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77-496: The Puranga Conquista Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS) is in the municipality of Manaus in the state of Amazonas. There are fifteen communities within the RDS: Deus Proverá, Tatulandia, Caioé, Baixote, Araras, Bela Vista, Santa Maria, Terra Preta, Vila Nova do Chita, Pagodão, e Barreirinha, Boa Esperança, Nova Esperança, São Francisco do Solimõeszinho and Nova Canaã. It has an area of 76,936 hectares (190,110 acres). The RDS

154-657: A cathedral , opera house , zoological and botanical gardens , an eco-park, and regional and native peoples museums . The Solimões and Negro rivers meet just east of Manaus and join to form the Amazon River (using the Brazilian definition of the river; elsewhere, Solimões is considered the upper part of the Amazon ). Rubber made it the richest city in South America during the late 1800s. Rubber also helped Manaus earn its nickname,

231-419: A tropical rainforest climate , with the average annual compensated temperature of 27.4 °C (81.3 °F) and high air humidity , with a rainfall index around 2,300 mm (90.6 in) annually. The seasons are relatively well-defined concerning rain: July to September is relatively dry, and December to May is very rainy. Thunderstorms are frequent every day in the summer, but they can occur at any time of

308-568: A major industrial center (the Free Economic Zone of Manaus). The mobile phone companies LG , Nokia , Samsung , Siemens , Sagem , Gradiente , and BenQ-Siemens operate mobile phone manufacturing plants in Manaus. Plastic lens manufacturer Essilor also has a plant here. The Brazilian sport utility vehicle manufacturer Amazon Veiculos is headquartered in Manaus. Two airlines, MAP Linhas Aéreas and Manaus Aerotáxi , have headquarters on

385-474: Is a plan to restore the city centre to its former glory by removing beggars and irregular sellers from sidewalks and by doing that provide more safety for tourists and locals who are trying to walk in the historical areas of the city. All these plans were prompted by the 2014 World Cup. Manaus is the sixth-largest economy in Brazil. According to IBGE in 2014, its GDP was R$ 67,5 billion. The per capita income for

462-436: Is a prison, Anisio Jobim Penitentiary Complex. Manaus has research centers, technology and public and private universities. Eduardo Gomes International Airport is the airport serving Manaus. The airport has two passenger terminals, one for scheduled flights and the other for regional aviation. It also has three cargo terminals . Eduardo Gomes International Airport is Brazil's third largest in freight movement, handling

539-509: Is above the national average, and 10% above the average for the capital (Brasilia). Most of the population is located in the North and East regions of the city, and the New Town (northern area) the neighborhood is the most populous, with more than 260,000 residents. According to the results of the last census, the city's population increased from 343,038 inhabitants in 1960 to 622,733 in 1970. By 1990,

616-490: Is allowed. The southern section, near to Manaus , is subject to pressure from poor residents of an official settlement project who clear forest to make charcoal for sale in the city. The Rio Negro Left Bank Environmental Protection Area (APA) is divided between the Amazonas municipalities of Manaus (74.64%), Novo Airão (23.61%) and Presidente Figueiredo (1.75%). It has an area of 611,008 hectares (1,509,830 acres). The APA

693-689: Is bounded by the BR-174 highway. The smaller Tarumã Açu – Tarumã Mirim section lies between the Puranga Conquista reserve to the west and the city of Manaus to the east, and is bounded by part of the left bank of the Rio Negro in the south. The southern section contains two small segments of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project Area of Relevant Ecological Interest , created in 1985. The Rio Negro Left Bank Environmental Protection Area (APA)

770-686: Is divided into two unconnected sections. The larger Aturiá–Apuauzinho section covers land to the north and east of the Anavilhanas National Park , which protects the Rio Negro 's Anavilhanas archipelago in this region, and surrounds the Rio Negro State Park South Section on the west, north and east. It adjoins the Puranga Conquista Sustainable Development Reserve to the south. To the east it

847-509: Is drained by the Tarumã Açu and Tarumã Mirim rivers. It contains a plateau area with palm trees, human presence and livestock. The plateau areas have high species diversity. Law 2646 of 22 May 2001 prohibits activities in APAs that may damage the environment or biota including earth moving, mining and dredging. Existing agriculture and livestock activities may continue, but not in ways that may damage

