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71-623: PRSSA promotes the participation of pro-statehood students in the political process, serves as a pro-statehood student think tank , leads a grassroots approach to lobby the United States Congress , and provides professional development to its members through informational and internship programs. PRSSA was founded in August 1979 by then-law student Kenneth McClintock , Puerto Rico's future Secretary of State, and then-college student Luis Fortuño , Puerto Rico's future governor . The organization

142-1200: A Georgetown University undergrad, succeeded as the second president from 1980 to 1981. He then organized the PRSSA's absentee voting campaign for the 1980 Puerto Rican general elections. The approximately 1,500 absentee votes garnered by the PRSSA were an important factor in the reelection of Governor Romero Barceló by a 3,000-vote margin. Among founding PRSSA leaders, Tulane University student Pedro Pierluisi went on to become Attorney General and Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, George Washington University student José Rodríguez Suárez went on to become Puerto Rico's Under Secretary of State under three Secretaries of State, Baltasar Corrada del Rio , Norma Burgos and Kenneth McClintock, and José Jaime Pierluisi became Governor Pedro Rosselló 's Economic Advisor prior to his untimely death in 1994. Other PRSSA founding members who have been prominent in later life include Francisco Cimadevilla , former Editor-in-Chief at Casiano Communications and current advisor to Gov. Fortuño, Ricardo Skerrett, an immigration attorney in Tampa, Florida and Manuel De Juan,

213-598: A University of Dayton School of Law student, served as the Association's fifth president from November 2007 to June 2009. Along with Vice President Velez, Cabrera reestablished chapters nationwide, waged a campaign for young voters in the 2008 Puerto Rican election cycle, launched an educational campaign on statehood throughout Puerto Rico's universities, and began work on the internet-based José Celso Barbosa Statehood Library. Raúl Vidal y Sepulveda, enrolled at American University 's Washington College of Law , began serving as

284-530: A former assistant director of the Puerto Rico Tourism Company and current advisor to the Fortuño administration. The PRSSA was dormant from 1981 until 1993, when another group of pro-statehood students led by Oreste R. Ramos , Rogelio Carrasquillo, Roberto Velázquez, Jorge E. Souss, Juan Carlos Galá and Mario Gaztambide reactivated the Association. Former PRSSA president Kenneth McClintock, elected to

355-614: A government, and some are associated with particular political parties, businesses, or the military. Think tanks are often funded by individual donations, with many also accepting government grants. Think tanks publish articles and studies, and sometimes draft legislation on particular matters of policy or society. This information is then used by governments, businesses, media organizations, social movements or other interest groups. Think tanks range from those associated with highly academic or scholarly activities to those that are overtly ideological and pushing for particular policies, with

426-513: A larger mosaic that concentrates all the EPA's enemies against it at one time." According to the progressive media watchdog Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting , both left-wing and right-wing policy institutes are often quoted and rarely identified as such. The result is that think tank "experts" are sometimes depicted as neutral sources without any ideological predispositions when, in fact, they represent

497-656: A lobbying website at HR2499.com. In addition, the organization has been seeking the support of members of Congress, through calls, and emails. The PRSSA also manages the collecting of signatures for the petition in support of the bill at Care2 , and the Facebook Application HR 2499. As part of its ongoing lobbying effort in Congress, in May the PRSSA acquired Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman 's support of Congressman Pedro Pierluisi 's 2009 status bill. The PRSSA also submitted

568-1120: A number of categories and presents its findings in the Global Go-To Think Tanks rating index. However, this method of the study and assessment of policy institutes has been criticized by researchers such as Enrique Mendizabal and Goran Buldioski, Director of the Think Tank Fund, assisted by the Open Society Institute . Think tanks may attempt to broadly inform the public by holding conferences to discuss issues which they may broadcast; encouraging scholars to give public lectures, testifying before committees of governmental bodies; publishing and widely distributing books, magazines, newsletters or journals; creating mailing lists to distribute new publications; and engaging in social media. Think tanks may privately influence policy by having their members accept bureaucratic positions, having members serve on political advisory boards, inviting policy-makers to events, allowing individuals to work at

