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76-518: Putian was first founded as an administrative area in the year of 568 as a city county during the Chen dynasty . Putian was later established as a military administered city in 979. Putian is known as the counterfeit sneaker capital with counterfeiters protected from internationally intellectual property law enforcement by the notoriously corrupt local courts. Pó-chéng-uā (莆田话), a sub-dialect of Min Chinese

152-519: A relic believed to be a Buddha 's tooth and held a major Buddhist festival. He also, following the lead of Liang's Emperor Wu, offered himself to Buddha's service on one occasion. He made several requests to Western Wei's successor state Northern Zhou to return Chen Chang and Chen Xu, and while Northern Zhou promised to do so, they would actually not be returned in Emperor Wu's lifetime. Chen dynasty emperors including Chen Baxian claimed descent from

228-601: A campaign to join the fight against Hou, sending messengers to Emperor Wu's son Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong, the governor of Jing Province (荊州, central and western Hubei ), pledging support and loyalty to Xiao Yi, then commonly viewed as the leader of the remaining Liang provinces not under Hou's control. For the next year, Chen advanced north through modern Jiangxi, fighting the various local warlords and generals loyal to Hou, with his main struggle against Li Qianshi (李遷仕). In spring 551, he captured and killed Li. Xiao Yi made him

304-468: A general of Eastern Wei (a successor state of the Northern Wei ), rebelled and in 549 captured Jiankang, taking Emperor Wu of Liang and his son and crown prince Xiao Gang hostage. After Jiankang's fall, Hou, who had initially claimed that he wanted to restore Northern Wei's imperial clan to power, from the control of the regent Gao Cheng , enticed the governor of Guang Province, Yuan Jingzhong (元景仲),

380-494: A heavy emphasis on fresh seafood. Duotou clams, locally harvested around the village of Duotou, are particularly well known. Meizhou Island , most famous for being the legendary birthplace of the goddess Mazu , is located closely offshore of Putian. According to legends, Mazu in her earthly incarnation died on the seashore of Xianliang Harbor, in the coastal area of Putian, where Xianliang Mazu Temple hosts pilgrims from different Chinese provinces and from Taiwan , particularly for

456-408: A member of Northern Wei's imperial Yuan clan, to join him. When Chen received the news, he publicly announced Yuan's treachery and gathered the troops of the nearby generals to attack Yuan. Yuan committed suicide, and Chen welcomed Xiao Bo, then the governor of Ding Province (定州, roughly Guangxi ) to take over Guang Province. In winter 549, against Xiao Bo's request, Chen took his troops and embarked on

532-493: A number of Northern Qi generals, whom Chen executed. Meanwhile, Hou Tian, having been defeated by another general, Hou Ping (侯平), chose to submit to Chen. During the next year, Chen began to receive greater titles and offices, progressing from Marquess of Changcheng to Duke of Changcheng to Duke of Yixing to Duke of Chen to Prince of Chen. In 557, Xiao Bo declared a resistance against Chen from Guang Province. Soon, however, Zhou defeated Xiao Bo's general Ouyang Wei (歐陽頠), and Xiao Bo

608-769: A proper burial. In the following years, Chen continued to make minor gains against Northern Qi, but was not making major attacks. In winter 576, Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou launched a major attack on Northern Qi, quickly capturing, in succession, Northern Qi's secondary capital Jinyang (晉陽, Chen Taiyuan , Shanxi ) and capital Yecheng . Soon, he captured the Northern Qi emperor Gao Wei and annexed most of Northern Qi's territory by spring 577. Oddly enough, Emperor Xuan believed that he could seize part of Northern Qi territory after Northern Zhou's victory, and he sent Wu Mingche to again advance north. In winter 577, Wu put Pengcheng (彭城, Chen Xuzhou , Jiangsu ) under siege, and Emperor Xuan

684-598: A son Chen Shubao . For reasons unclear in history, Chen Xu left the throne empty for more than a month, but finally took the throne in spring 569 (as Emperor Xuan). He honored Grand Empress Dowager Zhang as empress dowager instead, while Emperor Wen's wife Empress Dowager Shen became known as Empress Wen. He created his wife Princess Liu empress and his heir apparent Chen Shubao crown emperor. Emperor Wen's sons continued to have honored positions as imperial princes and held key posts, but none had particularly high power. In fall 569, Emperor Xuan, suspicious that Ouyang He (歐陽紇)

760-500: A state that had just lost its emperor and withdrew his forces. He also sent ambassadors to mourn Emperor Xuan's death, and his letter to Chen Shubao referred to himself by his personal name—a sign of humility. Chen Shubao's return letter included the sentence, "May it be that when you govern your state, all things can be well, and that between heaven and earth, there will be peace and quiet." The states exchanged ambassadors often and generally had peaceful relations, although Sui's Emperor Wen