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924-597: Is located in the middle of the Amazon Rainforest . The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome , and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species-rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia . As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in

1001-799: Is on the left (east) bank of the Rio Negro , most of which is protected by the Anavilhanas National Park . To the north the Cuieiras River defines the boundary with the Rio Negro State Park South Section and the Aturiá-Apuauzinho section of the Rio Negro Left Bank Environmental Protection Area . To the east it is bordered by the Tarumã Mirim River and the Tarumã Açu – Tarumã Mirim section of

1078-530: Is only paved for about another 100 kilometers (60 mi) to Castanho. After that, the highway is not paved, and cannot be used. Various governments have promised to recover this land-link with the rest of the country, but environmental issues, high costs and complicated logistics have impeded any progress so far. The two major state highways are the AM-010 and the AM-070. The AM-010 heads east, to Itacoatiara, Amazonas at

1155-553: Is operated by wide-body jets. Other freight routes include North America and Europe. The passenger terminal had been fully refurbished and expanded in time for the 2014 FIFA Football World Cup , which held 4 games in Manaus. The airport currently operates daily international flights to Miami and Orlando , United States, by American Airlines and LATAM Airlines Brasil ; to the city of Panama , by Copa Airlines ; and to Barcelona, Venezuela , by Avior Airlines . The airport has direct flights to all major airports in Brazil, operated by

1232-459: Is today Suriname . The fort was constructed in rock and clay, with four cannons guarding the curtains. It continued to function for more than 100 years. Next to the fort there were many indigenous mestizos , who helped in its construction and began to live in the vicinity. The population grew so much that, in 1695, the missionaries ( Carmelite , Jesuit , Franciscan ) built a nearby chapel dedicated to Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Our Lady of

1309-767: The Anglican Episcopal Church , the Baptist Church , an Assembly of God Church, the Seventh-day Adventist Church , the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God , and the Jehovah's Witnesses among others. These churches are experiencing considerable growth, mainly in the outskirts of the city. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints also has a large presence, with a LDS temple having been built in

1386-448: The Lineage B.1.1.248 variant starting in early January 2021. The largest city in northern Brazil, Manaus occupies an area of 11,401 square kilometres (4,402 sq mi), with a density of 158.06 inhabitants per square kilometre (409.4/sq mi). It is the neighboring city of Presidente Figueiredo , Careiro , Iranduba , Rio Preto da Eva , Itacoatiara , and Novo Airão . Manaus

1463-789: The National Institute of Amazonian Research , being the most important center for scientific studies in the Amazon region and for international sustainability issues. It was known at the beginning of the century as Heart of the Amazon and City of the Forest. Currently, its main economic engine is the Industrial Park of Manaus, a Free Economic Zone. The city has a free port and an international airport . Its manufactures include electronics, chemical products , and soap; there are distilling and ship construction industries. Manaus also exports Brazil nuts , rubber , jute , and rosewood oil . It has

1540-626: The Teatro Amazonas , was effectively closed for most of the 20th Century. However it was used in scenes of the Werner Herzog film Fitzcarraldo (1982). After a gap of almost 90 years, it reopened to produce live opera in 1997 and is now attracting performers from all over the world. When the seeds of the rubber tree were smuggled out of the Amazon region to be cultivated on plantations in Southeast Asia, Brazil and Peru lost their monopoly on

1617-583: The APA. More than 100 families live in this section, mainly engaged in hunting, farming and subsistence fishing. There is relatively little non-timber extraction from the forest other than fiber for crafts and straw for homes. There is intense logging. The Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform – INCRA) created the Tarumã-Mirim Settlement Project on 10 August 1992, located parallel to

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1694-545: The Amazon Central Corridor. It is drained by the Cuieiras River . It serves as a buffer zone for the fully protected national and state parks. It is a habitat for the Guianan cock-of-the-rock ( Rupicola rupicola ), pied tamarin ( Saguinus bicolor ) and harpy eagle ( Harpia harpyja ). The Tarumã Açu – Tarumã Mirim section is mainly covered by dense rainforest but has areas of open tropical forest and campinarana. It

