62-651: Pukawa or Pukawa Bay ( Māori : Pūkawa ) is a bay and a small township on the southern shores of Lake Taupō on New Zealand's North Island . It is off State Highway 41 between Turangi and Taumarunui, in the Taupō District and Waikato region. It is home of the Ngāti Tūwharetoa hapū of Ngāti Manunui , who established the Pūkawa Marae and Manunui a Ruakapanga meeting house in November 2006. The opening ceremony
124-678: A Ngāti Tūwharetoa village known as Te Rapa near the springs of Maunga Kākaramea . It was covered in a landslide on 7 May 1846 which killed 60 people, including the iwi's chief Mananui Te Heuheu Tūkino II . Christianity in New Zealand Christianity in New Zealand dates to the arrival of missionaries from the Church Missionary Society who were welcomed onto the beach at Rangihoua Bay in December 1814. It soon became
186-479: A bachelor's or higher degree, and 30 (15.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $ 30,900, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 30 people (15.9%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 66 (34.9%) people were employed full-time, 24 (12.7%) were part-time, and 6 (3.2%) were unemployed. The statistical area of Lake Taupo Bays covers 1,154.30 km (445.68 sq mi) square kilometres to
248-419: A larger boundary, covering 6.09 km (2.35 sq mi) and included Ōmori. Using that boundary, the settlement had a population of 213 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 42 people (24.6%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 3 people (1.4%) since the 2006 census . There were 99 households, comprising 108 males and 108 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.0 males per female. The median age
310-539: A low of 43.7% (in Kawerau) to a high of 63.4% (in Ashburton). In general, the tendency is for rural areas, particularly in the lower South Island, to have somewhat higher numbers of Christians, and urban areas to have lower numbers—of the sixteen designated Cities of New Zealand , fifteen have a smaller proportion of Christians than the country as a whole (the exception being Invercargill). The average proportion of Christians in
372-598: A major component of Taupō's commercial sector. The busiest time for the industry is the high summer season around Christmas and New Year. The lake area has a temperate climate. Daily maximum temperatures recorded for Taupō range from an average of 23.3 °C in January and February to 11.2 °C in July, while the nighttime minimum temperatures range from 11.6 °C in February down to 2.2 °C in July. Rain falls in all seasons but
434-643: A poll in 2007 found 58% of people were opposed to official status being granted. Despite this, each sitting day of the New Zealand Parliament opens with a Christian prayer. In contrast to England , where the Anglican Church is the officially established church , in New Zealand the Anglican Church has no special status, although it often officiates at civic events such as Anzac Day . Most New Zealanders consider politicians' religious beliefs to be
496-506: A private matter. Many New Zealand prime ministers have been professing Christians, including Jim Bolger , David Lange , Robert Muldoon , Walter Nash , Keith Holyoake , Michael Joseph Savage and Christopher Luxon . Prime ministers Helen Clark , John Key and Jacinda Ardern identified as agnostic during their time in office. Christian political parties have never gained significant support and have often been characterised by controversy. Many of these are now defunct, such as
558-417: A rapid rate, while smaller Protestant groups and non-denominational churches are growing. "Anglican" is the largest single Christian religious affiliation in New Zealand, according to the 2018 census , which recorded 314,913 adherents in New Zealand. "Roman Catholic" recorded 295,743. When all "catholic" religious affiliations are added together they total 473,145 people. (Note: All figures are for
620-678: A saintly person and in 1997 the New Zealand Catholic Bishops' Conference agreed to support the "Introduction of the Cause of Suzanne Aubert", to begin the process of consideration for her canonisation as a saint by the Catholic Church. In 1892 the New Zealand Church Missionary Society (NZCMS) formed in a Nelson church hall and the first New Zealand missionaries were sent overseas soon after. Although there
682-455: A sex ratio of 1.07 males per female. The median age was 52.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 267 people (17.0%) aged under 15 years, 174 (11.1%) aged 15 to 29, 687 (43.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 438 (28.0%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 69.2% European/ Pākehā , 41.0% Māori , 2.5% Pacific peoples , 2.3% Asian , and 1.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas
