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25-579: The history of Pustków Osiedle is closely connected with Central Industrial Area , one of the biggest public works projects of the Second Polish Republic . Before the mid-1930s, it did not exist. A small settlement, located in the Sandomierz Forest , was known simply as Pustków . It was the location of the notorious Pustków concentration camp in World War II. Owing to favorable location (near

50-409: A voivode (governor) in several countries of central and eastern Europe. Voivodeships have existed since medieval times and the area of extent of voivodeship resembles that of a duchy in western medieval states, much as the title of voivode was equivalent to that of a duke . Other roughly equivalent titles and areas in medieval Eastern Europe included ban (bojan, vojin or bayan) and banate . In

75-506: A modern context, the word normally refers to one of the provinces ( województwa ) of Poland. As of 2024 , Poland has 16 voivodeships. A voi(e)vod(e) (literally, "leader of warriors" or "war leader", equivalent to the Latin " Dux Exercituum ") was originally a military commander who stood, in a state's structure, next to the ruler. Later the word came to denote an administrative official. Words for "voivodeship" in various languages include

100-642: A rail line from Dębica to Tarnobrzeg , and away from large cities), in 1937 first trees were cut some three kilometers (1.9 miles) south of Pustków. Construction of a Lignoza factory began, together with a settlement for the workers - blocks of flats and villas for managers and engineers. The factory was a branch of Lignoza Corporation from Katowice , and its official name was Lignoza S.A. Katowice - Wytwórnia Pustków . It manufactured ammunition as well as plastic materials. Production started in April 1939, and on September 8, 1939 (see Invasion of Poland ), first units of

125-570: A secure haven for Polish industry. The idea of the safe triangle came from the thinking of the Polish military strategists during World War I and the Polish—Russian War in 1919–1920. This idea was upgraded during the late 1930s and many of the factories crucial to the war effort got distributed across the country. Moreover, the PZL.37 Łoś , a medium bomber, the factory was successfully moved and reassembled in

150-877: The Ukrainian : воєводство ; the Polish : województwo ; the Romanian : voievodat ; the Bulgarian : voivoda (войвода); the Serbian : vojvodina (војводина), vojvodstvo (војводство) or vojvodovina (војводовина); the Hungarian : vajdaság ; the Belarusian : ваяводства ( vajаvodstva ); the Lithuanian : vaivadija . Some of these words, or variants of them, may also be used in English. Named for

175-594: The Voivodeship of Salan (9th–10th centuries), Voivodeship of Sermon (11th century), and Voivodeship of Syrmia of Radoslav Čelnik (1527–1530). A voivodeship called Serbian Vojvodina was established in 1848–1849; this was transformed into the Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat , a land within the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1849 to 1860. This is the origin of the name of the present-day Serbian autonomous province of Vojvodina . For more information about

200-519: The Wehrmacht entered the settlement. Germans completed the construction of blocks of flats, which they used as military barracks. All machines and plastics were transported into the Third Reich . In 1940-1944, a German labor camp ( SS Truppenubungsplatz Heidelager Pustków ) existed near Pustków Osiedle. Altogether, some 15,000 Jews, Poles and Soviet POWs were murdered here. Prisoners were forced to work on

225-656: The COP and similar projects, like the construction of the seaport in Gdynia , were the most outstanding achievements of the Second Polish Republic, marking the beginning of the new era of recently regained independence. The COP plan was continued by the communist government of Poland after the Second World War. However, as the end date for the plan was the end of July 1940, and Poland did not have sufficient capital to carry out

250-463: The Second World War, with their rapid advances by extremely well-equipped infantry (better than even their British and French counterparts) and fast motorized forces (heavy losses suffered by Panzer divisions were one of the reasons, the Germans created, what became known after World War II was over, as blitzkrieg tactics ) and long-range air attacks, ensured that the COP region apparently failed to provide

275-462: The country, was expanded to the territories beyond those covered by the original plan for the most secure 'triangle'. The COP was located in the territories of the following former voivodeships : the eastern parts of Kielce Voivodship and Kraków Voivodship , the southern part of Lublin Voivodeship , and the western part of Lwów Voivodeship , or in other terms, 46 powiats , constituting 15.4% of

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300-554: The development of the V-2 rocket, and the SS controlled the area stretching from Mielec to Kolbuszowa . The camp existed until July 23, 1944, it is commemorated by a monument, located on the so-called Hill of Death ( Góra Śmierci whose real name is Mount "Królowa Góra"). After World War II , the factory was expanded, and production of plastic was initiated in 1946. In the People's Republic of Poland ,

325-611: The easternmost Poland that fell to the Soviet advance after September 17, 1939. In any event, the German dismemberment of Czechoslovakia outflanked Poland from the south and put the majority of COP factories in the direct path of German advance from Slovakia. During the German occupation, most of the factories were converted to contribute to the German war effort. After the war, the COP-initiated industrial enterprises were further expanded and for