1771-589: The Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity . More than one-third of all species in the world live in the Amazon rainforest. Despite being located in the Amazon, Manaus is densely developed and has few green areas in the city. The largest green areas are: Manaus has a tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) according to the Köppen climate classification system, just dry enough in its driest month to not be

1848-544: The BR-174 Manaus-Boa Vista highway between the Tarumã-Açu and Tarumã-Mirim rivers. The settlement project is almost all in the Tarumã Açu – Tarumã Mirim section of the APA. It covers 42,910.76 hectares (106,034.8 acres) with 1,042 lots, averaging 25 hectares (62 acres) for family farming and 7,088.62 hectares (17,516.4 acres) of collective forest reserves. There is conflict between conservation goals and activities of

1925-534: The Conception), who, in time, became the patron saint of the city. A Royal Charter of March 3, 1755 created the captaincy of São José do Rio Negro, with capital in Mariuá (now Barcelos ), but with the governor, Lobo D'Almada, fearing a Spanish invasion, the seat went back to Lugar de Barra in 1791. Being located at the confluence of the Rio Negro and Amazon Rivers, it was a strategic point. On November 13, 1832, Lugar da Barra

2002-585: The Cuieiras River) and Fundação Nacional do Índio (National Indian Foundation – FUNAI). The communities rejected all compromise measures and insisted on the RDS. In January 2014 a federal justice granted an injunction requested by the Federal Public Ministry of Amazonas that FUNAI should create a technical group to demarcate the indigenous land and submit a final report within six months. The judge said that

2079-789: The Gods . The history of the European colonization of Manaus began in 1499 with the Spanish arrival at the mouth of the Amazon River. The Spanish then continued to colonize the region north of Brazil. Development continued in 1668–1669 with the building of the Fort of São José da Barra do Rio Negro by the Portuguese in order to ensure its predominance in the region, especially against the Dutch , at that time headquartered in what

2156-541: The Left Bank APA now had an area of 586,422 hectares (1,449,080 acres) and the Tarumã Açu – Tarumã Mirim section now had an area of 56,793 hectares (140,340 acres). It became part of the Central Amazon Ecological Corridor , established in 2002. Law 4015 of 24 March 2014 altered the boundaries of the Rio Negro State Park South Section and the Aturiá-Apuauzinho section of the Left Bank APA, and created

2233-643: The Manaus Free Trade Zone Authority, SUBFRAME, was created. SUBFRAME is an independent body with its own legal status and assets and has financial and administrative autonomy. Tax incentives and the subsequent complementary legislation created comparative advantages in the region with respect to other parts of the country and as a result the Manaus Free Trade Zone attracted new investment to the area. These incentives constituted tax exemptions administered federally by SUBFRAME and SUDAM. There

2310-421: The Manaus Free Trade Zone in more concrete terms. The new Decree-Law stipulated that the Manaus Free Trade Zone would have a radius of 10 km (6.2 mi) with an industrial center as well as an agricultural center and that these would be given the economic means to allow for regional development in order to lift the Amazon out of the economic isolation that it had fallen into at that time. On August 28, 1967,

2387-504: The Paris of the Tropics . Many wealthy European families settled in Manaus and brought their love for sophisticated European art , architecture , and culture with them. Manaus was one of the twelve Brazilian host cities of the 2014 World Cup , as well as one of the five subsections of the 2016 Summer Olympics . The name Manaus comes from the native people called Manaós , which means Mother of

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2464-691: The Puranga Conquista Sustainable Development Reserve. The Left Bank APA was reduced to a total area of 611,008 hectares (1,509,830 acres). The Aturiá–Apuauzinho section of the APA is in the Uatumã – Trombetas interfluvial region. Vegetation includes rainforests and areas of campinarana and sub-montane forest in the Presidente Figueiredo region. It is part of the Lower Rio Negro Mosaic of conservation units and

