46-575: The Caribbean hermit crab ( Coenobita clypeatus ), also known as the soldier crab , West Atlantic crab , tree crab , or purple pincher (due to the distinctive purple claw), is a species of land hermit crab native to the west Atlantic , Belize , southern Florida , Venezuela , and the West Indies . Adults burrow and hide under the roots of large trees, and can be found a considerable distance inland. As with other terrestrial decapods, they use modified gills to breathe air. Their shells help maintain
92-727: A chirping noise when stressed. This species is one of the two land hermit crabs commonly sold in the United States as pets, the other being the Ecuadorian hermit crab . C. clypeatus has been confirmed to live as long as 12 years, and some crab owners have claimed to have crabs live up to 40 years. Hermit crab Hermit crabs are anomuran decapod crustaceans of the superfamily Paguroidea that have adapted to occupy empty scavenged mollusc shells to protect their fragile exoskeletons. There are over 800 species of hermit crab, most of which possess an asymmetric abdomen concealed by
138-538: A convenient and nutritionally balanced foundation for a hermit crab's diet. These foods are specially formulated to meet the species' specific needs and should form the majority of their daily intake. It is important to select a product that is designed for hermit crabs, as general pet foods may lack the necessary nutrients. In the wild, hermit crabs are omnivorous scavengers, feeding on a varied diet of plant matter, decaying organic material, small invertebrates, and marine detritus. They look for algae, seaweed, fruits, and
184-597: A healthy hermit crab. A key component of a hermit crab's diet is calcium, which supports the health and hardness of their exoskeleton. Crushed cuttlebone, calcium-rich commercial supplements, or even ground eggshells can be provided to meet this need. Additionally, carotene-rich foods such as carrots or squash are essential for promoting the development of their reddish-orange exoskeleton. Occasional treats can be offered to hermit crabs to enrich their diet. These may include nuts (such as almonds or sunflower seeds), seeds, and dried seaweed. While these treats should not make up
230-723: A large portion of the diet, they can provide additional nutrients and variety. Hermit crabs are nocturnal feeders, so they should be provided with food in the evening, and any uneaten food should be removed the next morning to prevent spoilage. It is important to monitor the amount of food provided, as hermit crabs tend to eat small portions over extended periods and may consume food slowly. In addition to solid food, hermit crabs require constant access to both freshwater and saltwater for hydration and health. These should be provided in separate dishes to meet their needs for drinking and bathing. As hermit crabs grow, they require larger shells. Since suitable intact gastropod shells are sometimes
276-403: A limited resource, competition often occurs between hermit crabs for shells. The availability of empty shells at any given place depends on the relative abundance of gastropods and hermit crabs, matched for size. An equally important issue is the population of organisms that prey upon gastropods and leave the shells intact. Hermit crabs kept together may fight or kill a competitor to gain access to
322-399: A number of "raps", the defender may come out of its shell completely, usually positioning itself of one of the shells. The attacker then checks the now free shell, and then changes shell rapidly. As the crab tries its new shell, it usually holds its old shell, as it may decide to come back to the old one. The defeated crab then runs to the empty shell. If the defeated crab does not stay close to
368-716: A snug-fitting shell. Hermit crabs' soft (non- calcified ) abdominal exoskeleton means they must occupy shelter produced by other organisms or risk being defenseless. The strong association between hermit crabs and their shelters has significantly influenced their biology. Almost 800 species carry mobile shelters (most often calcified snail shells ); this protective mobility contributes to the diversity and multitude of these crustaceans which are found in almost all marine environments. In most species, development involves metamorphosis from symmetric, free-swimming larvae to morphologically asymmetric, benthic -dwelling, shell-seeking crabs. Such physiological and behavioral extremes facilitate
414-413: A transition to a sheltered lifestyle, revealing the extensive evolutionary lengths that led to their superfamily success. The hermit crabs of Paguroidea are more closely related to squat lobsters and porcelain crabs than they are to true crabs ( Brachyura ). Together with the squat lobsters and porcelain crabs, they all belong to the infraorder Anomura , the sister taxon to Brachyura. However,
460-411: A very social and peaceful crab. The Purple Pincher ( Coenobita clypeatus ) is a purple and orange crab that is typically found near the shore and especially in the tropical islands. While they are also nocturnal these crabs have aggressive behaviors as well as cannibal tendencies. They forage in a big groups, and are able to eat anything from fish to wood. Though they are terrestrial they travel back to
506-412: Is a behavior observed in all hermit crabs. It is a process in which the attacker hermit crab attempts to steal the shell of the victim, using a fairly intricate process. It usually only occurs if there is no empty shell suitable for the growing hermit crab. These fights are usually between the same species, though they can also occur between two separate species. If the defending crab does not retreat to