350-503: The end of the war in 1945 COP was rebuilt and expanded under the People's Republic of Poland . Starting in 1928, there were recurring attempts to create a triangle of security , an industrial region in the middle of the country, which would be secure from any aggression by Germany or the Soviet Union . The plan was finally approved in 1936 by the Polish government. By April 1938, the plan, which had already set in motion in some parts of

375-471: The entire plan on its own, few of the intended projects were completely operational before the war broke out, and many other ones were not launched at all. Consequently, their contribution to the equipment of the Polish Army in the run-up to the war was relatively insignificant, and did little to offset the crushing material superiority of the German armed forces. German encirclement and annihilation tactics in

400-544: The expansion of Zakłady Azotowe in Mościce . The military industry in the Staropolski Okręg Przemysłowy was expanded in the towns of Radom , Skarżysko-Kamienna , Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski , Starachowice , and Kielce . Most of those investments were located in regions with high unemployment, and their construction succeeded in reducing social tensions and began to strengthen the Polish economy. The development of

425-504: The first half of 1938, the total population of all the COP's towns and cities grew by 20%. According to a press release from January 1939, out of 33 towns and cities located at the confluence of the San and the Vistula rivers, as many as 23 needed new schools. Voivodeship A voivodeship ( / ˈ v ɔɪ v oʊ d ʃ ɪ p / VOY -vohd-ship ) or voivodate is the area administered by

450-485: The most part, continue to function until today. Melchior Wańkowicz , in his 1939 book Sztafeta , emphasized the fact that the quick growth of the COP's towns and cities was not followed by necessary investments in infrastructure, especially schools and housing. As Ilustrowany Kurier Codzienny announced on January 10, 1939, in the first half of 1938, the population of Rzeszów grew by 24%, that of Sandomierz by 29%, Tarnobrzeg by 49%, and Mielec by 58%. Altogether, in

475-544: The plant was renamed into Lerg SA . Central Industrial Area The Central Industrial District ( Polish : Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy , abbreviated COP ), is an industrial region in Poland . It was one of the biggest economic projects of the Second Polish Republic . The 5-year-long project was initiated by a famous Polish economist, deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Treasury, Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski . Its goal

500-459: The plant, called Zakłady Tworzyw Sztucznych ERG Pustków ( Plastic Works ERG Pustków ), manufactured glue, polyester resin , bakelite , laminates and other plastics. Together with the plant, the settlement expanded, with new blocks of flats, hostel for workers, house of culture with a cinema, health center, swimming pool and sports facilities of sports club Chemik , established in 1954. In 1992, Plastic Works ERG Pustków were privatized. In 2009,

525-489: The territory of Poland and inhabited by 17% of Poland's population. The urbanization factor of those territories was 17% (94 cities), compared to the national average of 30%. There were several arguments for the location of the COP: The COP plan required a massive financial investment, just the development of the infrastructure and the military industry being estimated at 3 billion zlotys . As expectations of war grew, there

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550-577: The word for "voivodeship" is the autonomous Serbian province of Vojvodina . Though the word "voivodeship" (other spellings are "voievodship" and "voivodship") appears in English dictionaries such as the OED and Webster's , it is not in common general usage, and voivodeships in Poland and elsewhere are frequently referred to as " provinces ". Depending on context, historic voivodeships may also be referred to as "duchies", "palatinates" (the Latin word " palatinatus "

575-529: Was to create a heavy industrial center in the middle of the country, as far as possible from any borders, strengthen the Polish economy and reduce unemployment . The four-year plan for the development of COP was scheduled from 1 September 1936 until 30 July 1940 and was interrupted by the outbreak of the Second World War and the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. Nonetheless, the COP project succeeded in vastly expanding Polish industry, and after

600-894: Was too little private investment in Europe in the late 1930s and so the Polish government carried most of the burden for financing the project. From 1937 to 1939, the COP had consumed approximately 60% of all Polish investment funds. The following industrial projects were part of the plan: a steel mill ( Huta Stalowa Wola ) and power plant in a brand new city of Stalowa Wola , a rubber factory in Dębica , an automobile factory in Lublin , an aircraft factory in Mielec , an aircraft engine and artillery factory in Rzeszów , hydroelectric power plants in Rożnów and Myczkowce , and

625-475: Was used for a voivodeship in Poland), "administrative districts" or "regions". In the territory of modern Romania and Moldova , the regions of Wallachia , Moldavia and Transylvania were formerly voivodeships. The region of Maramureș , now split between Romania and Ukraine , also used to be its own voivodeship, the Voivodeship of Maramureș . Historical voivodeships in the territory of modern Serbia include

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