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59-536: Put-in-Bay's airport is open year-round for arrivals and departures from dawn to dusk. Runways at the Put-in-Bay airport are paved but not lighted, so there are no departures after dusk. There is no fuel service at the Put-in-Bay airport, but fuel may be purchased at Erie–Ottawa International Airport in Port Clinton. The Put-in-Bay airport provides charter services, refreshments (vending), and rest rooms. The airport

118-455: A dead man's switch to preclude unmonitored operation. Aviation fuel can cause severe environmental damage; all fueling vehicles must carry equipment to control fuel spills. Fire extinguishers must be present at any fueling operation. Airport firefighting forces are specially trained and equipped to handle aviation fuel fires and spills. Aviation fuel must be checked daily and before every flight for contaminants such as water or dirt. Avgas

177-554: A solar reactor . Small piston engines can be modified to burn ethanol . Sustainable biofuels are an alternative to electrofuels . Sustainable aviation fuel is certified as being sustainable by a third-party organisation. SAF technology faces significant challenges due to feedstock constraints. The oils and fats known as hydrotreated esters and fatty acids (Hefa), crucial for SAF production, are in limited supply as demand increases. Although advanced e-fuels technology, which combines waste CO 2 with clean hydrogen , presents

236-477: A $ 30 million investment in 2015. From 2020, Qantas planned to use a 50/50 blend of SG Preston's biofuel on its Los Angeles-Australia flights. SG Preston also planned to provide fuel to JetBlue Airways over 10 years. At its sites in Singapore , Rotterdam and Porvoo , Finland's Neste expected to improve its renewable fuel production capacity from 2.7 to 3.0 million t (6.0 to 6.6 billion lb)

295-650: A commercial airliner, using feedstocks such as algae . Airlines representing more than 15% of the industry formed the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group, with support from NGOs such as Natural Resources Defense Council and The Roundtable For Sustainable Biofuels by 2008. They pledged to develop sustainable biofuels for aviation. That year, Boeing was co-chair of the Algal Biomass Organization , joined by air carriers and biofuel technology developer UOP LLC (Honeywell). In 2009,

354-1023: A debate in the UK Parliament , the forgone tax income due to the exemption of tax on aviation fuel was estimated at £10 billion annually. The planned inclusion of international aviation into the European Union Emission Trading Scheme in 2014 has been called an "illegal tax" by countries including the US and China , which cite the Chicago Convention. Fuels have to conform to a specification in order to be approved for use in type certificated aircraft. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) developed specifications for automobile gasoline as well as aviation gasoline. These specifications are ASTM D910 and ASTM D6227 for aviation gasoline and ASTM D439 or ASTM D4814 (latest revision) for automobile gasoline. Aviation fuel generally arrives at

413-655: A density of jet fuel around 6.7 lb/US gal, 8.02 lb/ imp Gal or 0.8 kg/L. Specific cases are: Aviation fuels consist of blends of over two thousand chemicals, primarily hydrocarbons ( paraffins , olefins , naphthenes , and aromatics ), additives such as antioxidants and metal deactivators, biocides, static reducers, icing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, and impurities. Principal components include n-heptane and isooctane . Like other fuels, aviation fuel for spark-ignited piston engines are described by their octane rating . Alcohol, alcohol mixtures, and other alternative fuels may be used experimentally, but alcohol

472-408: A faster flowrate. Because of the danger of confusing the fuel types, precautions are taken to distinguish between avgas and jet fuel beyond clearly marking all containers, vehicles, and piping. The aperture on fuel tanks of aircraft requiring avgas cannot be greater than 60  millimetres in diameter. Avgas is often dyed and is dispensed from nozzles with a diameter of 40 mm (49 mm in

531-432: A high-pressure hose is attached and fuel is pumped in at 275  kPa (40  psi ) and a maximum of 310 kPa (45 psi) for most commercial aircraft. Pressure for military aircraft, especially fighters, ranges up to 415 kPa (60 psi). Air being displaced in the tanks is usually vented overboard through a single vent on the aircraft. Because there is only one attachment point, fuel distribution between tanks

590-402: A key element in reducing the environmental impact of aviation . Aviation biofuel is used to decarbonize medium and long-haul air travel. These types of travel generate the most emissions, and could extend the life of older aircraft types by lowering their carbon footprint. Synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) refers to any non-petroleum-based fuel designed to replace kerosene jet fuel , which