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#1733092589655552-508: Is brought down. This movement is sometimes called an "ambulatory poke". They also use their chelipeds as a warning display, usually used in two distinct variations. The first one consists of the crab lifting its whole body (shell included), and spreading its legs, then moving its cheliped forward until the dactylus (top part of the claw) is perpendicular with the ground. This movement is usually called an "cheliped presentation" This position may be more distinct in some species, such as those in
598-431: Is reduced in size, and often hidden inside the gill chamber (under the carapace ) to be used for cleaning the gills. Since this arrangement is very rare in true crabs (for example, the small family Hexapodidae ), a "crab" with only eight visible pereiopods is generally an anomuran. The infraorder Anomura belongs to the group Reptantia , which consists of the walking/crawling decapods ( lobsters and crabs). There
644-616: Is wide acceptance from morphological and molecular data that Anomura and Brachyura ("true" crabs) are sister taxa , together making up the clade Meiura. Anomura likely diverged from Brachyura in the Late Triassic period, with the earliest discovered Anomuran fossil Platykotta akaina dating from the Norian – Rhaetian aged Ghalilah Formation of the United Arab Emirates . The cladogram below shows Anomura's placement within
690-639: The Late Cretaceous . Before that time, at least some hermit crabs used ammonite shells instead, as shown by a specimen of Palaeopagurus vandenengeli from the Speeton Clay Formation , Yorkshire , UK , from the Lower Cretaceous , as well as a specimen of a diogenid hermit crab from the Upper Jurassic of Russia. The earliest record of the superfamily extends back to the earliest part of
736-765: The cladogram below, which also shows the king crabs of Lithodidae as sister taxon to the hermit crabs of Paguridae : Brachyura ("true" crabs) [REDACTED] Porcellanidae (porcelain crabs) [REDACTED] Munididae (squat lobsters) [REDACTED] Parapaguridae (deep water sea anemone hermit crabs) [REDACTED] Eumunididae (squat lobster-like) [REDACTED] Hippidae (mole crabs or sand crabs) [REDACTED] Lithodidae (king crabs) [REDACTED] Paguridae (hermit crabs) [REDACTED] Diogenidae (left-handed hermit crabs) [REDACTED] Coenobitidae (terrestrial hermit crabs) [REDACTED] The fossil record of in situ hermit crabs using gastropod shells stretches back to
782-539: The Jurassic, with the oldest known species being Schobertella hoelderi from the late Hettangian of Germany. Hermit crabs can be informally divided into two groups: aquatic hermit crabs and terrestrial hermit crabs. The first group, the land hermit crabs, spend most of their life on land as terrestrial species in tropical areas, though even they require access to both freshwater and saltwater to keep their gills damp or wet to survive and to reproduce. They belong to
828-567: The Lithodidae (king crabs) nest with the Hapalogastridae in a separate superfamily, Lithodoidea. As such, in 2023, the family Lithodidae was placed back into Paguroidea after having been moved out of it in 2007. Nine families are formally recognized in the superfamily Paguroidea, containing around 1200 species in total in 135 genera. The placement of Paguroidea within Anomura can be shown in
874-595: The family Coenobitidae . Two of the most common crabs are the Ecuadorian Hermit crab and the Purple Pincher. The Ecuadorian Hermit Crab (Coenobita compressus) is a grayish black crab that are commonly found in tropical areas as well as beaches and rainforests. They are nocturnal, and are very social. They eat washed up plants, and are recommended they eat mostly plants. They must have seawater close to them, as they need to keep their gills moistened. Overall they are
920-419: The family Paguridae , have another distinct type of movement. Individuals may crawl upon another's crab shell. If the size is just right the crab climbed upon may move rapidly up and down or sideways, usually causing the other crab to fall off. Anomura Anomura (sometimes Anomala ) is a group of decapod crustaceans , including hermit crabs and others. Although the names of many anomurans include
966-470: The female moulting, and usually continuing after she has moulted, the male performs precopulatory behaviors. These vary widely but the most common are rotating/shaking the female, and jerking the female towards the male. After some time, the female moves the chelipeds in her mouth region, signaling the male. Then they both move their bodies mostly out of their shells, and mate. Both crabs then go back inside their shells, and they may mate again. In some species
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#17330925896551012-438: The final larval stage, the megalopa . The sexual behavior exhibited by hermit crabs varies from species to species, but a general description is as follows. If the female possesses any larvae from a previous mating, she moults and lets them go. Female hermit crabs are ready to mate shortly before moulting, and she may come in contact with a male. In certain species the male grabs the pre-moult female for sometimes hours. Prior to
1058-403: The first two walking legs, or both the first and second pair. This is referred to as "double ambulatory raise", and "quadruple ambulatory raise", respectively. The exact form of this movement is variable between species. In some other species there is another distinct movement, where they move their leg away and upwards from the body, while it moves forwards, this same movement continues as the limb