836-401: Is spoken. Putian has become an export base for Fujian products. The main industries are shoe-making, brewing, electronics, garments, fruits, vegetables, machinery and electrical goods. In particular, the area is known for high-quality counterfeits of shoes and the domination of Chinese private healthcare . Putian is known for Putian (Henghwa) cuisine , a unique style of cuisine that places

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912-627: The Northern Qi . At times, when Xiao Yi summoned Wang on campaigns, Wang would put Chen in charge of Jiankang. In 554, Western Wei launched a major attack on Jiangling, and Emperor Yuan summoned Wang to come to his aid, putting Chen in charge of Jiankang. Before Wang could reach Jiangling, however, Western Wei had already captured Jiangling, killing Emperor Yuan and declaring his nephew Xiao Cha emperor instead (as Emperor Xuan). Wang and Chen refused to recognize Emperor Xuan; instead, in spring 555, they welcomed Emperor Yuan's 11-year-old son Xiao Fangzhi

988-674: The Southern Chen (南陳 / 南朝陳) in historiography, was a Chinese imperial dynasty and the fourth and last of the Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. Following the Liang dynasty , the Chen dynasty was founded by Chen Baxian (Emperor Wu). The Chen dynasty further strengthened and revitalized the economy and culture of southern China, and made territorial expansions northward, laying

1064-442: The Chen capital Jiankang. Only then did Chen Shubao realize the seriousness of the situation, but instead of resisting in earnest, he panicked, leaving Shi in effective control of the situation. Eventually, the general Xiao Mohe convinced Chen Shubao that he should be allowed to engage Heruo, despite opposition from the general Ren Zhong ( 任忠 ). Heruo defeated Xiao Mohe and captured him, and the rest of Chen troops collapsed, allowing

1140-584: The Chen dynasty in 589. Chen Shubao was the last ruler of the Chen dynasty, and his family held high positions in the Sui royal court. The Sui was an important dynasty for subjugating the East Tujue , Tuyuhun , and Goguryeo to the north and east as well as starting the Grand Canal project, much of which was based in Chen dynasty territory. Many members of the Chen royal family became high-ranking officers or married into

1216-494: The Chen dynasty, and making further territorial gains in the north. In 541, the people of Giao Châu Province (Chen northern Vietnam ) rebelled under Lý Bôn . Xiao Ying sent the generals Sun Jiong (孫冏) and Lu Zixiong (盧子雄) to attack Lý Bôn, with Xiao Ying overseeing the operations. In spring 542, Xiao Ying and Xiao Zi ordered Sun and Lu to attack, but they lost to Lý, and soon infighting broke out between Sun, Lu, and another general Zhou. Xiao Ying then sent Chen Baxian to clean up

1292-533: The Chen generals continued to resist, but were quickly defeated, particularly because at the Sui forces' request, Chen Shubao wrote letters to the Chen generals ordering them to surrender. Chen was at its end. Soon, the Sui army escorted Chen Shubao and his household to the Sui capital Daxing (大興, near Chang'an). In the north, a new power emerged, the Sui dynasty . The Sui destroyed the Northern Zhou and eventually absorbed

1368-831: The Jin dynasty and Six dynasties period of China, the Li-Lao people extended their territories right along the south coast of modern Guangdong and Guangxi, in a swath of land to the east of the Red River Delta and south and west of the Pearl River Delta , occupied the overland roads between Guangzhou and Jiaozhou. The people of Li-Lao country put anyone traveled through their territories in dangers. In 446, Liu Song dynasty invaded Lâm Ấp, captured Lâm Ấp's capital (near modern Huế ). The Chinese attackers plundered its eight temples and treasury, carrying off 100,000 pounds of gold. Despite that,

1444-679: The Liang army attack Jiaozhou, forced Lý Bôn fled west into the mountains above the Red River, where he was killed by Lao highlanders in 548. However even after Lý Bôn's death, Jiaozhou remained autonomous. In 583, Lý Hữu Vinh, a local leader of Jiaozhou sent a trained elephant to the Chen court. Around 589-590 Lý Xuân ( Lý Phật Tử ) became the leader of Vạn Xuân. As the authority of Sui gradually consolidated in southern China, Lý Phật Tử recognized Sui overlordship. In 601, governor of Guangzhou, Ling-hu Hsi forwarded an imperial summons for Phật Tử to appear at

