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47-461: Pyramidellidae , common name the pyram family , or pyramid shells , is a voluminous taxonomic family of mostly small and minute ectoparasitic sea snails , marine heterobranch gastropod molluscs . The great majority of species of pyrams are micromolluscs . The pyram family is distributed worldwide with more than 6,000 named species in more than 350 nominal genera and subgenera. This family of micromolluscs has been little studied and

94-427: A pyramid . More specifically, the shape is like a right circular cone , which is equivalent to a right pyramid whose base has many sides. Common name In chemistry , IUPAC defines a common name as one that, although it unambiguously defines a chemical, does not follow the current systematic naming convention, such as acetone , systematically 2-propanone , while a vernacular name describes one used in

141-404: A trapdoor that exists in many (but not all) groups of sea snails and freshwater snails , and also in a few groups of land snails ; the structure is found in some marine and freshwater gastropods , and in a minority of terrestrial gastropods, including the families Helicinidae , Cyclophoridae , Aciculidae , Maizaniidae , Pomatiidae , etc. The operculum is attached to the upper surface of

188-495: A lab, trade or industry that does not unambiguously describe a single chemical, such as copper sulfate , which may refer to either copper(I) sulfate or copper(II) sulfate. Sometimes common names are created by authorities on one particular subject, in an attempt to make it possible for members of the general public (including such interested parties as fishermen, farmers, etc.) to be able to refer to one particular species of organism without needing to be able to memorise or pronounce

235-551: A leaping type of locomotion . The structure of the operculum can be described as follows: In 1998 Checa and Jimeneze proposed three types of opercula: There are two basic types of opercula in terms of their material composition: The different shapes of opercula can include ungulate (hooflike), claw-like, or ovate. The type and shape of the operculum is used to help identify and classify related groups (genera) of land operculates, and likewise some marine operculates. The oldest known human depiction of an operculum together with

282-485: A particularly common name is used varies; some common names have a very local application, while others are virtually universal within a particular language. Some such names even apply across ranges of languages; the word for cat , for instance, is easily recognizable in most Germanic and many Romance languages . Many vernacular names, however, are restricted to a single country and colloquial names to local districts. Some languages also have more than one common name for

329-550: A powder and used as a scent fixative, in a technique similar to that used in perfumes with certain plant resins . When burnt on its own, high quality operculum reportedly smells of castoreum or other animal musks , while that of lower quality is reminiscent of burnt hair. The operculum of certain species of Turbinidae is sometimes used as a very inexpensive organic " gemstone " in rings, bracelets, amulets etc. These opercula are commonly known as "cats eye" (or more recently "Shiva's eye"). The turban snail Turbo petholatus

376-695: A prominent dark 'eye' and sometimes a greenish area. Opercula are often used in Northwest Coast art of North America, as detailing in masks, panels and paddles. These objects are used to represent the teeth in masks, and are used as a decorative element in many of the objects which play an important part in the art and culture of Northwest Coast peoples, including dishes for food, bentwood boxes, and rattles. Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind reported in 1896 that, in Oceania , chains and girdles composed of

423-486: Is a global system that attempts to denote particular organisms or taxa uniquely and definitively , on the assumption that such organisms or taxa are well-defined and generally also have well-defined interrelationships; accordingly the ICZN has formal rules for biological nomenclature and convenes periodic international meetings to further that purpose. The form of scientific names for organisms, called binomial nomenclature ,

470-560: Is closed by an oligogyrous operculum . The operculum is ovoid and paucispiral, with the apex anterior, a thread-like arcuate ridge on the proximal side, the inner margin notched in harmony with the plaits of the pillar when prominent. The species are characterized by the lack of jaw or radula , because they are ectoparasites (mostly on polychaetes or other molluscs). The Pyramidellidae are ectoparasites , feeding mainly on other molluscs and on annelid worms , but some are known to feed on peanut worms and crustaceans . A few species in

517-404: Is composed, as may be seen in the corneous opercula of Murex , Purpura , Triton , of very thin superimposed layers. The cylindrical cells are attached with their head to the lowermost layer. The operculum grows in size as the shell grows, such that the operculum remains in proportion to the apertural size. In many species, when the animal is active and crawling, part of the underside of