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#1732883573498744-566: A significant role (e.g. the Rātana movement and Labour ). Politicians are often involved in public dialogue with religious groups. In 1967, Presbyterian minister and theologian Lloyd Geering was the subject of one of the few heresy trials of the 20th century, with a judgement that no doctrinal error had been proved. The Catholic Church in New Zealand had a number of its priests convicted of child sexual abuse , notably at Marylands School . Newspapers have also reported child sex abuse cases within
806-478: A smaller congregation of both unvaccinated and vaccinated members attend or the alternative of an unlimited amount of attendees that provided a vaccination pass. Many churches, such as Auckland's Life Church, Wellington's Arise Church and Christchurch's Harmony Church, opted to take their ministry online over the Christmas period. Christianity has never had official status as a national religion in New Zealand, and
868-533: Is a New Zealand radio broadcaster, Media Chaplain, and ordained Christian Minister who is a Sunday evening radio host on Newstalk ZB . Rhema Media is a Christian media organisation in New Zealand . It owns radio networks Rhema , Life FM and Star , and television station Shine TV . In November 2021, the New Zealand government announced that New Zealand will head into a traffic light system. This meant that New Zealand churches had to choose between having
930-478: Is a beech and podocarp forest with associate understory ferns being Blechnum filiforme , Asplenium flaccidum , Doodia media , Hymenophyllum demissum , Microsorum pustulatum and Dendroconche scandens , and some prominent associate shrubs being Olearia rani and Alseuosmia quercifolia . Native faunal species in the lake include northern kōura or crayfish ( Paranephrops planifrons ) and kōkopu or whitebait ( Galaxias species). The lake
992-551: Is greatest in winter and spring, from June to December. Taupō hosts the Lake Taupo Cycle Challenge , a cycling tour around the lake which can take anywhere between four and ten hours. Skydiving is a popular local sport and tourist attraction. Taupō also hosts the ANZCO Ironman event. Crossing the 40.2 km length of the lake is a challenge for open-water swimmers. In 2020, Michael Wells from Darwin, Australia,
1054-491: Is in a caldera created mainly by a supervolcanic eruption which occurred approximately 25,600 years ago. According to geological records, the volcano has erupted 29 times in the last 30,000 years. It has ejected mostly rhyolitic lava , although Mount Tauhara formed from dacitic lava. Taupō has been active for 300,000 years with a very large event known as the Oruanui eruption occurring approximately 25,600 years ago. It
1116-502: Is intended to protect Lake Taupō from volcanic activities underneath. The cliff has become a popular tourist destination with hundreds of boats and yachts visiting the spot yearly. Lake Taupō is a taonga (treasure or something special to the person) of Ngāti Tūwharetoa from the Te Arawa waka. Ngāti Tūwharetoa owns the bed of the lake and its tributaries. They grant the public free access for recreational use. Lake Taupō previously housed
1178-400: Is noted for stocks of brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), introduced from Europe and California respectively in the late nineteenth century. There has also been a subsequent introduction of smelt ( Retropinnidae species) as a food for the trout. A community of sponges and associated invertebrates live around the underwater geothermal vents. Tourism is
1240-465: Is strong in the lower South Island—the city of Dunedin was founded as a Presbyterian settlement, and many of the early settlers in the region were Scottish Presbyterians. Elsewhere, however, Presbyterians are usually outnumbered by both Anglicans and Catholics, making Presbyterianism the most geographically concentrated of the three main denominations. The territorial authorities with the highest proportion of Presbyterians are Gore (where they are 30.9% of
1302-854: The Christian Democrat Party , the Christian Heritage Party (which collapsed after leader Graham Capill was convicted as a child sex offender), Destiny New Zealand , The Family Party , and the New Zealand Pacific Party (whose leader Taito Phillip Field was convicted on bribery and corruption charges). The Exclusive Brethren gained public notoriety during the 2005 election for distributing anti-Labour pamphlets, which former National Party leader Don Brash later admitted to knowledge of. The two main political parties, Labour and National , are not affiliated with any religion, although religious groups have at times played