1520-659: The Northern Qi general Liu Damo (柳達摩) had captured, under siege. Liu sought peace, but requested Chen to send his relatives as hostages to Northern Qi. Most officials advocated peace, and Chen, despite his skepticism about such a peace holding, agreed, and sent his nephew Chen Tanlang (陳曇朗), Emperor Yuan's grandson Xiao Zhuang the Prince of Yongjia, and Wang Min (王珉), the son of the key official Wang Chong (王沖), as hostages, permitting Northern Qi forces to withdraw, and Xu and Ren withdrew with them. By spring 556, Du had either been captured or surrendered to Zhou and Chen Qian, and Chen Baxian executed Du. Wang Sengzhi fled to Northern Qi, and

1596-572: The Northern Qi general in charge of defending the city, the former Liang general Wang Lin . The entire region between the Yangtze and Huai was now in Chen hands. Emperor Xuan was so pleased that he, in an elaborate ceremony, conferred a variety of honors on Wu. He also displayed Wang's head on the Jiankang city gate, although after a request by Zhu Yang (朱瑒), in which Zhu pointed out that Wang was faithful to Liang and should be honored, he returned Wang's head for

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1672-517: The Prince of Jin'an—Emperor Yuan's only surviving son—to Jiankang, preparing to make him emperor and first having him take the title Prince of Liang. When Jiankang fell, Chen's son Chen Chang and nephew Chen Xu , who had been serving in the imperial administration, were captured and taken to the Western Wei capital Chang'an as honored captives. At this time, however, Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi had other ideas, and he sent his brother Gao Huan (高渙)

1748-596: The Prince of Shangdang to command an army to escort Emperor Yuan's cousin Xiao Yuanming the Marquess of Zhenyang—whom Eastern Wei had taken captive in 547—back to Liang to be emperor. Wang initially rejected Xiao Yuanming, but after his forces lost a few battles to Northern Qi forces, changed his mind and decided to accept Xiao Yuanming as emperor after extracting a promise from Xiao Yuanming to make Xiao Fangzhi crown prince. In summer 555, Xiao Yuanming arrived at Jiankang to take

1824-475: The Prince of Wuxing, instead creating Consort Zhang's son Chen Yuan crown prince. He also considered deposing Empress Shen and replacing her with Consort Zhang, but did not get a chance to do so before Sui launched a major attack in spring 588 as well. By winter 588, the Sui attack was in full operation, with three major prongs commanded by Emperor Wen's sons, Yang Guang (later Emperor Yang of Sui ) and Yang Jun , and Yang Su, and with Yang Guang in overall command of

1900-562: The Southern dynasties reached their apex during the Chen dynasty. In literature, Xu Ling (徐陵) was an influential writer during the Chen dynasty, with his literary collection "New Songs of Yutai" being passed down for generations. One of the most famous chapters from New Songs of Yutai is "Peacock Flying Southeast" (《孔雀东南飞》). In art, Yao Zui's (姚最) "Continued Paintings" has the greatest influence. Once Chen Baxian became emperor he immediately took steps to officially sanction Buddhism, as he displayed

1976-440: The Sui capital. Resolved to resist this demand, Phật Tử sought delay by requesting that the summons be postponed until after the new year. Hsi approved the request, believing that he could keep Phật Tử's allegiance by exercising restraint. Someone, however, accused Hsi of taking a bribe from Phật Tử, and the court grew suspicious. When Phật Tử openly rebelled early in 602, Hsi was promptly arrested; he died en route north. This caused

2052-562: The Sui court called general Liu Fang to command 27,000 troops attacked Lý Phật Tử from Yunnan in 602. At Đỗ Long Pass, on the watershed between the Hsi and Chảy Rivers , Fang met two thousand of Phật Tử's men. Brushing aside this unsuspecting frontier garrison, Fang descended the Chay River and penetrated into the heart of Phật Tử's realm. Unprepared to resist an assault from such an unexpected quarter, Phật Tử heeded Fang's admonition to surrender and

2128-469: The Sui forces to enter the capital. In panic and abandoned by his officials, Chen Shubao hid in a well with Consorts Zhang and Kong, but was discovered and captured. When he was brought before Heruo Bi, he was so fearful that he prostrated himself before Heruo Bi act that brought words of contempt from Heruo. However, he and his household were generally treated well by the Sui generals, although Gao, blaming Consort Zhang for Chen's collapse, executed her. Some of

2204-547: The Wu dynasty . The rebels handed the region over to Wu's rival, the northern Chinese kingdom of Jin . In 268 and 269, they held off large Wu armies and fleets, which eventually retook Jiaozhi's ports and main towns in 271. Fighting continued in the countryside until 280, when Jin destroyed Wu, reunifying China. In the early period of Jin dynasty, the imperial court favored the southern trade networks with prosperity kingdoms of Funan and Lâm Ấp . Along with this brief peacetime “boom” in