649-552: A promising solution, it is still under development and comes with high costs. To overcome these issues, SAF developers are exploring more readily available feedstocks such as woody biomass and agricultural and municipal waste, aiming to produce lower-carbon jet fuel more sustainably and efficiently. Plants absorb carbon dioxide as they grow, therefore plant-based biofuels emit only the same amount of greenhouse gases as they had previously absorbed. Biofuel production, processing, and transport, however, emit greenhouse gases, reducing

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708-475: A public area, a baggage room, a mechanical room, and restrooms. The new terminal will replace a 55-year-old building currently in use. Construction on the new terminal could begin in October 2024. For the 12-month period ending October 1, 2021, the airport had 14,965 aircraft operations, an average of 41 per day. It included 52% general aviation and 48% air taxi . For the same time period, 11 aircraft are based at

767-634: A topic at COP26 . As of 2023, 90% of biofuel was made from oilseed and sugarcane which are grown for this purpose only. Jet fuel is a mixture of various hydrocarbons . The mixture is restricted by product requirements, for example, freezing point and smoke point . Jet fuels are sometimes classified as kerosene or naphtha -type. Kerosene-type fuels include Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5 and JP-8. Naphtha-type jet fuels, sometimes referred to as "wide-cut" jet fuel, include Jet B and JP-4. "Drop-in" biofuels are biofuels that are interchangeable with conventional fuels. Deriving "drop-in" jet fuel from bio-based sources

826-430: A wide margin. Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquified natural gas (LNG) are fuel feedstocks that aircraft may use in the future. Studies have been done on the feasibility of using natural gas and include the "SUGAR Freeze" aircraft under NASA's N+4 Advanced Concept Development program (made by Boeing's Subsonic Ultra Green Aircraft Research (SUGAR) team). The Tupolev Tu-155 was an alternative fuel testbed which

885-524: A year by 2020, and to increase its Singapore capacity by 1.3 million t (2.9 billion lb) to reach 4.5 million t (9.9 billion lb) in 2022 by investing €1.4 billion ($ 1.6 billion). By 2020, International Airlines Group had invested $ 400 million to convert waste into sustainable aviation fuel with Velocys . In early 2021, Boeing's CEO Dave Calhoun said drop-in sustainable aviation fuels are "the only answer between now and 2050" to reduce carbon emissions. In May 2021,

944-407: Is ASTM approved via two routes. ASTM has found it safe to blend in 50% SPK into regular jet fuels. Tests have been done with blending synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) in considerably higher concentrations. Systems that use synthetic biology to create hydro-carbons are under development: Small piston engines can be modified to burn ethanol . Swift Fuel , a biofuel alternative to avgas ,

1003-575: Is 165% lower than fossil aviation fuel. This technology is in its infancy; although start-ups are working to make this a viable solution. Alder Renewables, BioVeritas, and ChainCraft are a few organizations committed to this. NASA has determined that 50% aviation biofuel mixture can cut particulate emissions caused by air traffic by 50–70%. Biofuels do not contain sulfur compounds and thus do not emit sulfur dioxide . The first flight using blended biofuel took place in 2008. Virgin Atlantic used it fly

1062-524: Is a gas turbine fuel used in propeller and jet aircraft and helicopters. It has a low viscosity at low temperature, has limited ranges of density and calorific value , burns cleanly, and remains chemically stable when heated to high temperature. Aviation gasoline , often referred to as "avgas" or 100-LL (low-lead), is a highly refined form of gasoline for aircraft, with an emphasis on purity, anti-knock characteristics and minimization of spark plug fouling. Avgas must meet performance guidelines for both

1121-428: Is a low-cost and plentiful feedstock, with the potential to replace 20% of US fossil jet fuel. This lessens the need to grow crops specifically for fuel, which in itself is energy intensive and increases CO 2 emissions throughout its life cycle. Wet waste feedstocks for SAF divert waste from landfills. Diversion has the potential to eliminate 17% of US methane emissions across all sectors. VFA-SAF's carbon footprint

