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42-432: Nuclear-equipped MGM-1 Matador , MGM-13 Mace , MIM-14 Nike Hercules and BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missiles were stationed here. It now hosts Nature One , a famous open-air electronic music festival. Festival facilities now use the same bunkers that were once home to 64 Ground-Launch Cruise Missiles (GLCM) (BGM-109), Tactical Nuclear Missiles , under the operational control of the 38th Tactical Missile Wing of

84-491: A technical sergeant (E-6), two warhead techs, two flight control systems techs, two guidance techs, two airframe and engine techs—one of whom doubled as the crane operator and the other as the launcher tech, and one booster rocket tech. Since the missile was at least theoretically "mobile", all launch equipment was mounted on trucks and trailers. As a result, in addition to their primary duties, most crew members were trained as and doubled as drivers. All enlisted members other than

126-415: A maximum load of 10,400 lb (4,700 kg), although the specified basic mission required only a 4,000 lb (1,814 kg) bombload. Eight 20 mm cannon mounted in the nose would have been installed in production aircraft. Crew was a pilot under a "fighter"-type bubble canopy and a Short-range navigation and bombing system (SHORAN) operator/navigator in a compartment located lower than and to

168-428: A missile on it at all. If one of the off-duty crews could make it to the launch site in time, they would try to get a missile onto the launcher there, and get it ready to go. Since all launch sites were within just a few minutes flying time from the potential enemy, it was unlikely that the third missile would launch, but all crews had multiple practice drills during their periods as duty and standby crews, trying to reduce

210-635: A night intruder/bomber to replace the Douglas A-26 Invader . The XB-51 was entered, as well as the Avro Canada CF-100 and English Electric Canberra ; the XB-51 and Canberra emerged from these as the favorites. Test flights showed the XB-51 to be highly maneuverable at low altitudes and substantially faster than the Canberra and faster than most fighter aircraft of the era. However, the XB-51's endurance

252-400: A truck-mounted hydraulic crane. There were several 2½ and 5 ton trucks (tractor type) to attach to and tow the launchers, transport vehicle, and generator. In some squadrons, each launch team had a large trailer in which it stored weapons, ammunition and supplies. A typical missile launch site had an active, or "hot" pad on which was kept the missile most ready to launch. This pad was manned by

294-673: The B-61 designation. It was later re-designated TM-61 , for "tactical missile", and finally MGM-1 when the U.S. Department of Defense introduced the tri-service rocket and guided missile designation system in 1963. The first flight of Matador, model XSSM-A-1, occurred at the White Sands Missile Range on 20 January 1949. The first two production B-61 Matador missiles arrived at Eglin AFB , Florida, in September 1953, becoming operational, and

336-670: The English Electric Canberra which - built by Martin - entered service as the Martin B-57 Canberra . This unorthodox design, first flying on 28 October 1949, was fitted with three General Electric J47 engines - an unusual number for a combat aircraft - two underneath the forward fuselage in pods, and one at the extreme tail with the intake at the base of the tailfin. The innovative, variable incidence wings, swept at 35° and with 6° anhedral , were equipped with leading edge slats and full-width flaps. Spoilers gave most of

378-490: The Korean War to provide ground-directed bombing . Instead of sending back a signal broadcast across the entire area, MARC used modified war-era SCR-584 radar sets to directly track the missile, which mounted an AN/APS-11 transponder to reflect the signals back to the station. These signals directly measured the range to the aircraft, unlike SHANICLE's measurements which were relative values. An analog computer then calculated

420-632: The Republic-Ford JB-2 , a copy of the German V-1 . The Matador was similar in concept to the V-1, but it included a radio command that allowed in-flight course corrections . This allowed accuracy to be maintained over greatly extended ranges of about 600 miles (1,000 km). To allow these ranges, the Matador was powered by a small turbojet engine in place of the V-1's much less efficient pulsejet . Matador

462-651: The United States Air Force . 50°02′38″N 7°25′32″E  /  50.04389°N 7.42556°E  / 50.04389; 7.42556 This rocketry article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . MGM-1 Matador The Martin MGM-1 Matador was the first operational surface-to-surface cruise missile designed and built by the United States. It was developed after World War II, drawing upon their wartime experience with creating

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504-466: The "master" station. The difference between the reception of the signals from any given pair indicated how far the missile was from the desired measure - a delay of zero meant it was exactly on course. The difference was calculated and the required updates were periodically sent to the missile's autopilot. In December 1950 a new system was introduced, MARC. This was an adaptation of the AN/MSQ-1 used during

546-604: The B-57 – never reached the prototype stage, mainly because the many changes would have taken too long to implement and test, before it could be put into production. Flights by the XB-51 prototype, 46-685 , continued, for general research purposes, following the project's official cancellation by the USAF. A second prototype, 46-686 , which first flew in 1950, crashed during low-level aerobatics on 9 May 1952, killing pilot Major Neil H. Lathrop. 46-685 continued to fly, including an appearance in