2280-553: The Yang ruling family of the Sui dynasty, such as Consort Chen (Wen) . The Sui also suppressed the Rau peoples to the south, who had resumed raids against the region of Jiaozhi (Vietnam). From 590 to 618, the short-lived Sui dynasty experienced numerous rebellions, not just from the former Chen territory, but also the Wang, Liu, and Li clans. Sui general Yang Su tried to suppress the rebellions in

2356-542: The area as the circuit ( 部 bù ) of Jiaozhi, under the rule of a cishi ( zh:刺史 (cìshǐ) vi:thứ sử ). In addition to six original commanderies ( Nanhai , Hepu , Cangwu , Yulin , Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen ), the Han Empire conquered new territories on Hainan as well as in the area south of the Ngang Pass and established them as the commanderies of Zhuya , Dan'er , and Rinan . In 203 CE, Jiaozhi circuit (交趾部 Jiāozhǐ bù)

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2432-540: The capital region was largely under Chen Baxian's control. Meanwhile, Northern Qi forces were preparing another attack, but they invited Xiao Yuanming to their camp to discuss peace. Chen sent Xiao Yuanming to Northern Qi camp, but before talks could begin, Xiao Yuanming died from a severe infection on his back. By summer 556, Northern Qi forces were again descending on Jiankang, but once there, their forces stalemated with Chen's forces. Northern Qi forces' food supplies soon ran out, and Chen defeated them, killing Xu and capturing

2508-618: The ceremonies commemorating the goddess' death held in October. Because of its hosting "the most sacred places for Mazu believers," Putian is known as "Mazu's hometown." Putian's municipal executive, legislature and judiciary are in Chengxiang District ( 城厢区 ). The municipal region comprises three other districts and one county : Chen dynasty The Chen dynasty ( traditional Chinese : 陳朝 ; simplified Chinese : 陈朝 ; pinyin : Chén Cháo ), alternatively known as

2584-500: The downfall and ruin of the Liang. In 557, Chen Baxian a former high-ranked Liang general, took the initiative to establish a new empire in Southern China: the Chen dynasty. Its founder Chen Baxian had been granted the title of "Prince of Chen", and on taking the throne he followed the Chinese practice of using his former princely title as the name of the new dynasty. Chen Baxian was a visionary leader whose conquests helped revived

2660-633: The early 590s, but eventually the Sui collapsed, and Yang Su's sons were executed. Li Yuan then murdered the last emperor Yang You of the Sui dynasty and founded the Tang dynasty . During the Tang, numerous members of the former Chen family became high-ranked officials in the Tang court, with some like Chen Shuda holding powerful political offices. Jiankang, the capital, was an important cultural, political and religious center, attracting businessmen and Buddhist monks from Southeast Asia and India . The culture of

2736-609: The economy and culture of South China, bringing it to new heights. Near the start of the dynasty, Chen's northern neighbors the Eastern and Western Wei were later replaced by the Northern Zhou and Northern Qi, with the north of the Yangtze river held by the Qi, and the southwest including Sichuan was held by the Zhou. Chen Baxian defeated the Northern armies in one swoop, securing the prosperity and dominance of

2812-468: The fact that Chen Shubao was still supposed to be in mourning period for Emperor Xuan, he was spending much time in feasting. When the official Mao Xi ( 毛喜 ) tried to persuade him to change his ways, Chen Shubao demoted Mao and sent him out of the capital. Around the new year 584, Chen Shujian, prayed that he would be restored to grace. When this was discovered, Chen Shubao considered executing Chen Shujian, but after Chen Shujian reminded him how Chen Shujian

2888-459: The following year, Chen and Zhou launched a fierce battle in Luliang, Chen defeated the Zhou and made further advances north. Chen Bozong married Empress Wang (Chen dynasty) , and they had a son Chen Zhize. During his reign, important matters were also trusted to his uncle Chen Xu, as well as Kong, Dao Zhongju (到仲舉), Yuan Shu (袁樞), and Liu Shizhi (劉師知). Emperor Chen Xu married Liu Jingyan and had

2964-500: The foundation for future dynasties. It was conquered by the Sui dynasty in 589, marking an end to the Northern and Southern dynasties period in Chinese history. The descendants of the Chen imperial family continued to hold powerful high-ranking positions in the imperial courts of both the Sui and Tang dynasties. In the twilight of the Liang dynasty (548–557), the Houjing Disturbance ( 侯景之乱 ) occurred. The insurrection caused