1180-467: Is a mix of extremely refined kerosene and burns at temperatures at or above 49 °C (120 °F). Kerosene-based fuel has a much higher flash point than gasoline-based fuel, meaning that it requires significantly higher temperature to ignite. It is a high-quality fuel; if it fails the purity and other quality tests for use on jet aircraft, it is sold to ground-based users with less demanding requirements, such as railroads. Avgas ( av iation gas oline)

1239-779: Is certified by ASTM International . Biofuels were approved for commercial use after a multi-year technical review from aircraft makers , engine manufacturers and oil companies . Thereafter some airlines experimented with biofuels on commercial flights. As of July 2020, seven annexes to D7566 were published, including various biofuel types: In December 2011, the FAA awarded US$ 7.7 million to eight companies to develop drop-in sustainable fuels, especially from alcohols , sugars, biomass , and organic matter such as pyrolysis oils , within its CAAFI and CLEEN programs. Biofuel provider Solena filed for bankruptcy in 2015. By 2015, cultivation of fatty acid methyl esters and alkenones from

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1298-557: Is certified by a third-party such as the Roundtable For Sustainable Biofuels . As of 2022, some 450,000 flights had used sustainable fuels as part of the fuel mix, although such fuels were ~3x more expensive than the traditional fossil jet fuel or kerosene . A SAF sustainability certification ensures that the product satisfies criteria focused on environmental, social, and economic " triple-bottom-line " considerations. Under many emission regulation schemes, such as

1357-404: Is either automated or it is controlled from a control panel at the fueling point or in the cockpit. An early use of pressure refueling was on the de Havilland Comet and Sud Aviation Caravelle . Larger aircraft allow for two or more attachment points; however, this is still referred to as single-point refueling, as either attachment point can refuel all of the tanks. Multiple attachments allow for

1416-452: Is fairly lengthy. Alternatives to conventional aviation fuel available in the near term include aviation biofuel and synthetically created fuel (aka "e-jet"). These fuels are collectively referred to as "Sustainable Aviation Fuel" (SAF). The production of aviation fuel falls into two categories: fuel suitable for turbine engines and fuel suitable for spark-ignition piston engines. There are international specifications for each. Jet fuel

1475-406: Is mainly used to bring mail to the island as well as to bring passengers nearby islands and mainland Ohio. It is also home to three air tour operators who provide recreational trips from the airport. The airport received a $ 22,000 grant in 2021 to provide economic relief funds for costs related to operations, personnel, cleaning, sanitization, janitorial services, debt service payments, and combating

1534-812: Is not permitted in any certified aviation fuel specification. In Brazil, the Embraer Ipanema EMB-202A is a version of the Ipanema agricultural aircraft with a modified Lycoming IO-540-K1J5 engine so as to be able to run on ethanol . Other aircraft engines that were modified to run on 100% ethanol were several other types of Lycoming engines (including the Lycoming 235N2C, and Lycoming IO-320 ) and certain Rotax engines. The Convention on International Civil Aviation (ICAO) (Chicago 1944, Article 24) exempts air fuels already loaded onto an aircraft on landing (and which remain on

1593-406: Is often, but not always, made from biomass. Biofuels are biomass -derived fuels from plants, animals, or waste; depending on which type of biomass is used, they could lower CO 2 emissions by 20–98% compared to conventional jet fuel . The first test flight using blended biofuel was in 2008, and in 2011, blended fuels with 50% biofuels were allowed on commercial flights. In 2023 SAF production

1652-516: Is that a local aviation fuel tax would cause increased tankering , where airlines carry extra fuel from low tax jurisdictions. This extra weight increases fuel burn, thus a local fuel tax could potentially increase overall fuel consumption. To avoid increased tankering, a worldwide aviation fuel tax has been proposed. Australia and the United States oppose a worldwide aviation fuel tax, but a number of other countries have expressed interest. During

1711-434: Is the only remaining lead-containing transportation fuel. Lead in avgas prevents damaging engine knock, or detonation, that can result in a sudden engine failure. Sustainable aviation fuel An aviation biofuel (also known as bio-jet fuel or bio-aviation fuel (BAF) ) is a biofuel used to power aircraft and is a sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). The International Air Transport Association (IATA) considers it