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564-515: Is found worldwide, but many species are only found in relatively small geographical ranges. The species found at the Cape Verdes are mainly endemic species. The length of the slender, elongated (turreted or conical) shells varies between 0.5 mm and 3.5 cm, but most species in the family have shells which are smaller than 13 mm. The texture of these shells is smooth or sculptured in various forms such as ribs and spirals. Their color

611-461: Is in these remarks from a book on marine fish: In scientific binomial nomenclature, names commonly are derived from classical or modern Latin or Greek or Latinised forms of vernacular words or coinages; such names generally are difficult for laymen to learn, remember, and pronounce and so, in such books as field guides, biologists commonly publish lists of coined common names. Many examples of such common names simply are attempts to translate

658-497: Is mostly white, cream or yellowish, sometimes with red or brown lines. The shell of these snails has a blunt, heterostrophic (i.e. whorls appear to be coiled in the opposite direction to those of the teleoconch) protoconch , which is often pointed sideways or wrapped up. The teleoconch is dextrally coiled , but the larval shells are sinistral . This results in a sinistrally coiled protoconch. The columella has usually one, but sometimes several, spiral folds . The aperture

705-448: Is retracted. In life, the operculum is attached at the ending of the columellar muscle with an opercular disc dorsally to the upper surface of the posterior part of the foot. However, in Buccinum a layer of long cylindrical epithelial cells , with mostly distinct nuclei, and long divided processes enter between the muscular fibres. The operculum, a cuticular development of these cells,

752-454: Is superficially similar to the noun-adjective form of vernacular names or common names which were used by non-modern cultures. A collective name such as owl was made more precise by the addition of an adjective such as screech . Linnaeus himself published a flora of his homeland Sweden, Flora Svecica (1745), and in this, he recorded the Swedish common names, region by region, as well as

799-650: Is the Cape dikkop (or "gewone dikkop", not to mention the presumably much older Zulu name "umBangaqhwa"); Burhinus vermiculatus is the "water dikkop". The thick joints in question are not even, in fact, the birds' knees, but the intertarsal joints —in lay terms the ankles. Furthermore, not all species in the genus have "thick knees", so the thickness of the "knees" of some species is not of clearly descriptive significance. The family Burhinidae has members that have various common names even in English, including " stone curlews ", so

846-463: Is the case with say, ginkgo , okapi , and ratel . Folk taxonomy , which is a classification of objects using common names, has no formal rules and need not be consistent or logical in its assignment of names, so that say, not all flies are called flies (for example Braulidae , the so-called "bee lice") and not every animal called a fly is indeed a fly (such as dragonflies and mayflies ). In contrast, scientific or biological nomenclature

893-399: Is the species whose operculum is most renowned, although other Turbo species are also used. The operculum has two sides of differing appearance. Either side or both may be displayed as jewelry or ornament. The internal side is flat and white, with a spiral suture line, while the external side is hemispherical, glossy, and variously colored and patterned. In the case of T. petholatus there is

940-411: The aptychus (plural aptychi) existed. When these were first described they were thought to be valves of a bivalve species, then for many years after that they were considered to be a form of paired or single operculum-like structures belonging to ammonites. More recently the aptychus or paired aptychi have been hypothesized to be a jaw apparatus of ammonites. Perhaps the most essential function of

987-795: The onycha incense material which is described in the Book of Exodus . Operculum powder is also an important ingredient in Chinese and Japanese incense making. Here it is called " bèi xiāng " (Chinese: 貝香; lit. sea shell fragrance) or " kai kou " (Japanese: 甲香, lit. shell/armour fragrance) respectively. Incense producers in these countries use the operculum of many conches and other marine snails , including those found in Southeast Asia, South America, and East Africa. The opercula are traditionally treated with vinegar , alcohol and water in order to remove any fishy smell. The clean opercula are then ground to

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1034-403: The phylogenetic relationships within the family are not well worked out. There is an absence of a general consensus regarding which species belong to a specific genus or subgenus, contributing to much confusion. Schander (1999) names more than 300 supraspecific names. As there has been no serious generic revision of the genera worldwide, generic polyphyly can be expected to be rampant throughout

1081-568: The Hebrew Language publish from time to time short dictionaries of common name in Hebrew for species that occur in Israel or surrounding countries e.g. for Reptilia in 1938, Osteichthyes in 2012, and Odonata in 2015. Operculum (gastropod) The operculum ( Latin for 'cover, covering'; pl.   opercula or operculums ) is a corneous or calcareous anatomical structure like