1104-404: The genus Pagurus . The second variation called the "cheliped extension", is usually a purely visual movement, though it may sometimes be used to strike a crab. The chelipeds move forward and upwards, until the limb is parallel with the ground, usually used to push another crab out of the way. If a larger crab pushes a smaller one, the smaller one may be moved multiple centimeters. The crabs of
1150-422: The hermit crabs (as they can climb into, but not out of, slippery plastic debris). This can even create a chain reaction of fatality, because a dead hermit crab will release a signal to tell others that a shell is available, luring more hermit crabs to their deaths. More specifically, they are attracted to the scent of dead hermit crab flesh. For some larger marine species, supporting one or more sea anemones on
1196-529: The humidity necessary for gas exchange to function. Typically, the Caribbean hermit crab's left claw is larger in size than its right claw and is purple in color. Female land hermit crabs release fertilized eggs into the ocean. The spawning (called "washing" in the English-speaking Caribbean) occurs on certain nights, usually around August. Caribbean hermit crabs are both herbivorous and scavengers. In
1242-421: The inside of its shell, an aggressive interaction will usually take place, until the defending crab retreats, or the attacker flees. After the defender has retreated, the attacker will usually turn the shell over multiple times, holding it with its legs. It then places its chelipeds into the shell's opening. Then the crabs start the "positioning" behavior, this consists of the attacker moving side to side, over
1288-882: The internal relationships within Anomura are shown in the cladogram below, which shows Hippidae as sister to Paguroidea, and resolves Parapaguridae outside of Paguroidea: Brachyura ("true" crabs) [REDACTED] Porcellanidae (porcelain crabs) [REDACTED] Munididae (squat lobsters) [REDACTED] Parapaguridae (deep water sea anemone hermit crabs) [REDACTED] Eumunididae (squat lobster-like) [REDACTED] Hippidae (mole crabs or sand crabs) [REDACTED] Lithodidae (king crabs) [REDACTED] Paguridae (hermit crabs) [REDACTED] Diogenidae (left-handed hermit crabs) [REDACTED] Coenobitidae (terrestrial hermit crabs) [REDACTED] The infraorder Anomura contained seven extant superfamilies: The oldest fossil attributed to Anomura
1334-634: The larger order Decapoda , from analysis by Wolfe et al. (2019). Dendrobranchiata (prawns) [REDACTED] Stenopodidea (boxer shrimp) [REDACTED] Procarididea Caridea ("true" shrimp) [REDACTED] Achelata (spiny lobsters and slipper lobsters) [REDACTED] Polychelida (benthic crustaceans) Astacidea (lobsters and crayfish) [REDACTED] Axiidea (mud shrimp, ghost shrimp, and burrowing shrimp) Gebiidea (mud lobsters and mud shrimp) [REDACTED] Anomura (hermit crabs and allies) [REDACTED] Brachyura ("true" crabs) [REDACTED] Some of
1380-459: The legs and the chelipeds , also known as the claw or pincer. Usually these displays are enough to avoid confrontation. Sometimes two opposing crabs will do multiple actions, with no apparent pattern. These confrontations usually last a few seconds, though some may last a few minutes, for those especially stubborn crabs. They can also raise a leg which is sometimes referred to as an "ambulatory raise". This can happen with multiple legs such as with
1426-515: The male performs post-copulatory behavior until the female has the eggs on her pleopods . Hermit crabs are omnivorous scavengers that require a varied and balanced diet to thrive. Their dietary needs can be met with a combination of commercial hermit crab food, fresh fruits, vegetables, and occasional treats. A well-rounded diet is essential not only for their general health but also for the proper development of their exoskeleton and overall vitality. High-quality commercial hermit crab food provides
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1472-478: The next size. If the original shell was taken from another hermit crab, the victim is usually left without a shell, and gets eaten. Hermit crabs often "gang up" on one of their species with what they perceive to be a better shell, and pry its shell away from it before competing for it until one takes it over. Aggressive behaviors for hermit crabs are quite similar to one another, with some variations present between species. It usually consists of moving or positioning
1518-437: The ocean to release their larvae, however they cannot submerge themselves in the water as their gills prevent them. Most species have long, spirally curved abdomens , which are soft, unlike the hard, calcified abdomens seen in related crustaceans. The vulnerable abdomen is protected from predators by a salvaged empty seashell carried by the hermit crab, into which its whole body can retract. Most frequently, hermit crabs use
1564-416: The opening of the defender's shell. This movement usually forms a figure 8. The attacker then goes into the aptly named "rapping" behavior. The attacker holds its legs and chepelothorax stationary, while it moves its shell down on the defender's shell. It is done quite rapidly, and is usually enough to produce an audible sound. It seems like little to no contact happens directly between the two crabs. After
1610-528: The relationship of king crabs to the rest of Paguroidea has been a highly contentious topic. Many studies based on their physical characteristics, genetic information, and combined data demonstrate the longstanding hypothesis that the king crabs in the family Lithodidae are derived hermit crabs descended from pagurids and should be classified as a family within Paguroidea. The molecular data has disproven an alternate view based on morphological arguments that