1770-559: Is used by Lufthansa ; Air France and KLM announced 2030 SAF targets in 2022 including multi-year purchase contracts totaling over 2.4 million tonnes of SAF from Neste, TotalEnergies , and DG Fuels . Aviation fuel from wet waste-derived feedstock ("VFA-SAF") provides an additional environmental benefit. Wet waste consists of waste from landfills, sludge from wastewater treatment plants, agricultural waste, greases, and fats. Wet waste can be converted to volatile fatty acids (VFA's), which then can be catalytically upgraded to SAF. Wet waste

1829-477: Is used by small aircraft, light helicopters and vintage piston-engined aircraft. Its formulation is distinct from the conventional gasoline (UK: petrol , or "aviation spirit" in this context) used in motor vehicles which is commonly called mogas or autogas in aviation context. Although it comes in many different grades, its octane rating is higher than that for "regular" motor gasoline. Alternatives to conventional fossil-based aviation fuels, new fuels made via

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1888-404: Is used on smaller planes, helicopters, and all piston-engine aircraft. Overwing fueling is similar to car fueling — one or more fuel ports are opened and fuel is pumped in with a conventional pump. Underwing fueling, also called single-point refueling or pressure refueling where not dependent on gravity, is used on larger aircraft and for jet fuel exclusively. For pressure refueling,

1947-544: Is used, or increase emissions by up to 60% if natural woodland is converted. Palm oil cultivation is constrained by scarce land resources and its expansion to forestland causes biodiversity loss , along with direct and indirect emissions due to land-use change . Neste Corporation 's renewable products include a refining residue of food-grade palm oil, the oily waste skimmed from the palm oil mill's wastewater . Other Neste sources are used cooking oil from deep fryers and animal fats. Neste's sustainable aviation fuel

2006-562: The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EUTS), a certified SAF product may be exempted from carbon compliance liability costs. This marginally improves SAF's economic competitiveness versus fossil-based fuel. The first reputable body to launch a sustainable biofuel certification system was the European-based Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) NGO. Leading airlines and other signatories to

2065-589: The International Air Transport Association (IATA) set a goal for the aviation industry to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 with SAF as the key component. The 2022 Inflation Reduction Act introduced the Fueling Aviation's Sustainable Transition (FAST) Grant Program. The program provides $ 244.5 million in grants for SAF-related "production, transportation, blending, and storage." In November, 2022, sustainable aviation fuels were

2124-474: The International Energy Agency forecast SAF production should grow from 18 to 75 billion litres between 2025 and 2040, representing a 5% to 19% share of aviation fuel. By 2019, fossil jet fuel production cost was $ 0.3-0.6 per L given a $ 50–100 crude oil barrel , while aviation biofuel production cost was $ 0.7-1.6, needing a $ 110–260 crude oil barrel to break-even . As of 2020 aviation biofuel

2183-459: The U.S. Air Force had been certified to use a 50-50 blend of kerosene and synthetic fuel derived from coal or natural gas as a way of stabilizing the cost of fuel. Jet fuel is a clear to straw-colored fuel, based on either an unleaded kerosene (Jet A-1), or a naphtha - kerosene blend (Jet B). Similar to diesel fuel , it can be used in either compression ignition engines or turbine engines . Jet-A powers modern commercial airliners and

2242-754: The biomass to liquid method (like sustainable aviation fuel ) and certain straight vegetable oils can also be used. Fuels such as sustainable aviation fuel have the advantage that few or no modifications are necessary on the aircraft itself, provided that the fuel characteristics meet specifications for lubricity and density as well as adequately swelling elastomer seals in current aircraft fuel systems. Sustainable aviation fuel and blends of fossil and sustainably-sourced alternative fuels yield lower emissions of particles and GHGs. They are, however, not being used heavily, because they still face political, technological, and economic barriers, such as currently being more expensive than conventionally produced aviation fuels by

2301-612: The EUTS, SAFUG's proposal was accepted that only fuels certified as sustainable by the RSB or similar body would be zero-rated. SAFUG was formed by a group of interested airlines in 2008 under the auspices of Boeing Commercial Airplanes . Member airlines represented more than 15% of the industry, and signed a pledge to work towards SAF. In addition to SAF certification, the integrity of aviation biofuel producers and their products could be assessed by means such as Richard Branson 's Carbon War Room, or