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#17328835734981364-576: The Minoan eruption in the 2nd millennium BCE, the Tianchi eruption of Baekdu around 1000 CE and the 1815 eruption of Tambora ), with a Volcanic Explosivity Index rating of 7; and there appears to be a correlation, to within a few years, of a year in which the sky was red over Rome and China . The eruption devastated much of the North Island and further expanded the lake. The area was uninhabited by humans at
1426-565: The Southern Hemisphere Summer allowing open air carolling and barbecues in the sun. Nevertheless, various Northern hemisphere traditions have continued in New Zealand—including roast dinners and Christmas trees , with the pōhutukawa regarded as New Zealand's iconic Christmas tree. Christian and Māori choral traditions have been blended in New Zealand to produce a distinct contribution to Christian music , including
1488-466: The caldera of Taupō Volcano . The lake is the namesake of the town of Taupō , which sits on a bay in the lake's northeastern shore. With a surface area of 616 km (238 sq mi), it is the largest lake by surface area in New Zealand , and the second largest freshwater lake by surface area in geopolitical Oceania after Lake Murray in Papua New Guinea . Motutaiko Island lies in
1550-415: The main trunk line ) to Pukawa. This line was never completed. Statistics New Zealand describes Pukawa as a rural settlement, which includes Oreti and covers 0.78 km (0.30 sq mi). It had an estimated population of 50 as of June 2024, with a population density of 64 people per km. The settlement is part of the larger Lake Taupo Bays statistical area. Before the 2023 census, the settlement had
1612-909: The Anglican Holy Trinity Cathedral, Auckland , ChristChurch Cathedral, Christchurch and Saint Paul's Cathedral, Wellington and the Catholic St Patrick's Cathedral, Auckland , Sacred Heart Cathedral, Wellington , Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Christchurch , St. Joseph's Cathedral, Dunedin . The iconic Futuna Chapel was built as a Wellington retreat centre for the Catholic Marist order in 1961. The design by Māori architect John Scott, fuses Modernist and indigenous design principles. The Christian festivals of Christmas and Easter are marked by public holidays in New Zealand . Christmas Day, 25 December, falls during
1674-474: The Anglican Church administers a number of schools; and schools administered by members of the New Zealand Association for Christian Schools educated 13,000 students in 2009. The architectural landscape of New Zealand has been affected by Christianity and the prominence of churches in cities, towns and the countryside attests to its historical importance in New Zealand. Notable Cathedrals include
1736-657: The Bible increased mana and social and economic benefits, decreased the practices of slavery and intertribal violence, and increased peace and respect for all people in Māori society, including women. Henry Williams played an important role in the translation of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. In August 1839 Captain William Hobson was given instructions by the Colonial Office to take
1798-507: The CMS trading muskets for food. Māori eventually came to see that the ban on muskets was the only way to bring an end to the tribal wars. Williams organised the CMS missionaries into a systematic study of the Māori language and soon started translating the Bible into Māori. In July 1827 William Colenso printed the first Māori Bible, comprising three chapters of Genesis, the 20th chapter of Exodus,
1860-679: The Church Missionary Society (chaplain in New South Wales ) officiated at its first service on Christmas Day in 1814, at Oihi Bay, a small cove in Rangihoua Bay in the Bay of Islands , at the invitation of chiefs Te Pahi and Ruatara , considered to have been the first preaching of the gospel in New Zealand. The CMS founded its first mission at Rangihoua Bay in the Bay of Islands in 1814 and over
1922-466: The Horomatangi vent, and nearby geothermal fields with associated hot springs are found north and south of the lake, for example at Rotokawa and Tūrangi . These springs are the site of occurrence of certain extremophile micro-organisms, that are capable of surviving in extremely hot environments. The volcano is considered active and is monitored by GNS Science. Much of the watershed of Lake Taupō
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1984-526: The North Island's East Coast. It is the largest denomination in most parts of rural New Zealand, the main exception being the lower South Island. The territorial authorities with the highest proportion of Anglicans are Gisborne (where they are 27.4% of the total population), Wairoa (27.1%), and Hurunui (24.9%). The territorial authorities with the lowest proportion of Anglicans are Invercargill (7.7%), Manukau (8.3%), and Clutha (8.5%). Presbyterianism , associated mostly with New Zealanders of Scottish descent,