639-504: A number of think tanks that are in the form of governmental, non-governmental, and corporate organizations. In China a number of think tanks are sponsored by governmental agencies such as Development Research Center of the State Council , but still retain sufficient non-official status to be able to propose and debate ideas more freely. In January 2012, the first non-official think tank in mainland China, South Non-Governmental Think-Tank,

710-702: A particular perspective. In the United States, think tank publications on education are subjected to expert review by the National Education Policy Center 's "Think Twice" think tank review project. A 2014 New York Times report asserted that foreign governments buy influence at many United States think tanks. According to the article: "More than a dozen prominent Washington research groups have received tens of millions of dollars from foreign governments in recent years while pushing United States government officials to adopt policies that often reflect

781-475: A partnership with the University of Dayton's Human Rights Center, law school students and faculty can work to protect the rights of vulnerable citizens across the world. The collaborative features a course on human rights and joint-research projects between the law school and the center. Through a partnership with the University of Dayton's Hanley Sustainability Institute, students learn about issues surrounding

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852-581: A range of economic and governance issues confronting Ghana and Sub-Saharan Africa . It has also been involved in bringing political parties together to engage in dialogue. In particular it has organised Presidential debates every election year since the Ghanaian presidential election, 1996 . Notable think tanks in Ghana include: Afghanistan has a number of think tanks that are in the form of governmental, non-governmental, and corporate organizations. Bangladesh has

923-505: A wide range among them in terms of the quality of their research. Later generations of think tanks have tended to be more ideologically oriented. Modern think tanks began as a phenomenon in the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th centuries, with most of the rest being established in other English-speaking countries. Prior to 1945, they tended to focus on the economic issues associated with industrialization and urbanization. During

994-629: A written statement by then PRSSA President Raúl Vidal y Sepulveda in support of H.R. 2499 during a House Natural Resources Committee hearing on June 24, 2009. As of May 2009, the PRSSA's official group on Facebook , "Statehood for Puerto Rico", has over 6,000 members. Think tank A think tank , or public policy institute, is a research institute that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy , political strategy , economics , military , technology , and culture . Most think tanks are non-governmental organizations , but some are semi-autonomous agencies within

1065-586: Is a global think tank that works on issues such as Water Diplomacy , Peace and Conflict and Foresight (futures studies) . Think tanks with a development focus include those like the National Centre for Cold-chain Development ('NCCD'), which serve to bring an inclusive policy change by supporting the Planning Commission and related government bodies with industry-specific inputs – in this case, set up at

1136-633: Is collaboration between policy institutes in different countries. For instance, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace operates offices in Washington, D.C. , Beijing , Beirut , Brussels and formerly in Moscow , where it was closed in April 2022. The Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) at the University of Pennsylvania , led by James McGann , annually rates policy institutes worldwide in

1207-452: Is done in public think tanks. There is a strong emphasis on the knowledge-based economy and, according to one respondent, think tank research is generally considered high quality. Japan has over 100 think tanks, most of which cover not only policy research but also economy, technology and so on. Some are government related, but most of the think tanks are sponsored by the private sector. Institute of World Economics and Politics (IWEP) at

1278-664: Is to maintain analytical and research support for the President of Kazakhstan. Most Malaysian think tanks are related either to the government or a political party. Historically they focused on defense, politics and policy. However, in recent years, think tanks that focus on international trade, economics, and social sciences have also been founded. Notable think tanks in Malaysia include: Pakistan's think tanks mainly revolve around social policy, internal politics, foreign security issues, and regional geo-politics. Most of these are centered on

1349-466: The Cold War , many more American and other Western think tanks were established, which often guided government Cold War policy. Since 1991, more think tanks have been established in non-Western parts of the world. More than half of all think tanks that exist today were established after 1980. As of 2023, there are more than 11,000 think tanks around the world. According to historian Jacob Soll , while