3040-500: The governor of Guang Province (廣州 Guangzhou , Guangdong ) would rebel, summoned Ouyang back to Jiankang. Ouyang was himself suspicious of Emperor Xuan's intentions, and therefore refused the order and rebelled. Emperor Xuan sent the official Xu Jian (徐儉, Xu Ling's son) to try to persuade Ouyang to change his mind, but Ouyang would not relent. Emperor Xuan then sent the general Zhang Zhaoda (章昭達) to attack Ouyang. By spring 570, Zhang captured Ouyang and delivered him to Jiankang, where Ouyang

3116-401: The governor of Jiang Province (江州, around Jiangxi ). By fall 551, he had rendezvoused with Xiao Yi's main general, Wang Sengbian , at Xunyang (尋陽, Chen Jiujiang , Jiangxi ). In 552, after they had sworn a solemn oath to Liang, they advanced east toward Jiankang, where Hou had killed Xiao Gang (who had succeeded Emperor Wu as Emperor Jianwen) and taken the throne himself as Emperor of Han. Chen

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3192-414: The great defeat, in fall 578, Emperor Xuan held a ceremony in which the officials reaffirmed their loyalty to the state. In winter 579, Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou launched an attack on Chen, commanded by the general Wei Xiaokuan . Chen's Emperor Xuan mobilized his troops to resist. However, all of the cities that they had captured from Northern Qi previously quickly fell. By new year 580, nearly all of

3268-591: The legendary Emperor Shun . More than fifty percent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Han Chinese men from the imperial families and aristocrats from southern China of the Southern dynasties who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei. Tuoba Xianbei Princess Nanyang (南阳长公主) was married to Xiao Baoyin (萧宝夤), a Han Chinese member of Southern Qi royalty. Giao Ch%C3%A2u Jiaozhou ( Chinese : 交州 ; Wade–Giles : Chiao -Cho ; Vietnamese : Giao Châu )

3344-447: The mountains and conduct guerilla warfare instead. In 548, Lý Bôn died of illness, and when Lý Bôn's brother Lý Thiên Bảo succeeded him and attacked Ái Province (愛州, around modern Thanh Hóa Province , Vietnam ), Chen defeated Lý Thiên Bảo. Emperor Wu made Chen the governor of Gaoyao Commandery (高要, Chen Zhaoqing , Guangdong ) as well as the commander of the forces of the surrounding commanderies. In summer 548, Hou Jing , formerly

3420-531: The new Jiaozhou was composed of four commanderies of Hepu, Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen and Rinan . Also in the same year, a Roman envoy arrived in Jiaozhi of Jiaozhou and was hastened to the Wu court. In 229, Eastern Wu sent embassy to Funan , where merchants from India and beyond gathered. The Wu regime was harsh. Turmoil plagued the southern commanderies by the mid third century. In 231, Lac Viet people in Jiuzhen revolted but

3496-458: The nine surrounding provinces, soon surrendered to Chen, seeking Chen aid. Emperor Xuan sent the generals Fan Yi (樊毅), Ren Zhong (任忠), and Chen Huiji (陳慧紀) to attack Northern Zhou's southern provinces to aid Sima, whom he created the Duke of Sui. However, Wei Xiaokuan quickly defeated Yuchi, forcing Yuchi to commit suicide, and Sima's own forces collapsed. He was forced to flee to Chen territory, and all of

3572-413: The officials, who were previously immune to taxes, were also required to pay them, causing general discontent from those classes. Further, at Kong Fan's urging, Chen Shubao transferred much of the military command to civilian officials, further causing the generals to be disgruntled. In spring 585, Zhang Dabao ( 章大寶 ) the governor of Feng Province (豐州, Chen Fuzhou , Fujian ), accused of corruption and on

3648-461: The operation, assisted by Gao Jiong . Reports from the upper Yangtze, however, were being suppressed by Shi Wenqing and Shen Keqing ( 沈客卿 ) and never reached Chen Shubao, as Shi, not realizing the seriousness of the Sui threat, did not want anything to interfere with his own plans to become the governor of Xiang Province (湘州, Chen Changsha , Hunan ). Yang Su, who attacked from the upper Yangtze, therefore faced no serious opposition and soon controlled

3724-625: The particularly known songs, Yushu Houting Hua ( 玉樹後庭花 ) and Linchun Yue ( 臨春樂 ), were written to praise the beauties of Consorts Zhang and Kong. Chen Shubao would often hold Consort Zhang on his lap and have Consort Zhang, who was considered intelligent, read and rule on the petitions submitted to him. Meanwhile, Consort Kong and Kong Fan, who were not related, began to refer to each other as sister and brother, and used their relationship to further their power as well, so Consorts Zhang and Kong became exceedingly powerful. To finance Chen Shubao's construction projects, taxes were raised, and soldiers and