2046-574: The bay from Kororāreka (nowadays Russell) ; then described as "the hell-hole of the South Pacific" because of the abuse of alcohol and prostitution that was the consequence of the sealing ships and whaling ships that visited Kororāreka. Williams concentrated on the salvation of souls. The first baptism occurred in 1825, although it was another 5 years before the second baptism. Schools were established, which addressed religious instruction, reading and writing and practical skills. Williams also stopped
2108-463: The census usually resident population. Percentages are based on number of responses rather than total population. These are nominal. The 2011 census was cancelled due to the 2011 Christchurch earthquake In all censuses, up to four responses were collected.) The number of Christians in New Zealand varies slightly across different parts of the country—as of the 2006 census, the number of Christians in each territorial authority ranged from
2170-464: The constitutional steps needed to establish a British colony in New Zealand. Hobson was sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor in Sydney on 14 January, finally arriving in the Bay of Islands on 29 January 1840. The Colonial Office did not provide Hobson with a draft treaty, so he was forced to write his own treaty with the help of his secretary, James Freeman, and British Resident James Busby . The entire treaty
2232-515: The country often before European missionaries arrived. Jean Baptiste Pompallier was the first Catholic bishop to come to New Zealand, arriving in 1838. With a number of Marist Brothers , Pompallier organised the Catholic Church throughout the country. George Augustus Selwyn became the first Anglican Bishop of New Zealand in 1841. Selwyn was criticised by the CMS for being ineffective in training and ordaining New Zealand teachers, deacons and priests—especially Māori. It would be 11 years until
2294-456: The first Māori deacon, Rota Waitoa , would be ordained by the Bishop at St Paul's, Auckland , and 24 years before he ordained a Māori priest. The first Māori bishop in New Zealand's history was Frederick Bennett , who was consecrated Anglican Bishop of Aotearoa , in 1928. The first Catholic Māori priest, Father Wiremu Te Āwhitu was ordained in 1944, and the first Māori bishop, Bishop Max Mariu
2356-760: The first chapter of the Gospel of St John, 30 verses of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of St Matthew, the Lord's Prayer and some hymns. It was the first book printed in New Zealand and his 1837 Māori New Testament was the first indigenous language translation of the Bible published in the southern hemisphere. Demand for the Māori New Testament, and for the Prayer Book that followed, grew exponentially, as did Christian Māori leadership and public Christian services, with 33,000 Māori soon attending regularly. Literacy and understanding
2418-553: The highest proportion of Catholics are Kaikōura (where they are 18.4% of the total population), Westland (18.3%), and Grey (17.8%). The territorial authorities with the lowest proportion of Catholics are Tasman (8.1%), Clutha (8.7%), and Western Bay of Plenty (8.7%). Anglicanism , associated mostly with New Zealanders of English descent, is common in most parts of the country, but is strongest in Canterbury (the city of Christchurch having been founded as an Anglican settlement) and on
2480-521: The lake is controlled by Mercury Energy , the owner of the eight hydroelectric dams on the Waikato River downstream of Lake Taupō, using gates built in 1940–41. The gates are used to reduce flooding, conserve water and ensure a minimum flow of 50 m /s (1,800 cu ft/s) in the Waikato River. The resource consent allows the level of the lake to be varied between 355.85 and 357.25 metres (1,167.5 and 1,172.1 ft) above sea level. Lake Taupō
2542-560: The leading non-government providers of social services in New Zealand. The first Christian service conducted in New Zealand waters was probably to be carried out by Father Paul-Antoine Léonard de Villefeix , the Dominican chaplain on the ship Saint Jean Baptiste commanded by the French navigator and explorer Jean-François-Marie de Surville . Villefeix was the first Christian minister to set foot in New Zealand, and probably said Mass on board
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2604-591: The next decade established farms and schools in the area. In June 1823 Wesleydale, the first Wesleyan Methodist mission in New Zealand, was established at Kaeo , near Whangaroa Harbour . The first book published in the Māori language was A Korao no New Zealand ; or, the New Zealander's First Book , published by CMS missioner Thomas Kendall in 1815. In 1817 Tītore and Tui (also known as Tuhi or Tupaea (1797?–1824)) sailed to England. They visited Professor Samuel Lee at Cambridge University and assisted him in