2360-497: The IATA committed to achieving carbon-neutral growth by 2020, and to halve carbon emissions by 2050. In 2010, Boeing announced a target 1% of global aviation fuels by 2015. By June 2011, the revised Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons ( ASTM D7566) allowed commercial airlines to blend up to 50% biofuels with conventional jet fuel. The safety and performance of jet fuel used in passenger flights

2419-593: The Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group (SAFUG) pledged to support RSB as their preferred certification provider. Some SAF pathways procured RIN pathways under the United States's renewable fuel standard which can serve as an implicit certification if the RIN is a Q-RIN . As emissions trading schemes and other carbon compliance regimes emerge, certain biofuels are likely to be exempted ("zero-rated") by governments from compliance due to their closed-loop nature, if they can demonstrate appropriate credentials. For example, in

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2478-628: The United States). Jet fuel is clear to straw-colored, and is dispensed from a special nozzle called a J spout or duckbill that has a rectangular opening larger than 60 mm diagonally, so as not to fit into avgas ports. However, some jet and turbine aircraft, such as some models of the Astar helicopter, have a fueling port too small for the J spout, and thus require a smaller nozzle. In recent years, fuel markets have become increasingly volatile. This, along with rapidly changing airline schedules and

2537-408: The air, it can accumulate static electricity . If this is not dissipated before fueling, an electric arc could occur and ignite fuel vapors. To prevent this, aircraft are electrically bonded to the fueling apparatus before fueling begins, and are not disconnected until after fueling is complete. Some regions require the aircraft and/or fuel truck to be grounded too. Pressure fueling systems incorporate

2596-453: The aircraft) from import taxes. Bi-lateral air services agreements govern the tax exemption of aviation fuels. In the course of an EU initiative, many of these agreements have been modified to allow taxation. A motion for a European Parliament resolution on a European Strategy for Low-emission Mobility has stated that "the possibilities for harmonised international measures for kerosene taxation for aviation" needs to be explored. A worry

2655-499: The airport via pipeline systems, such as the CEPS . It is then pumped over and dispensed from a tanker or bowser . The fuel is then driven up to parked aircraft and helicopters . Some airports have pumps similar to filling stations to which aircraft must taxi. Some airports have permanent piping to parking areas for large aircraft. Aviation fuel is transferred to an aircraft via one of two methods: overwing or underwing. Overwing fueling

2714-637: The airport: 10 single- engine airplanes and 1 helicopter . Aviation fuel Aviation fuels are petroleum -based fuels , or petroleum and synthetic fuel blends, used to power aircraft . They have more stringent requirements than fuels used for ground use, such as heating and road transport , and contain additives to enhance or maintain properties important to fuel performance or handling. They are kerosene -based ( JP-8 and Jet A-1 ) for gas turbine-powered aircraft. Piston-engined aircraft use leaded gasoline and those with diesel engines may use jet fuel (kerosene). By 2012, all aircraft operated by

2773-814: The algae, Isochrysis , was under research. By 2016, Thomas Brueck of Munich TU was forecasting that algaculture could provide 3–5% of jet fuel needs by 2050. In fall 2016, the International Civil Aviation Organization announced plans for multiple measures including the development and deployment of sustainable aviation fuels. Dozens of companies received hundreds of millions in venture capital from 2005 to 2012 to extract fuel oil from algae, some promising competitively-priced fuel by 2012 and production of 1 billion US gal (3.8 million m ) by 2012-2014. By 2017 most companies had disappeared or changed their business plans to focus on other markets. In 2019, 0.1% of fuel

2832-614: The desire to not carry excess fuel on board aircraft, has increased the importance of demand forecasting. In March 2022, Austin's Austin-Bergstrom International Airport came close to running out of fuel, potentially stranding aircraft. Common forecasting techniques include tracking airline schedules and routes, expected distance flown, ground procedures, fuel efficiency of each aircraft and the impact of environmental factors like weather and temperature. Any fueling operation can be very dangerous, and aviation operations have characteristics which must be accommodated. As an aircraft flies through

2891-617: The emissions savings. Biofuels with the most emission savings are those derived from photosynthetic algae (98% savings) although the technology is not developed, and those from non-food crops and forest residues (91–95% savings). Jatropha oil , a non-food oil used as a biofuel, lowers CO 2 emissions by 50–80% compared to Jet-A1, a kerosene -based fuel. Jatropha, used for biodiesel , can thrive on marginal land where most plants produce low yields . A life cycle assessment on jatropha estimated that biofuels could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 85% if former agro-pastoral land