3800-498: The revived Lâm Ấp was flourishing on the ever more lucrative passing sea trade. Rebellions broke out in Jiaozhou from 468 to 485, and in 506 and 515 under Liang dynasty . In 541, Lý Bôn , a leader of the local Lý clan revolted against the Liang. In 544 he defeated the Liang and proclaimed himself Emperor of Nán Yuè with reign era Thiên-đức . Jiaozhou briefly became independence from the Chinese dynasties. In 545, Chen Baxian led

3876-606: The situation, and Chen Baxian defeated all of them, killing Du Tianhe and capturing Du Sengming and Zhou. Believing that Du Sengming and Zhou were both good soldiers, he released them and retained them on his staff. For this accomplishment, the Emperor Wu of Liang created Chen the Viscount of Xin'an and had an artisan draw a portrait of Chen. In January 544, Lý Bôn proclaimed himself emperor and named his small state Vạn Xuân. In winter 544, Xiao Ying died, and initially, Chen started escorting Xiao Ying's casket back to Jiankang for burial. On

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3952-481: The southern trade, Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen enjoyed some autonomy from China until the 320s. In 312 rebels and imperial units fought each other with ferocity over Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen. Frustrated by the difficulty of trade, Lâm Ấp itself resorted from 323 to seaborne raids on northern ports in Jiaozhou. Though defeated in 399, Lâm Ấp continued its raids on Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen for two decades. A Chinese rebel army from Zhejiang briefly seized Jiaozhi's capital in 411. During

4028-609: The suggestion of Xu Ling, selected Wu Mingche, who alone among the generals was resolute as to his support for the campaign, as the commander of the forces, with Pei Ji (裴忌) and Huang Faqu as Wu's deputies. Wu's forces made quick gains against Northern Qi, and by summer 573 had gained most of the territory between the Yangtze River and the Huai River . By fall 573, Wu put the important city Shouyang (壽陽, Chen Lu'an , Anhui ) under siege, and he captured Shouyang in 573, capturing and killing

4104-551: The territory he controlled was retained by Northern Zhou. Yang Jian soon seized the throne in spring 581, destroying the Northern Zhou and establishing the Sui dynasty . In spring 582, Emperor Xuan died. After a failed attempt by his son Chen Shuling (陳叔陵), allied with Emperor Wen's son Chen Bogu (陳伯固), to seize the throne, Crown Prince Shubao took the throne. Initially, Chen Shubao was still recovering from his injuries, and Empress Dowager Liu governed as regent , assisted by Chen Shujian. As Chen Shubao did not favor Empress Shen, she

4180-456: The territory north of the Yangtze had fallen to Northern Zhou, leading to a large wave of refugees who fled across the Yangtze to Chen territory. In summer 580, Northern Zhou's Emperor Xuan died suddenly, and his father-in-law Yang Jian seized power as regent . The generals Yuchi Jiong rose against Yang, and he was joined by the generals Sima Xiaonan (司馬消難) and Wang Qian (王謙). Sima, the governor of Xun Province (勛州, Chen Xiaogan , Hubei ) and

4256-511: The territory of Chen, helping the economy recover and flourish. Emperor Wen was succeeded by Chen Bozong (Emperor Fei), who was then succeeded by Chen Xu (Emperor Xuan). Both Chen Bozong and Chen Xu were also very effective and capable rulers who further strengthened and expanded the state, rivaling and even defeating the Northern Zhou and Northern Qi . In the ninth year of Taijian (太建 577), Northern Zhou dynasty destroyed Northern Qi. In

4332-419: The throne from Emperor Wu, he did not posthumously honor his father Chen Daotan as an emperor as might otherwise have been expected, but, in order to make sure that his father would be properly venerated (which would require Chen Daotan's legal heir—Emperor Wen's brother Chen Xu—to be present to offer sacrifices to him), he created his own son Chen Bomao (陳伯茂) the Prince of Shixing instead, and created Chen Xu, who

4408-427: The throne was passed to his nephew Chen Geng or Emperor Wen of Chen . Chen Geng eliminated separatist forces within the empire and reformed the former Liang's policies, making the dynasty more stable. Over time, the economy of major cities was restored. Emperor Wen honored Empress Zhang as empress dowager . He created his wife Princess Shen Miaorong empress and her son Chen Bozong crown prince . As he inherited