2666-609: The popular hymns Whakaria Mai and Tama Ngakau Marie. New Zealand once hosted the largest Christian music festival in the Southern Hemisphere, Parachute Music Festival , however in 2014, the music festival was cancelled due to financial difficulties. Large Christian Easter events still occur. Eastercamp, a Christian youth event in South Island, draws 3500 youths from over 50 youth groups and churches. New Zealand has many media organisations and personalities. Frank Ritchie ,
2728-469: The predominant belief amongst the indigenous people, with over half of Māori regularly attending church services within the first 30 years. Christianity remains New Zealand's largest religious group, but no one denomination is dominant and there is no official state church . According to the 2018 census 38.17% of the population identified as Christian . The largest Christian groups are Anglican , Catholic and Presbyterian . Christian organisations are
2790-539: The preparation of a grammar and vocabulary of Māori. Kendall travelled to London in 1820 with Hongi Hika and Waikato (a lower ranking Ngāpuhi chief) during which time work was done with Professor Samuel Lee, which resulted in the First Grammar and Vocabulary of the New Zealand Language (1820). In 1823, Rev Henry Williams became the leader of the CMS mission in New Zealand. He settled at Paihia , across
2852-571: The ship near Whatuwhiwhi in Doubtless Bay on Christmas Day in 1769. He is reported to have also led prayers for the sick the previous day and to have conducted Christian burials. New Zealand's religious history after the arrival of Europeans saw substantial missionary activity, with Māori generally converting to Christianity voluntarily (compare forced conversions elsewhere in the world). The Anglican Church Missionary Society (CMS) sent missionaries to settle in New Zealand. Samuel Marsden of
2914-579: The sixteen cities is 50.2%. Catholicism , associated mostly with New Zealanders of Irish , Polish, descent, is the most evenly distributed of the three main denominations, although it still has noticeable strengths in south and central Taranaki , on the West Coast , and in Kaikōura . It is also the largest denomination in Auckland and Wellington , although not by a great extent. The territorial authorities with
2976-451: The south and west of Lake Taupo. It surrounds but does not include Tūrangi . It had an estimated population of 1,780 as of June 2024, with a population density of 1.5 people per km. Lake Taupo Bays had a population of 1,566 at the 2018 New Zealand census , a decrease of 12 people (−0.8%) since the 2013 census , and a decrease of 54 people (−3.3%) since the 2006 census . There were 645 households, comprising 810 males and 756 females, giving
3038-663: The southeastern area of the lake. Lake Taupō has a perimeter of approximately 193 km (120 mi) and a maximum depth of 186 m (610 ft). It is drained by the Waikato River (New Zealand's longest river), and its main tributaries are the Waitahanui River , the Tongariro River , and the Tauranga Taupō River . It is a noted trout fishery with stocks of introduced brown and rainbow trout . The level of
3100-630: The time of the eruption, as New Zealand was not settled by Māori until about 1280. Possible climatic effects of the eruption would have been concentrated on the Southern Hemisphere due to the southerly position of Lake Taupō. Taupō's last known eruption occurred around 30 years later, with lava dome extrusion forming the Horomatangi Reefs , but that eruption was much smaller than the Hatepe eruption. Underwater hydrothermal activity continues near
3162-966: The total population), Clutha (30.7%), and Southland (29.8%). The territorial authorities with the lowest proportion of Presbyterians are Far North (4.4%), Kaipara (6.2%), and Wellington (6.7%). Pentecostalism and non-denominational churches are amongst the highest denominations according to the 2018 census. Examples of these churches are Life Church in Auckland, Curate Church in Mount Maunganui, Arise in Wellington and Harmony Church in Christchurch. Christian organisations in New Zealand are heavily involved in community activities including education; health services; chaplaincy to prisons, rest homes and hospitals; social justice and human rights advocacy. Approximately 11% of New Zealand students attend Catholic schools;
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#17328835734983224-495: The treaty. In 1845, 64,000 Māori were attending church services, over half of the estimated population of 110,000. By then, there was probably a higher proportion of Māori attending Church in New Zealand than British people in the United Kingdom. The New Zealand Anglican Church , te Hāhi Mihinare (the missionary church), was, and is, the largest Māori denomination. Māori made Christianity their own and spread it throughout