2950-404: The hydrogen fuel itself, largely negating the weight to energy advantage of hydrogen fuel over hydrocarbon fuels. Hydrogen has a severe volumetric disadvantage relative to hydrocarbon fuels, but future blended wing body aircraft designs might be able to accommodate this extra volume without greatly expanding the wetted area . Even if finally practical, the industry timeline for adopting hydrogen

3009-536: The rich mixture condition required for take-off power settings and the leaner mixtures used during cruise to reduce fuel consumption. Aviation fuel can be used as CNG fuel. Avgas is sold in much lower volume than jet fuel, but to many more individual aircraft operators; whereas jet fuel is sold in high volume to large aircraft operators, such as airlines and militaries. The net energy content for aviation fuels depends on their composition. Some typical values are: In performance calculations, airliner manufacturers use

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3068-474: The spread of pathogens. The airport has one runway , designated as Runway 3/21. It measures 2870 x 75 ft (875 x 23 m) and is paved with asphalt . In 2014, the airport received over $ 500,000 to reconstruct its main taxiway and build an additional taxiway to access hangars. The airport received nearly $ 2 million from the Bipartisan Infrastructure and Jobs Act in 2023 to build a new terminal with

3127-427: Was 600 million liters, representing 0.2% of global jet fuel use. Aviation biofuel can be produced from plant or animal sources such as Jatropha , algae , tallows , waste oils, palm oil , Babassu , and Camelina (bio-SPK); from solid biomass using pyrolysis processed with a Fischer–Tropsch process (FT-SPK); with an alcohol -to-jet (ATJ) process from waste fermentation; or from synthetic biology through

3186-460: Was SAF: The International Air Transport Association (IATA) supported the adoption of Sustainable Aviation fuel, aiming in 2019 for 2% share by 2025: 7 million m (1.8 billion US gal). By that year, Virgin Australia had fueled more than 700 flights and flown more than one million kilometers, domestic and international, using Gevo 's alcohol-to-jet fuel. Virgin Atlantic

3245-651: Was approved as a test fuel by ASTM International in December 2009. Nitrile -based rubber materials expand in the presence of aromatic compounds found in conventional petroleum fuel. Pure biofuels that aren't mixed with petroleum and don't contain paraffin-based additives may cause rubber seals and hoses to shrink. Synthetic rubber substitutes that are not adversely affected by biofuels, such as Viton , for seals and hoses are available. The United States Air Force found harmful bacteria and fungi in their biofueled aircraft, and use pasteurization to disinfect them. In 2019

3304-460: Was fuelled on LNG. The low specific energy of natural gas even in liquid form compared to conventional fuels gives it a distinct disadvantage for flight applications. Hydrogen can be used largely free of carbon emissions , if it is produced with power from renewable energy like wind and solar power . Some development of technology for hydrogen-powered aircraft started after the millennium and gained track since about 2020, but as of 2022

3363-616: Was more expensive than fossil jet kerosene, considering aviation taxation and subsidies at that time. As of a 2021 analysis, VFA-SAF break-even cost was $ 2.50/US gal ($ 0.66/L). This number was generated considering credits and incentives at the time, such as California's LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) credits and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Renewable Fuel Standard incentives. Sustainable biofuels do not use food crops , prime agricultural land or fresh water. Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)

3422-479: Was still far away from outright aircraft product development. Hydrogen fuel cells do not produce CO 2 or other emissions (besides water). However, hydrogen combustion does produce NO x emissions. Cryogenic hydrogen can be used as a liquid at temperatures below 20 K. Gaseous hydrogen involves pressurized tanks at 250–350 bar. With materials available in the 2020s, the mass of tanks strong enough to withstand this kind of high pressure will greatly outweigh

3481-428: Was working to regularly use fuel derived from the waste gases of steel mills , with LanzaTech . British Airways wanted to convert household waste into jet fuel with Velocys . United Airlines committed to 900 million US gal (3,400,000 m ) of sustainable aviation fuel for 10 years from Fulcrum BioEnergy (of its 4.1 billion US gal (16,000,000 m ) fuel consumption in 2018), after

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