2541-805: The Rio Negro Left Bank APA. It is part of the Lower Rio Negro Mosaic . The Cuieiras River area was originally inhabited by various indigenous groups, particularly the Tarumã, who were decimated during the Portuguese colonisation of the region around Manaus. Indigenous families from the middle Solimões River and upper Rio Negro began to settle in areas along the Cuieiras river in the 1960s, and founded seven communities. The communities are ethnically diverse, including Cocama , Baniwa , Tucano , Ticuna , Mura , Baré , Sateré-Mawé and Carapana people. There were conflicts with non-indigenous people who also moved into

2618-455: The arrival of migrants from other regions of Brazil. Manaus has the largest neighborhood in Latin America, the neighborhood of Cidade Nova, which has 264,449 inhabitants, but it is estimated that the population exceeds 300,000 inhabitants. Cidade Nova is larger than all the cities inside the rest of Amazonas state. With the permanence and the strengthening of Free Economic Zone of Manaus ,

2695-499: The banks of the Amazon River, which is the third largest city of the state. The AM-070 heads south, starting on the other side of the new Rio Negro Bridge at Manaus, and reaching Manacapuru , which lies at the banks of the Solimoes River , also known as the upper River Amazon, and which is the fourth largest city of the state. Both roads are paved and operate all year round. Ships dock at the main port in Manaus directly downtown on

2772-669: The banks of the Negro River. The terraced city is home to a network of bridged channels that divide it into several compartments. Several mobile phone companies have manufacturing plants in the port area, and other major electronics manufacturers also have plants there. Major exports going through the port include Brazil nuts, chemicals , petroleum , electrical equipment, and forest products. Regular Manaus taxis are white and can be stopped anywhere. They are organized into separate cooperatives, each with their own contact phone numbers. All taxis are metered, which does not necessarily mean

2849-420: The boundaries of the state park and the Aturiá-Apuauzinho section of the Rio Negro Left Bank Environmental Protection Area to create the reserve with an area of 76,936 hectares (190,110 acres). 85% of the RDS was from the state park. Creation of the RDS was hailed as a great victory for the indigenous Baré and Kambeba people and the riverine communities who had lived in the area for more than twenty years before

2926-544: The capital of the State of Roraima and to Venezuela. Strictly speaking, Manaus is connected by road to the rest of Brazil, as it is possible to drive continuously from Manaus into Venezuela, and then reenter Brazil through the BR-364 in Acre and its capital, Rio Branco , therefore passing through the countries of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. As such a route is impractical for most motorists,

3003-584: The city began to receive investments and constant migration of people from many parts of the state and northern Brazil . The wealthiest neighborhood in Manaus is Adrianópolis, located in the Central-South Area of the city. Downtown Manaus is located in the Southern area of the city, next to Rio Negro River . After years of development, the historical center has been neglected by the authorities and it has become an area mostly for commerce and poor housing. There

3080-434: The city centre, simply known as the "Aeroclube" ( Portuguese : Flying club ). On Sundays, it is used for parachuting and where flying classes can be hired. Due to the fact that it is surrounded by residential areas, and has a recent history of crashes, it is under constant pressure to be moved. There are two federal highways that intersect Manaus. There is a paved road heading North (BR-174) connecting Manaus to Boa Vista ,

3157-463: The city has had the highest rate of population growth in recent years, and has the largest neighborhood of the city, the Nova Cidade neighborhood. The Center-South region has the highest per capita income . The Eastern Zone is known for having a large number of hills. The first neighborhood (bairro) established in Manaus was Educandos. From there, other areas of the city began to be occupied since

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3234-426: The city was R$ 33,446. Although the main industry of Manaus through much of the 20th century was rubber , its importance has declined. Given its location, fish, wild fruits like Açaí and Cupuaçu, and Brazil nuts initiate important trades, as do petroleum refining, soap manufacturing, and chemical industries. Over the last decades, a system of federal investments and tax incentives has turned the surrounding region into

3311-411: The city, the sixth in Brazil. The Metropolitan Region of Manaus (RMM) is a metropolitan area that comprises eight cities of the Amazonas state, but without conurbation. Manaus is divided into seven regions: North, Southern, Central-South, East, West, Mid-West, and Rural area. The eastern region of the city is the most populated, with approximately 600,000 inhabitants (2007). The northern region of