1128-683: The SSAR switched to an online version with a searchable database. Standardized names for the amphibians and reptiles of Mexico in Spanish and English were first published in 1994, with a revised and updated list published in 2008. A set of guidelines for the creation of English names for birds was published in The Auk in 1978. It gave rise to Birds of the World: Recommended English Names and its Spanish and French companions. The Academy of

1175-524: The Secretariat for the AFNC. SSA is an accredited Standards Australia (Australia's peak non-government standards development organisation) Standards Development The Entomological Society of America maintains a database of official common names of insects, and proposals for new entries must be submitted and reviewed by a formal committee before being added to the listing. Efforts to standardize English names for

1222-501: The amphibians and reptiles of North America (north of Mexico) began in the mid-1950s. The dynamic nature of taxonomy necessitates periodical updates and changes in the nomenclature of both scientific and common names. The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR) published an updated list in 1978, largely following the previous established examples, and subsequently published eight revised editions ending in 2017. More recently

1269-509: The author introduced into it so many new English names, that are to be found in no dictionary, and that do not preclude the necessity of learning with what Latin names they are synonymous. A tolerable idea may be given of the danger of too great a multiplicity of vulgar names, by imagining what geography would be, or, for instance, the Post-office administration, supposing every town had a totally different name in every language. Various bodies and

1316-493: The authors of many technical and semi-technical books do not simply adapt existing common names for various organisms; they try to coin (and put into common use) comprehensive, useful, authoritative, and standardised lists of new names. The purpose typically is: Other attempts to reconcile differences between widely separated regions, traditions, and languages, by arbitrarily imposing nomenclature, often reflect narrow perspectives and have unfortunate outcomes. For example, members of

1363-408: The choice of the name "thick-knees" is not easy to defend but is a clear illustration of the hazards of the facile coinage of terminology. For collective nouns for various subjects, see a list of collective nouns (e.g. a flock of sheep, pack of wolves). Some organizations have created official lists of common names, or guidelines for creating common names, hoping to standardize

1410-458: The exception of the Amphiboloidea . However, some terrestrial pulmonate species are capable of secreting an epiphragm , a temporary structure that can in some cases serve some of the same functions as an operculum. The epiphragm may be distinguished from the true operculum by its homogeneity and want of growth marks. In ammonites (extinct shelled cephalopods), a calcareous structure known as

1457-436: The family Pyramidellidae vary according to the taxonomy consulted. The currently leading taxonomy is the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) . Taxonomy of Pyramidellidae by Ponder & Lindberg (1997) : Taxonomy of Pyramidellidae by Schander , Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999): Taxonomy of Pyramidellidae by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) : In 2010 the family Pyramidellidae has been recognized as monophyletic In 2017

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1504-402: The family Pyramidellidae, such as Otopleura mitralis , are symbiotic with sea anemones , such as Neoaiptasia morbilla . They do not have a radula . Instead their long proboscis is used to pierce the skin of its prey and suck up its fluids and soft tissues. The eyes on the grooved tentacles are situated toward the base of the tentacles. These tentacles have a concave surface. Between

1551-643: The family. However, the family itself is deemed monophyletic. However a study in 2011 seems to indicate that this family is deeply nested within the Pulmonata instead of the Heterobranchia. The family is currently divided into 11 subfamilies ( Ponder & Lindberg 1997). An alternative interpretation is that the family Pyramidellidae is but one of six families within the superfamily Pyramidelloidea ( Schander , van Aartsen & Corgan 1999). Many species are rare or infrequently recorded. Subfamilies included within

1598-414: The foot and in its most complete state, it serves as a sort of "trapdoor" to close the aperture of the shell when the soft parts of the animal are retracted. The shape of the operculum varies greatly from one family of gastropods to another. It is fairly often circular, or more or less oval in shape. In species where the operculum fits snugly, its outline corresponds exactly to the shape of the aperture of

1645-653: The genera Helodiamea Peñas & Rolán, 2017 of deep-water Pyramidelloidea from the Central and South Pacific, and the Perheida Peñas & Rolán, 2017 were recognized. The following genera are currently difficult to place within existing subtaxa of the Pyramidellidae. The following species is of uncertain placement within Pyramidellidae. The following genera have become synonyms (but some species in this genera have not yet been reassigned) : This family