3286-454: Was $ 28,300, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 174 people (13.4%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 552 (42.5%) people were employed full-time, 189 (14.5%) were part-time, and 48 (3.7%) were unemployed. Lake Taup%C5%8D Lake Taupō (also spelled Taupo ; Māori : Taupō-nui-a-Tia or Taupōmoana ) is a large crater lake in New Zealand 's North Island , located in
3348-406: Was 11.9, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 48.3% had no religion, 36.4% were Christian , 7.7% had Māori religious beliefs and 1.1% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 219 (16.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 240 (18.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income
3410-569: Was 61.2 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 24 people (11.3%) aged under 15 years, 21 (9.9%) aged 15 to 29, 81 (38.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 87 (40.8%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 81.7% European/ Pākehā , 31.0% Māori , 1.4% Asian , and 1.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 49.3% had no religion, 42.3% were Christian , and 1.4% had Māori religious beliefs . Of those at least 15 years old, 42 (22.2%) people had
3472-644: Was attended by Tūheitia Paki , the Māori King . Pōtatau Te Wherowhero was formally selected as king by a conference of chiefs of the Māori tribes held at Pukawa in April 1857 and was crowned during elaborate ceremonies held at his marae in Ngāruawāhia in April 1858. In 1906 Ngāti Tūwharetoa and the Tongariro Timber Company struck an agreement for the construction of a 40-mile railway line from Kakahi (on
3534-684: Was ordained in 1988. The Sisters of Mercy arrived in Auckland in 1850 and were the first order of religious sisters to come to New Zealand and began to work in health care and education. At the direction of Mary MacKillop (St Mary of the Cross), the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart arrived in New Zealand and established schools. In 1892, Suzanne Aubert established the Sisters of Compassion —the first Catholic order established in New Zealand for women. The Anglican Church in New Zealand recognises her as
3596-627: Was prepared in four days. Realising that a treaty in English could be neither understood, debated or agreed to by Māori, Hobson instructed Williams, who worked with his son Edward , who was also proficient in the Māori language, to translate the document into Māori and this was done overnight on 4 February. Williams was also involved in explaining the treaty to Māori leaders, firstly at the meetings with William Hobson at Waitangi, but later also when he travelled to Port Nicholson, Queen Charlotte's Sound, Kapiti, Waikanae and Otaki to persuade Māori chiefs to sign
3658-448: Was some hostility between Catholic and Protestants in the 19th and early 20th centuries, this declined towards the end of the 20th century. The proportion of New Zealanders who identify as Christian is declining—accounting for around 38% of responses to the 2018 census , whereas in the 1991 census it stood at around three-quarters. Christian groups are experiencing mixed trends. Anglicanism and Presbyterianism are both losing adherents at
3720-523: Was the first to breaststroke across the lake. On the north-west side of Lake Taupō on the cliffs of Mine Bay, there are Māori rock carvings created in the late 1970s by Matahi Whakataka-Brightwell and John Randall. Carved in the likeness of Ngātoro-i-rangi , a navigator who guided the Tūwharetoa and Te Arawa tribes to the Taupō area over a thousand years ago according to Māori legend . The 10-metre-high carving
3782-426: Was the world's largest known eruption over the past 70,000 years, ejecting 1170 cubic kilometres of material and causing several hundred square kilometres of surrounding land to collapse and form the caldera. The caldera later filled with water to form Lake Taupō, eventually overflowing to cause a huge outburst flood . Several later eruptions occurred over the millennia before the most recent major eruption, which
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#17328835734983844-452: Was traditionally dated as about 181 CE from Greenland ice-core records. Tree ring data from two studies suggests a later date of 232 CE ± 5 and this is now accepted. Known as the Hatepe eruption , it is believed to have ejected 100 cubic kilometres of material, of which 30 cubic kilometres was ejected in a few minutes. This was one of the most powerful eruptions in the last 5000 years (alongside
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