588-557: The Glenn L. Martin factory and Lowry AFB , both in Denver Colorado, while the launch training was at Orlando Air Force Base , Florida (later transferred to the U.S. Navy and renamed Naval Training Center Orlando ) and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , Florida. When the Tainan squadrons were inactivated, the airframes were made unflyable by chopping out the attachment points in the bulkheads of

630-429: The XB-51 was not selected for procurement, it was decided that Martin would build 250 Canberras under license, under the designation B-57 . Furthermore, Martin's rotating bomb bay would be incorporated into production variants of the B-57. A "Super Canberra", incorporating other XB-51 features, such as swept wings and tail-planes, was also proposed. This aircraft – although it promised much better speed and performance than

672-464: The control of the guidance crews. This gave the guidance crews practice controlling a missile in flight, as well as giving squadron officers some flight time. The Matador flight profile was very simple and predictable, which no doubt contributed to its demise. When the launch officer pressed the two launch switches, the JATO bottle fired, accelerating the missile to 250 mph (400 km/h; 220 kn) in

714-433: The crew chief were usually airman second class (E-3) or airman (E-2) on their first enlistment, though there were sometimes staff sergeants (E-5) or even technical sergeants who had already served multiple enlistments. In addition, there were similarly-sized guidance crews on remote sites, and a maintenance staff for the missiles, the guidance equipment, and the vehicles. Because of the number of people required to support

756-450: The difference between the missile's current position and desired flight path, and sent signals to the autopilot encoded in the radar signals. Guidance tests at Cape Canaveral quickly demonstrated the MARC system to be superior, and the first two production units were set up in September 1951. MARC's line-of-sight communications limited the guided range to about 400 km (250 mi). MARC

798-450: The fuselage sections with axes, and were sold locally as scrap after having the warheads removed. Most of the support vehicles, consisting mainly of 2½ and 5-ton trucks, were disposed of on the local market. Presumably, the other sites similarly disposed of their missiles and equipment. The system was initially designed to use the SHANICLE (Short Range Navigation Vehicle) guidance system. This

840-536: The fuselage, similar to the Boeing B-47 Stratojet , with outrigger wheels at the wingtips (originally proved on a modified Martin B-26 Marauder named "Middle River Stump Jumper" ). The XB-51 was a large but aerodynamically "clean" design which incorporated nearly all major systems internally. The aircraft was fitted with a rotating bomb bay , a Martin trademark; bombs could also be carried externally up to

882-499: The guidance officer. [REDACTED]   United States : The United States Air Force [REDACTED] Germany: Bundeswehr Below is a list of museums with a Matador missile in their collection: Germany United States Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Martin XB-51 The Martin XB-51 was an American trijet ground-attack aircraft . It

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924-411: The intended target, the guidance crews sent the "dump" signal, which caused the missile to nose over into what was called the "terminal dive". This dive was near vertical, continuing until the missile reached the preset detonation altitude as determined by the radio altimeter, at which point the weapon exploded. Should the radio altimeter fail, a backup barometric detonator was used; should that fail, there

966-518: The maximum flight range of the missile to about 620 miles (1,000 km). The Shanicle system was soon discontinued on operational missiles. By the late 1950s, all were using the MSQ-1 (called "MisCue-1" by the crews) ground-based guidance system. A unique identifying feature of the TM-61C variant was the raised rear section of the fuselage above the jet exhaust, called the "doghouse" by those who were assigned to

1008-438: The missile squadrons. This had originally housed the SHANICLE electronics, but was retained when those systems were removed. The "doghouse" had no access panels or doors and was an aerodynamic structural component added to TM-61C and TM-76A to prevent missile "shudder" and breakup during terminal dive. It contained no functional components. The operational Matadors were zinc chromate green in their final versions, but this doghouse

1050-456: The missile, a "mobile" Matador squadron with five launch crews could grow quite cumbersome. As a result, the squadrons were soon deployed at fixed sites and the idea of a mobile missile was abandoned. An individual Matador missile was shipped from the Martin plant to its unit in seven wooden crates. A single Matador missile required many vehicles to move it and its associated support equipment. There

1092-524: The missiles were under the control of the 6555th Guided Missile Squadron, for climatic testing, although instrumentation and pre-test check-outs kept the actual cold-weather tests from the beginning until November. At the end of 1953 the first squadron was operational, but not deployed until 1954, as the 1st Pilotless Bomber Squadron , Bitburg Air Base , Germany with the B-61A armed with the W5 nuclear warhead . The missile

1134-426: The on-duty launch crew. According to the book, this required 15 minutes to do, but some crews could accomplish it in slightly more than 6 minutes. The site usually had a backup pad, on which was a missile which would require somewhat more effort to get it launched. This pad was manned by the standby crew, and if they were on site, could usually be ready to launch in 20–30 minutes. If there was a third pad, it may not have

1176-411: The rear of the cockpit (only a small observation window was provided). Both crew members were provided with a pressurized, air conditioned environment, equipped with upward-firing ejection seats. The XB-51 was the first Martin aircraft equipped with ejection seats, these being of their own design. In 1950, the United States Air Force issued a new requirement based on early Korean War experience for