4484-514: The throne, and he created Xiao Fangzhi crown prince. Wang and Chen continued to be in charge of the military. Chen, however, was unhappy about the situation, believing Xiao Yuanming to be unworthy of the throne. Despite Wang Sengbian's knowledge of Chen's displeasure, however, Wang did not suspect Chen of having any rebellious intentions, as they had been friendly, and Wang and Chen had agreed on having Wang Sengbian's son Wang Wei (王頠) marry Chen's daughter. In fall 555, believing reports that Northern Qi

4560-411: The upper Yangtze, not allowing any Chen forces which might have wanted to head downstream to aid the capital to be able to get through. In spring 589, the Sui general Heruo Bi ( 賀若弼 ) crossed the Yangtze from Guangling (廣陵, Chen Yangzhou , Jiangsu ), and the Sui general Han Qinhu ( 韓擒虎 ) crossed the Yangtze at Caishi (采石, Chen Ma'anshan , Anhui ), without opposition from Chen forces and sandwiching

4636-471: The verge of being replaced by Li Yun ( 李暈 ), instead ambushed Li and killed him, starting a rebellion. However, Zhang was soon defeated and killed. In fall 587, while Emperor Jing of Western Liang was at the Sui capital to meet with Sui's Emperor Wen, the Western Liang officials Xiao Yan (蕭巖, Emperor Jing's uncle) and Xiao Huan (蕭瓛, Emperor Jing's brother), in fear that the Sui general Cui Hongdu ( 崔弘度 )

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4712-501: The way, while he was still at Dayu Mountain (大庾嶺, on the borders of modern Jiangxi and Guangdong ), he made a rendezvous with the new governor of Giao Châu Province, Yang Piao (楊瞟), and another nephew of Emperor Wu's, Xiao Bo (蕭勃), to attack Lý Bôn. Xiao Bao did not want to set out on the campaign, and therefore tried to persuade Yang not to advance. Chen persuaded Yang otherwise, and in spring 545, Yang, with Chen as his lieutenant, attacked Lý Bôn, defeating him and forcing him to flee into

4788-511: Was "pacified" by a Wu general. In 248, Lâm Ấp forces invaded from the south, seized most of Rinan, and marched on into Jiuzhen, provoking major uprisings there and in Jiaozhi. One Jiaozhi rebel commanded thousands and invested several walled towns before Wu officials got him to surrender. In Jiuzhen, a Lạc Việt woman named Triệu Ẩu ( Lady Triệu ) led a rebellion against the Wu in 248, but was suppressed by Lu Yin . In 263, " Yue barbarians" in Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen under Lã Hưng revolted against

4864-548: Was actually intending to attack the Western Liang capital Jiangling, surrendered to Chen Shubao's cousin Chen Huiji ( 陳慧紀 ) the Marquess of Yihuang with the people of Jiangling. Chen Shubao accepted the surrender and made Xiao Yan and Xiao Huan provincial governors. In spring 588, Chen Shubao, believing Consorts Zhang's and Kong's accusations that Chen Yin resented him for not favoring Empress Shen, deposed Chen Yin and created him

4940-579: Was an imperial Chinese province under the Han and Jin dynasties . Under the Han, the area included Liangguang and northern Vietnam but Guangdong was later separated to form the province of Guangzhou by Sun Quan following the death of Shi Xie and lasted until the creation of the Annan Protectorate in 679. In 111 BC, the armies of Emperor Wu conquered the rebel state of Nanyue and organized

5016-477: Was beheaded. Zhang, encouraged by the victory, then attacked Western Liang's capital Jiangling, but after some initial gains, nearly capturing Jiangling, he suffered defeats by the Northern Zhou general Lu Teng (陸騰) and withdrew. Despite this campaign, after this point on, Chen and Northern Zhou largely had peaceful relations, often exchanging embassies, forming an alliance against Northern Qi. In spring 573, Emperor Xuan resolved to attack Northern Qi. Emperor Xuan, at

5092-471: Was confident that Wu would soon be able to capture the region south of the Yellow River . When the official Cai Jingli (蔡景歷) warned otherwise, he was so displeased that he demoted Cai to the post of a commandery governor. In spring 578, the Northern Zhou general Wang Gui (王軌) thoroughly crushed Wu, capturing him. Regretting his actions, Emperor Xuan recalled Cai to the capital. With the people's hearts shaken by