1656-562: The remains of dead animals, providing them with essential nutrients like calcium for their exoskeleton. This diverse diet helps support their health, energy, and successful molting. In addition to commercial food, hermit crabs benefit from a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables. Recommended options include leafy greens such as spinach, as well as carrots, sweet potatoes, and broccoli. Non-citrus fruits like mango, coconut, and papaya can also be offered. These foods provide essential vitamins, minerals, and hydration, which are vital for maintaining
1702-520: The shell can scare away predators. The sea anemone also benefits, because it is in a prime position to consume fragments of the hermit crab's meals. Other very close symbiotic relationships are known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs forming bryoliths . In February 2024, Polish researchers reported that 10 of 16 terrestrial hermit crab species were observed using artificial shells, including discarded plastic waste, broken glass bottles and light bulbs, in lieu of natural shells. Shell fighting
1748-415: The shell they favour. However, if the crabs vary significantly in size, fights over empty shells are rare. Hermit crabs with undersized shells cannot grow as fast as those with well-fitting shells, and are more likely to be eaten if they cannot retract completely into the shell. Shells used by hermit crabs have usually been remodeled by previous hermit crab owners. This involves a hermit crab hollowing out
1794-724: The shell, making it lighter. Only small hermit crabs are able to live without remodelled shells. Most big hermit crabs that have been transferred to a normal shell die. Even if they were able to survive, hollowing out a shell takes precious energy, making it undesirable to any hermit crab. They achieve this remodeling by both chemically and physically carving out the interiors of their shell. These shells can last for generations, explaining why some hermit crabs are able to live in areas where snails have become locally extinct. There are cases when seashells are not available and hermit crabs will use alternatives such as tin cans, custom-made shells, or any other types of debris, which often proves fatal to
1840-475: The shells of sea snails (although the shells of bivalves and scaphopods and even hollow pieces of wood and stone are used by some species). The tip of the hermit crab's abdomen is adapted to clasp strongly onto the columella of the snail shell. Most hermit crabs are nocturnal . Hermit crab species range in size and shape, from species with a carapace only a few millimetres long to Coenobita brevimanus , which can live 12–70 years and can approach
1886-401: The shells, it is usually eaten. Several hermit crab species, both terrestrial and marine , have been observed forming a vacancy chain to exchange shells. When an individual crab finds a new empty shell, or steals one from another, it will leave its own shell and inspect the vacant shell for size. If the shell is found to be too large, the crab goes back to its own shell and then waits by
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1932-447: The size of a coconut. The shell-less hermit crab Birgus latro (coconut crab) is the world's largest terrestrial invertebrate . The young develop in stages, with the first two (the nauplius and protozoea) occurring inside the egg. Most hermit crab larvae hatch at the third stage, the zoea . In this larval stage, the crab has several long spines, a long, narrow abdomen, and large fringed antennae. Several zoeal moults are followed by
1978-441: The vacant shell for up to 8 hours. As new crabs arrive they also inspect the shell and, if it is too big, wait with the others, forming a group of up to 20 individuals, holding onto each other in a line from the largest to the smallest crab. As soon as a crab that is the right size for the vacant shell arrives and claims it—leaving its old shell vacant—all the crabs in the queue swiftly exchange shells in sequence, each one moving up to
2024-418: The various groups of anomurans are quite dissimilar. The group has been moulded by several instances of carcinisation – the development of a crab-like body form. Thus, the king crabs (Lithodidae), porcelain crabs (Porcellanidae) and hairy stone crab (Lomisidae) are all separate instances of carcinisation. As decapods (meaning ten-legged ), anomurans have ten pereiopods , but the last pair of these
2070-501: The wild, C. clypeatus feeds on animal and plant remains, overripe fruit, and faeces of other animals, including the Mona ground iguana ( Cyclura stejnegeri ). The West Indian top snail ( Cittarium pica ) shell is often used for its home, and the hermit crab can use its larger claw to cover the aperture of the shell for protection against predators . As with other species of hermit crabs, C. clypeatus may engage in "shell fights" and can emit
2116-511: The word crab , all true crabs are in the sister group to the Anomura, the Brachyura (the two groups together form the clade Meiura ). The name Anomura derives from an old classification in which reptant decapods were divided into Macrura (long-tailed), Brachyura (short-tailed) and Anomura (differently-tailed). The alternative name Anomala reflects the unusual variety of forms in this group; whereas all crabs share some obvious similarities,
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