3388-632: The city. Judaism , Candomblé , Islam , and spiritualism , among others, are also practised. There is a community of Amazonian Jews in Manaus. The city's Catedral Metropolitana Nossa Senhora da Conceição is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manaus . The city has a very diverse presence of Protestant or Reformed faiths, such as the Presbyterian Church , Calvary Chapel , For Christ International Church of Grace of God, Pentecostal Church of God in Brazil, Methodist Church ,

3465-478: The climate, causing the temperature to drop to 18 °C (64.4 °F) or below. The proximity to the forest usually avoids extremes of heat and makes the city wet. According to the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), the highest temperature registered in the city was 39 °C (102.2 °F), in 2015 and the lowest was 12 °C (53.6 °F) in 1989. On November 26, 2009, a case of acid rain

3542-607: The communities and restricted agriculture and extractive activities despite their being sustainable in nature. The Permanent Forum in Defence of Riverine Communities of Manaus (FOPEC) was established in 2006 to lobby for creation of a sustainable reserve. Public hearings were held by the Legislative Assembly's Environmental Committee in July 2010. On 28 December 2010 a law was passed to allow the lands occupied by traditional populations in

3619-599: The downgrading of the conservation units on the Tapajós so a complex of hydroelectric power plants could be built.. On 2–8 September 2014 eight researcher from the IPÊ, in partnership with the Grupo Natureza, Sociedade e Conservação (NSC), met with 169 families in the RDS to complete the Social and Environmental Indicators for Conservation Units questionnaire. A simplified set of 21 indicators

3696-622: The east boundary of the urban area in its lower section. According to the IBGE in 2019, there were 2,182,763 people residing in the city, and 2,676,936 people in the Metropolitan Region of Manaus . The population density was 191.45 inhabitants per square kilometre (495.9/sq mi). Manaus is the seventh largest city in Brazil , after São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro , Salvador , Brasília , Fortaleza and Belo Horizonte . The city's population growth

3773-432: The east centre of the state, the city is the centre of the Manaus metropolitan area and the largest metropolitan area in the North Region of Brazil by urban landmass. It is situated near the confluence of the Negro and Amazon rivers. It is one of the two cities in the Amazon Rainforest with a population of over 1 million people, alongside Belém . The city was founded in 1669 as the Fort of São José do Rio Negro. It

3850-403: The environment such as use of pesticides or overgrazing . The Tarumã-Açu and Tarumã-Mirim are blackwater rivers , acidic and low in minerals. Water levels vary by 1.5 to 3 metres (4 ft 11 in to 9 ft 10 in), with highest levels in June. There are human communities along the edge of the state park and along BR-174 in Presidente Figueiredo in the Aturiá–Apuauzinho section of

3927-454: The grounds of Eduardo Gomes International Airport in Manaus. The initial idea of a Free Trade Port in Manaus came from Deputy Francisco Pereira da Silva and was subsequently formalized by Law No. 3.173 on June 6, 1957. The project was approved by the National Congress on October 23, 1951, under No. 1.310 and regulated by Decree No. 47.757 on February 2, 1960. It was then amended by rapporteur Maurício Jopper, an engineer, who by agreement with

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4004-424: The import and export demand from the Manaus Industrial Complex . For this reason, Infraero invested in the construction of the third cargo terminal, opened on December 14, 2004. TAM Airlines also inaugurated its own cargo terminal near the airport in 2008, which claims to be the largest cargo terminal in Brazil. The country's major dedicated freight route is between Manaus and Viracopos International Airport , which

4081-457: The lengthy delays had allowed non-indigenous people to move in and caused great damage to the indigenous communities. Demarcation should allow delivery of infrastructure such as a school and health clinic.. The Puranga Conquista Sustainable Development Reserve was finally created by law 4015 of 24 March 2014 to support sustainable development for the traditional populations who were living in the Rio Negro State Park South Section. The law amended

4158-460: The meter will be used. Rio Negro Left Bank Environmental Protection Area The Rio Negro Left Bank Environmental Protection Area ( Portuguese : Área de Proteção Ambiental Margem Esquerda do Rio Negro ) is an environmental protection area in the state of Amazonas , Brazil. It protects an area of Amazon rainforest on the left bank of the Rio Negro near Manaus . There is a small human population, and sustainable use of forest resources