1218-462: The roll control and undersized ailerons provided feel for the pilot. The combination of variable incidence and slotted flaps gave a shorter takeoff run. Four 954 lb (4.24 kN) thrust Rocket-Assisted Take Off (RATO) bottles with a 14-second burn duration could be fitted to the rear fuselage to improve takeoff performance. Spectacular launches were a feature of later test flights. The main landing gear consisted of dual wheel sets in tandem in

1260-461: The space of two and a half seconds. At this point the JATO bottle fell away and the missile continued on a preset heading and rate of climb until it was acquired by the guidance crews and their equipment. The missile had no altitude or speed control, continuing to fly as fast as possible, climbing as the fuel load was burned off, until it reached its maximum altitude. At a point about 6 miles (10 km) from

1302-452: The time needed to get the missiles away. Often, these drills were accompanied by a flyover of a T-33 aircraft on which was mounted the MSQ-1 guidance system. ( F-100 Super Sabres from the 36th and 50th TFWs were normally used for launch simulation exercises in Europe). This aircraft would fly over the launch pad at very low altitude and then simulate the flight profile of the missile under

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1344-408: Was a transport vehicle, which was a short wheelbase semi-trailer truck which carried the missile with the wings removed and attached alongside the fuselage, a launcher, which was a semi-trailer more than 40 feet (12 m) long weighing more than 30,000 lb (14 t). There was a target selection van, a warhead van, a 60 kW diesel generator, a tug, a hydraulic unit, a mobile blockhouse, and

1386-575: Was about 1 mile (1.6 km), which allowed it to be used against any large target like troop concentrations or armored spearheads. First flown in 1949, Matador entered service in 1952 and left service in 1962. Matador carried several designations during its lifetime, originally known under the War Department's system as SSM-A-1 . By the time it was introduced to service, the Air Force had been created, and they referred to them as bombers and assigned it

1428-451: Was an impact detonator. As with all missiles and bombers of the day, accuracy was not good in today's terms. Anything within a mile was considered a hit. Even though the missile was classified as a "tactical" weapon, in fact it was not technically capable of hitting individual targets, so it was likely targeted at cities near which a military installation such as an airfield existed. Actual targets were classified, and kept from everyone except

1470-448: Was armed with the W5 nuclear warhead , essentially an improved version of the Fat Man design that was lighter and had a smaller cross section. A single U.S. Air Force group, 1st Pilotless Bomber Squadron , was armed with the weapon, keeping them on alert with a six-minute launch time. It could be easily retargeted, unlike weapons using inertial guidance systems . Accuracy at maximum range

1512-513: Was capable of carrying a 2,000 lb (910 kg) conventional warhead, but it is unknown if any of these were actually deployed. By the late 1950s at least, all Matadors carried the nuclear warhead. Glenn L. Martin Company , the designer and manufacturer of both the Matador and the tri-jet Martin XB-51 , proposed using the XB-51 in order to carry two of the Matador winged missiles, one on each wingtip, "selling two products at one time." The XB-51

1554-475: Was designed in 1945 and made its maiden flight in 1949. It was originally designed as a bomber for the United States Army Air Forces under specification V-8237-1 and was designated XA-45 . The "A" ground-attack classification was eliminated the next year, and the XB-51 designation was assigned instead. The requirement was for low-level bombing and close support. The XB-51 lost out in evaluation to

1596-448: Was essentially an adaptation of the LORAN hyperbolic navigation system to microwave frequencies to make it smaller and more accurate. A total of four stations were required per missile; two were used to produce a signal defining a line passing over the target, and a second pair defined the range. The missile's transponders rebroadcast these signals where they were picked up by receivers as

1638-481: Was initially envisioned to consist of a network of ground stations that would hand-off guidance of a missile between stations as it flew toward its target. In practice that was rarely successful, and deployed missiles did not attempt it. As with all radio communications it was also prone to enemy radio jamming . In 1954, the USAF started to develop the YTM-61C version with SHANICLE. It became operational in 1957, extending

1680-579: Was instead turned down and the U.S. Air Force decided to go with the Martin B-57 Canberra , a licensed version of the British English Electric Canberra . The last Matadors were removed from active service in 1962, with a total of 1200 missiles produced. At that time, they were deployed in squadrons at Bitburg AB , West Germany, in Tainan, Taiwan, and in various locations in South Korea. The specific maintenance training schools were in at

1722-403: Was quite often left natural aluminum , as were the wings and tail group. The MSQ guidance vans required to guide the Matador were removed from Germany after September 1962 when the last Matador operational units were inactivated. The Matador launch crew consisted of eleven members. One launch officer, who was usually a 1st lieutenant (O-2) or a junior captain (O-3), one crew chief, usually

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1764-452: Was significantly lower than that of the Canberra and this factor was decisive in its cancellation. In addition, a load limiting factor of only 3.67  g (36 m/s ) meant that the general strength of the airframe was relatively low and would prevent tight turns while fully loaded. Additionally, the tandem main gear plus outriggers of the XB-51 were thought unsuitable for the requirement to fly from emergency forward airfields . While

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