5168-671: Was going to attack, Wang sent his secretary Jiang Gan (江旰) to Jingkou to alert Chen. Chen took over control of the imperial government, forcing Xiao Yuanming to abdicate and making Xiao Fangzhi emperor (as Emperor Jing). Chen initially sent his nephew Chen Qian and his general Zhou Wenyu against Du and Du's ally Wei Zai (韋載). Meanwhile, Xu and Ren, aided by Northern Qi, made a surprise attack on Jiankang, nearly capturing it, but were repelled by Chen's general Hou Andu . Soon, Chen defeated Wei and Wei surrendered, and Chen returned to Jiankang, leaving Zhou to face Du. Despite Northern Qi aid, Xu and Ren could not defeat Chen, and Chen put Shitou, which

5244-503: Was gradually building up military power on the Yangtze . In spring 583, displeased that Chen Shujian was becoming overly powerful, Chen Shubao, encouraged by his associates Kong Fan ( 孔範 ) and Shi Wenqing ( 施文慶 ), made Chen Shujian the governor of Jiang Province (江州, Chen Jiujiang , Jiangxi ) to remove him from power. He subsequently kept Chen Shujian at the capital by promoting him to the honorary post of Sikong ( 司空 ). Meanwhile, despite

5320-401: Was instrumental in the subsequent siege of Jiankang, and they defeated Hou together, causing Hou to flee. Subsequently, Hou was killed by his own men. For Chen's contributions, Xiao Yi created Chen the Marquess of Changcheng—Chen's home county. Wang put Chen in charge of the important city Jingkou (京口, Chen Zhenjiang , Jiangsu ). For the next two years, Chen fought several border battles against

5396-635: Was killed by his own generals. At the same time, Wang Lin , who controlled modern Hunan and eastern Hubei , suspicious of Chen's intentions, refused his summon to Jiankang and prepared for battle instead. Chen sent Zhou and Hou Andu against Wang Lin. In winter 557, Chen had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him, establishing the Chen dynasty as its Emperor Wu. He created Emperor Jing the Prince of Jiangyin. He posthumously honored his parents emperor and empress , his deceased wife Lady Qian empress, and his deceased son Chen Ke crown prince. He created his wife Zhang Yao'er empress. In 559, Chen Baxian fell ill, and

5472-412: Was not allowed to attend to him during his recovery period. Rather, Consort Zhang did. After Chen Shubao recovered, Empress Dowager Liu returned imperial authorities to him and did not again govern. When Emperor Xuan died, Northern Zhou's successor state, the Sui dynasty, had been attacking, but upon hearing about Emperor Xuan's death, Emperor Wen of Sui (Yang Jian) decided that it was improper to attack

5548-429: Was raised to a zhou or province, under the name Jiaozhou (交州 Jiāozhōu). Following the death of Shi Xie in 226 CE, Eastern Wu divided Jiaozhou into Guangzhou and the new Jiaozhou. However, after suppressing Shi Hui ( 士徽 ), son of Shi Xie, Eastern Wu re-annexed Guangzhou into Jiaozhou. It was only in 264 CE that Jiaozhou was re-divided: Guangzhou was composed of three commanderies of Nanhai, Cangwu and Yulin while

5624-757: Was responsible for saving him from Chen Shuling, Chen Shubao spared him but removed him from his posts. In 584, Chen Shubao built three particularly luxurious pavilions within his palace—Linchun Pavilion ( 臨春閣 ), Jieqi Pavilion ( 結綺閣 ), and Wangxian Pavilion ( 望仙閣 ), residing himself at Linchun Pavilion, while having Consort Zhang reside at Jieqi Pavilion and Consorts Gong and Kong share Wangxian Pavilion. He often spent his days feasting with his concubines, headed by Consort Zhang, as well as those ladies in waiting and officials who had literary talent (including Jiang Zong, whom he made prime minister, Kong Fan, and Wang Cuo 王瑳 ), having those officials and ladies in waiting sing or write poetry to praise his concubines' beauty. Two of

5700-550: Was sent to the Sui capital at Chang'an . Lý Phật Tử and his subordinates were beheaded to preclude future trouble. This marked the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam . In 622, the rebel Xiao Xian was defeated by the Tang and the Chinese warlord in Jiaozhou, Qiu He, submitted to the Tang dynasty . In 679, Protectorate General to Pacify the South (Annam) was created and replaced the Jiaozhou protectorate. The name " Jiaozhi "

5776-486: Was then still at Chang'an , the capital of Western Wei's successor state Northern Zhou , the Prince of Ancheng. In 563, Emperor Wen himself began to offer sacrifices to Chen Daotan using ceremonies due to an emperor, but never honored his father as an emperor. In the Book of Chen , the historian Yao Silian wrote about Emperor Wen (referring to Emperor Wen by his temple name Shizu): Emperor Wen further solidified and unified

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