1692-517: The genus Burhinus occur in Australia, Southern Africa, Eurasia, and South America. A recent trend in field manuals and bird lists is to use the name " thick-knee " for members of the genus. This, in spite of the fact that the majority of the species occur in non-English-speaking regions and have various common names, not always English. For example, "Dikkop" is the centuries-old South African vernacular name for their two local species: Burhinus capensis

1739-400: The head and the propodium (the foremost division of the foot), a lobed process called the mentum (= thin projection) is visible. This mentum is slightly indented in midline. These gastropods are hermaphrodites , laying eggs in jelly-like masses on the shell of their hosts. Some species have spermatophores . The name of this taxonomic family comes from the shape of the shell, which is like

1786-706: The modern (now binding) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants contains the following: Art. 68. Every friend of science ought to be opposed to the introduction into a modern language of names of plants that are not already there unless they are derived from a Latin botanical name that has undergone but a slight alteration. ... ought the fabrication of names termed vulgar names, totally different from Latin ones, to be proscribed. The public to whom they are addressed derives no advantage from them because they are novelties. Lindley's work, The Vegetable Kingdom, would have been better relished in England had not

1833-410: The operculum in gastropods is to allow snails to resist drying out, or desiccation . This is very important in intertidal marine snails during low tide, and this also enables operculate freshwater and land snails to survive periods of drought and dry weather. In those marine species where the operculum completely seals the shell, it can also serve as a protection against predators when the snail body

1880-484: The same animal. For example, in Irish, there are many terms that are considered outdated but still well-known for their somewhat humorous and poetic descriptions of animals. w/ literal translations of the poetic terms Common names are used in the writings of both professionals and laymen . Lay people sometimes object to the use of scientific names over common names, but the use of scientific names can be defended, as it

1927-402: The scientific name into English or some other vernacular. Such translation may be confusing in itself, or confusingly inaccurate, for example, gratiosus does not mean "gracile" and gracilis does not mean "graceful". The practice of coining common names has long been discouraged; de Candolle's Laws of Botanical Nomenclature , 1868, the non-binding recommendations that form the basis of

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1974-555: The scientific name. Creating an "official" list of common names can also be an attempt to standardize the use of common names, which can sometimes vary a great deal between one part of a country and another, as well as between one country and another country, even where the same language is spoken in both places. A common name intrinsically plays a part in a classification of objects, typically an incomplete and informal classification, in which some names are degenerate examples in that they are unique and lack reference to any other name, as

2021-579: The scientific names. The Swedish common names were all binomials (e.g. plant no. 84 Råg-losta and plant no. 85 Ren-losta); the vernacular binomial system thus preceded his scientific binomial system. Linnaean authority William T. Stearn said: By the introduction of his binomial system of nomenclature, Linnaeus gave plants and animals an essentially Latin nomenclature like vernacular nomenclature in style but linked to published, and hence relatively stable and verifiable, scientific concepts and thus suitable for international use. The geographic range over which

2068-477: The shell and it serves to seal the entrance of the shell. Many families have opercula that are reduced in size, and which are not capable of closing the shell aperture. Opercula have sometimes been modified: in the Strombidae the operculum is claw-shaped and is used to push into the substrate in a leaping form of locomotion. Virtually all pulmonate snails are inoperculate, i.e. they do not have an operculum, with

2115-590: The shell of Charonia tritonis is a seal made by the Minoan civilization . Opercula of certain gastropods , especially varieties from the Red Sea , have long served as an incense material in ancient Jewish tradition, as well as Arabian cultures. The operculum of conch species Strombus tricornis and Lambis truncata sebae are most commonly used in regions near the Middle East . Opercula from these conches may be

2162-414: The shell rests on the outer surface of the operculum. In many species of marine shelled snails which live subtidally, the operculum is greatly reduced in size, and no longer serves to seal the shell entrance. In a large number of families it has been eliminated completely. In species of conchs , the operculum is elongated and sickle-shaped, and is used to dig into the sand to enable the conch to perform

2209-800: The use of common names. For example, the Australian Fish Names List or AFNS was compiled through a process involving work by taxonomic and seafood industry experts, drafted using the CAAB (Codes for Australian Aquatic Biota) taxon management system of the CSIRO , and including input through public and industry consultations by the Australian Fish Names Committee (AFNC). The AFNS has been an official Australian Standard since July 2007 and has existed in draft form (The Australian Fish Names List) since 2001. Seafood Services Australia (SSA) serve as

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