4235-456: The military dictatorship in Brazil, the newly installed government concerned about the "demographic gap in Brazil", began to introduce numerous projects in the interior of the country, especially in the Amazon region, with the introduction of the Manaus free trade zone in 1967, and with the opening of new roads within the region, the city had a wide period of investments in financial and economic capital, both national and international, attracted by

4312-456: The original author, justified the creation of a Free Trade Zone instead of a Free Trade Port. For the first ten years, the ZFM (Manaus Free Trade Zone) was located in a warehouse rented from Manaus Harbour, in the Port of Manaus, and relied on federal funds. It was perhaps due to this lack of its own resources that there was little credibility in the project. On February 28, 1967, President Castelo Branco signed Decree-Law No. 288, which redefined

4389-456: The other host cities. A massive prison riot occurred in January 2017 , having begun in Manaus and later spreading to two additional cities in Brazil, thus unleashing security problems within the country. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil , an estimated 76% of the population of Manaus was infected with coronavirus, and the possibility of herd immunity was discussed. However, a second outbreak infected people in Manaus, this time with

4466-403: The park to become a sustainable development reserve . Lengthy negotiations followed with the Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform), Programa Terra Legal (Federal land title granting agency), Superintendência da Zona Franca de Manaus (owner of the land around the reserve), the navy (which occupies an area on the right bank of

4543-471: The population grew to 1,025,979 inhabitants, increasing its density to 90 inhabitants per square kilometre (230/sq mi). According to a 2013 genetic study, the ancestry of the inhabitants of Manaus is 45.9% European, 37.8% Native American, and 16.3% African. The city has been influenced by Catholicism since the time of European colonialism, and the majority of Manauenses are Catholic —there are nevertheless dozens of different Protestant denominations in

4620-437: The population of the then state of Grão-Pará from about 100,000 to 60,000. The involvement of rebels from the Upper Amazon (Manaus today) in what was originally a movement based in Belém was crucial for the birth of the current state of the Amazon. During the brief period of revolution, the Cabanos of the Upper Amazon, bands of rebels, roamed throughout the region, occupying Manaus twice, and, in most settlements, their arrival

4697-400: The product. The rubber boom ended abruptly, many people left its major cities, and Manaus fell into poverty. The rubber boom had made possible electrification of the city before it was installed in many European cities, but the end of the rubber boom made the generators too expensive to run. The city was not able to generate electricity again for years. In the 1960s during the establishment of

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4774-431: The region. When the Rio Negro State Park South Section was created in 1995 the existing population of indigenous and non-indigenous people was not taken into account. The indigenous people first asked for formal land titles from FUNAI in 1996, but for many years received no results. A long campaign for regularisation of property rights began. A delegation from the Jaraqui riverine community met councillor Sinésio Campos in

4851-458: The rubber barons. "If one rubber baron bought a vast yacht, another would install a tame lion in his villa, and a third would water his horse on champagne." The city built a grand opera house, with vast domes and gilded balconies, and using marble, glass, and crystal, from around Europe. The opera house cost ten million (public-funded) dollars. In one season, half the members of one visiting opera troupe died of yellow fever . The opera house, called

4928-473: The second half of 1997 asking if he could change the state park into a sustainable development reserve so they would be able to improve their land and implement economic projects. The communities living in and around the park only became aware of restriction on use of land and natural resources when they were contacted by the Institute for Ecological Research (IPÊ) and others in 2003. The legal conflict prevented implementation of infrastructure and public services in

5005-606: The settlers such as burning wood for charcoal. The settlers engage in intensive deforestation in hillside and riparian areas, and often do not use the cleared land for farming. At least two tons of charcoal are sold weekly, usually informally, at a price up to 400% lower than the price in Manaus. The poor families in the settlement also depend on poached game from the forest for nutrition. Typically these families have low income, little education, poor sanitation, lack of access to medical services, insecure land titles and lack of assistance in controlled plant extraction. Most do not know about

5082-419: The smoke from forest fires. The urban area covers all or part of four river basins, all tributaries of the Rio Negro. The São Raimundo and Educandos streams are completely contained in the city. The Tarumã Açu forms the western boundary of the city in its lower reaches, and is fed by several tributaries that originate in the Ducke Reserve and run through the north and west of the city. The Puraquequara forms

