not be engaged during the mounting/dismounting process. Bayonet mount A bayonet mount (mainly as a method of mechanical attachment, such as fitting a lens to a camera using a matching lens mount ) or bayonet connector (for electrical use) is a fastening mechanism consisting of a cylindrical male side with one or more radial pins, and
1683-672: The context of lighting as simply BC or B22. Older installations in some other countries, including France and Greece use this base. First developed by St. George Lane Fox-Pitt in the UK and improved upon by the Brush Electric Company from the late 1870s onward, standard bulbs have two pins on opposite sides of the cap; however, some specialized bulbs have three pins (cap designation B22d-3) to prevent use in domestic light fittings. Examples of three-pin bulbs are found in mercury street lamps and fireglow bulbs in some older models of electric radiative heater . Older railway carriages in
1734-438: The context of video compression, codec is a portmanteau of encoder and decoder , while a device that only compresses is typically called an encoder , and one that only decompresses is a decoder . The compressed data format usually conforms to a standard video coding format . The compression is typically lossy , meaning that the compressed video lacks some information present in the original video. A consequence of this
1785-417: The cost of video production and allowing programmers and broadcasters to move to tapeless production . The advent of digital broadcasting and the subsequent digital television transition are in the process of relegating analog video to the status of a legacy technology in most parts of the world. The development of high-resolution video cameras with improved dynamic range and color gamuts , along with
1836-509: The display of an interlaced video signal from an analog, DVD, or satellite source on a progressive scan device such as an LCD television , digital video projector , or plasma panel. Deinterlacing cannot, however, produce video quality that is equivalent to true progressive scan source material. Aspect ratio describes the proportional relationship between the width and height of video screens and video picture elements. All popular video formats are rectangular , and this can be described by
1887-445: The fields one at a time, rather than dividing up a complete frame after it is captured, the frame rate for motion is effectively doubled as well, resulting in smoother, more lifelike reproduction of rapidly moving parts of the image when viewed on an interlaced CRT display. NTSC, PAL, and SECAM are interlaced formats. Abbreviated video resolution specifications often include an i to indicate interlacing. For example, PAL video format
1938-414: The first practical video tape recorders (VTR). In 1951, the first VTR captured live images from television cameras by writing the camera's electrical signal onto magnetic videotape . Video recorders were sold for $ 50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US$ 300 per one-hour reel. However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling videocassette recorder (VCR) decks and tapes into
1989-414: The fitting. GU-10 fittings are available in heat-resistant form for use with halogen lamps which generate heat. The first documented use of this type of fitting (without the name "bayonet") may be by al-Jazari in the 13th century, who used it to mount candles into his candle-clocks. This type of fitting was later used for soldiers who needed to quickly mount bayonets to the ends of their rifles , hence
2040-466: The growth of vertical video viewing in her 2015 Internet Trends Report – growing from 5% of video viewing in 2010 to 29% in 2015. Vertical video ads like Snapchat 's are watched in their entirety nine times more frequently than landscape video ads. The color model uses the video color representation and maps encoded color values to visible colors reproduced by the system. There are several such representations in common use: typically, YIQ
2091-432: The horizontal scan lines of each complete frame are treated as if numbered consecutively and captured as two fields : an odd field (upper field) consisting of the odd-numbered lines and an even field (lower field) consisting of the even-numbered lines. Analog display devices reproduce each frame, effectively doubling the frame rate as far as perceptible overall flicker is concerned. When the image capture device acquires
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2142-749: The introduction of high-dynamic-range digital intermediate data formats with improved color depth , has caused digital video technology to converge with film technology. Since 2013, the use of digital cameras in Hollywood has surpassed the use of film cameras. Frame rate , the number of still pictures per unit of time of video, ranges from six or eight frames per second ( frame/s ) for old mechanical cameras to 120 or more frames per second for new professional cameras. PAL standards (Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.) and SECAM (France, Russia, parts of Africa, etc.) specify 25 frame/s, while NTSC standards (United States, Canada, Japan, etc.) specify 29.97 frame/s. Film
2193-644: The name. The bayonet light bulb mount is the standard fitting in many former members of the British Empire including the United Kingdom , Australia , India , Ireland , and New Zealand , Hong Kong , as well as parts of the Middle East and Africa (although not Canada , which primarily uses Edison screw sockets along with the United States and Mexico ). The standard size is B22d-2, often referred to in
2244-622: The number of distinct points at which the color changes. Video quality can be measured with formal metrics like peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) or through subjective video quality assessment using expert observation. Many subjective video quality methods are described in the ITU-T recommendation BT.500 . One of the standardized methods is the Double Stimulus Impairment Scale (DSIS). In DSIS, each expert views an unimpaired reference video, followed by an impaired version of
2295-480: The pin(s) on the male are aligned with the slot(s) on the female and the two pushed together. Once the pins reach the bottom of the slot, one or both parts are rotated so that the pin slides along the horizontal arm of the L until it reaches the "serif". The spring then pushes the male connector up into the "serif" to keep the pin locked into place. A practised user can connect them quickly and, unlike screw connectors, they are not subject to cross-threading. To disconnect,
2346-436: The same video. The expert then rates the impaired video using a scale ranging from "impairments are imperceptible" to "impairments are very annoying." Uncompressed video delivers maximum quality, but at a very high data rate . A variety of methods are used to compress video streams, with the most effective ones using a group of pictures (GOP) to reduce spatial and temporal redundancy . Broadly speaking, spatial redundancy
2397-483: The slide-in “luminaire-supporting coupler” (LSC), but its prominence is unknown. Many cameras with interchangeable lenses use a bayonet lens mount to allow lenses to be changed rapidly and locked accurately in position. Camera lens mounts usually employ stronger flattened tabs rather than pins, though their function is the same. A bayonet mount is often used to mate a cylinder with a base in cylindrical packaging such as that for CD spindles . Video Video
2448-641: The spring must fail and allow the connector to be pushed down and rotate—for example due to vibration. It is possible to push down the connector and rotate it, but not far enough to engage and lock; it will stay in place temporarily, but accidental disconnection is very likely. Bayonet electrical connectors are used in the same applications where other connectors are used, to transmit either power or signals. Bayonet connections can be made faster than screw connections, and more securely than push-fit connections; they are more resistant to vibration than both these types. They may be used to connect two cables, or to connect
2499-460: The spring until the pin is out of the "serif". The bayonet mount is the standard light bulb fitting in the United Kingdom and in many countries that were members of the British Empire including Australia , Hong Kong , Fiji , India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Ireland and New Zealand , parts of the Middle East and Africa and, historically, in France and Greece . To couple the two parts,
2550-399: The two parts are pushed together to move the pin out of the "serif" while twisting in the opposite direction than for connecting, and then pulling apart. The strength of the joint comes from the strength of the pins and the L slots, and the spring. To disengage unintentionally, the pins must break, the sleeve into which the connector slides must be distorted or torn enough to free the pins, or
2601-407: Was originally exclusively live technology. Live video cameras used an electron beam, which would scan a photoconductive plate with the desired image and produce a voltage signal proportional to the brightness in each part of the image. The signal could then be sent to televisions, where another beam would receive and display the image. Charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team to develop one of
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