5159-440: The state park was created. Objectives were to conserve the ecosystems and to support scientific, cultural, educational and recreational activities in an area where the threatened pied tamarin ( Saguinus bicolor ) is found. Environmental and social groups have expressed concern that the reduced protection may result in the reserve being used by private interests or government sectors in an indiscriminate manner, as had happened with

5236-401: The tax incentives granted by the free zone, in this period, Manaus had enormous demographic growth becoming one of the most populous cities in Brazil. Manaus was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and one of the seats of some Olympic football games. It was the only host city in the Amazon rainforest and the most geographically isolated, being further north and west than any of

5313-496: The three major carriers: Gol Transportes Aéreos , TAM Airlines , and Azul Brazilian Airlines . The airport's IATA code is MAO. Manaus Air Force Base - ALA8 , one of the most important bases of the Brazilian Air Force , is located in Manaus at the former Ponta Pelada Airport . Apart from the Eduardo Gomes International Airport and Ponta Pelada Airport, Manaus is also served by Flores Airport , used by small propeller aircraft and helicopters about 6 kilometres (4 miles) north of

5390-458: The vast majority of transportation to and from Manaus is by boat or plane, except for journeys to Roraima . The Independent noted that "there are still no roads to Manaus" from the rest of the country. The BR-319 heads South connecting Manaus to Porto Velho , the state capital of Rondônia . However, access to this highway requires a ferry crossing to Careiro , across the Rio Negro and Amazon River , which takes about 40 minutes, and then

5467-416: The year. There have been occasional occurrences of hail in the city. Due to the city's proximity to the equator , the heat is constant in the local climate. There are no cold days in winter, and rarely very intense polar air masses in the South-Central part of Brazil and in the southwest of the Amazon have some effect on the city, as occurred in August 1955. But although they are rare, they influence

5544-590: Was created by Amazonas state governor decree 16.498 of 2 April 1995 for the purpose of protecting and conserving the quality the environment, natural systems and regional ecosystems while improving the lives of the local people. Law 2646 of 22 May 2001 altered the boundaries of the Rio Negro State Park North Section and South Section, and the Rio Negro Left Bank and Right Bank environmental protection areas. The Aturiá–Apuauzinho section of

5621-541: Was elevated to town status and named Manaus. On October 24, 1848, under Law 145 of the Provincial Assembly of Para, it was renamed the City of Barra do Rio Negro. On September 4, 1856, the governor, Herculano Ferreira Pena, finally gave it the name "Manaus". The Cabanagem was the revolt in which blacks, Native Americans, and mestizos fought against the white political elite and took power in 1835. The Cabanagem reduced

5698-567: Was elevated to a town in 1832 with the name of "Manaus", an altered spelling of the indigenous Manaós peoples, and legally transformed into a city on October 24, 1848, with the name of Cidade da Barra do Rio Negro , Portuguese for "The City of the Margins of the Black River". On September 4, 1856, it returned to its original name. Manaus is located in the center of the Amazon rainforest , and home to

5775-515: Was greeted by the non-white population spontaneously joining their ranks, leading to a greater number of adherents to the movement. With that there was an integration of people in the region thus forming the state. Manaus was at the center of the Amazon region's rubber boom during the late 19th century. For a time, it was "one of the gaudiest cities of the world". Historian Robin Furneaux wrote of this period, "No extravagance, however absurd, deterred"

5852-472: Was recorded in Manaus. Air pollution, caused in large part by the accumulation of smoke from burning, associated with the sulfur dioxide emitted by cars, was the cause of this phenomenon. Although the incidence of acid rain is common in some Brazilian capitals where there is a great concentration of cars, in Manaus and other cities of the Amazonas the situation is aggravated by the prolonged period of drought with

5929-481: Was used. Results would be used to guide programs to promote sociobiodiversity in the region. Manaus Manaus ( Portuguese: [mɐˈnaws, ma-] ) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Amazonas . It is the seventh-largest city in Brazil, with an estimated 2022 population of 2,063,689 distributed over a land area of about 11,401 km (4,402 sq mi). Located at

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