1420-604: The Society of Mary . The school is accredited by the American Bar Association and is a member of the Association of American Law Schools . The school's 2023 class is made up of students from across the country, with 63% coming from places other than Ohio , with the then school’s acceptance rate being 34.30%, and the average student LSAT score being 155 and GPA being 3.61. For 2020, the first time bar examination pass rate

1491-418: The University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez and featured former PRSSA President José Cabrera. Recently, the PRSSA chapter at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez created a radio program, "La Mirilla Colegial", where PRSSA members discuss statehood, H.R. 2499, and current events. In addition, the chapter at Florida International University hosted a lecture by Maurice Ferré on Puerto Rico and its role in

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1562-477: The 1950s, the phrase "think tank" did not refer to organizations. From its first appearances in the 1890s up to the 1950s, the phrase was most commonly used in American English to colloquially refer to the braincase or especially in a pejorative context to the human brain itself when commenting on an individual's failings (in the sense that something was wrong with that person's "think tank"). Around 1958,

1633-421: The 1980s as a result of globalization, the end of the Cold War , and the emergence of transnational problems. Two-thirds of all the think tanks that exist today were established after 1970 and more than half were established since 1980. The effect of globalisation on the proliferation of think tanks is most evident in regions such as Africa, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and parts of Southeast Asia, where there

1704-617: The 2008 New Progressive Party Convention in the Condado Plaza Hotel of San Juan, Puerto Rico. This was followed by a PRSSA-led student registration drive in 22 colleges and universities throughout Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rico State Elections Commission reported in September 2008 that over 200,000 students registered to vote for the first time, a result of the efforts by the PRSSA and other pro-statehood organizations. On October 8, 2008, PRSSA founder and first president Kenneth McClintock

1775-518: The 20th century, such institutes were found primarily in the United States, along with much smaller numbers in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Western Europe. Although think tanks had also existed in Japan for some time, they generally lacked independence, having close associations with government ministries or corporations. There has been a veritable proliferation of "think tanks" around the world that began during

1846-613: The Foundation of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan was created in 2003. IWEP activities aimed at research problems of the world economy, international relations, geopolitics, security, integration and Eurasia, as well as the study of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its contribution to the establishment and strengthening of Kazakhstan as an independent state,

1917-578: The Philippines could be generally categorized in terms of their linkages with the national government. Several were set up by the Philippine government for the specific purpose of providing research input into the policy-making process. Sri Lanka has a number of think tanks that are in the form of governmental, non-governmental and corporate organizations. There are several think tanks in Singapore that advise

1988-572: The Puerto Rico Senate in 1992, helped steer this new incarnation of the PRSSA. Ramos, a student at the University of Pennsylvania and the son of former Puerto Rico Senator Oreste Ramos , presided over the Association from 1993 to 1995 and organized the absentee voting campaign for the 1993 status plebiscite in Puerto Rico. Carrasquillo then presided over the PRSSA from 1995 to 1997 and coordinated

2059-416: The United States. The PRSSA has been actively promoting The Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2009, HR 2499 by directly appealing to the members of Congress through meetings and talks. Raul Vidal y Sepulveda, President of the PRSSA, has led and organized this effort, successfully gathering support from different members of Congress and other members of different political sectors. The PRSSA has also established

2130-563: The University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras. Organized by former Rio Piedras Chapter Vice President and President José F. Rovira this conference featured former New Progressive Party senator José Garriga Picó as moderator. Another "Tertulia Estadista" organized by former Rio Piedras Chapter President Efrain Rivera was held at the University of Puerto Rico- Rio Piedras on April 29, 2009, featured Garriga Picó and economist Carlos Colón De Armas. A "tertulia" on H.R. 2499 took place on December 3, 2009, in

2201-452: The absentee voting campaign that contributed to the reelection of then-Governor Pedro Rosselló in 1996. The organization returned to inactivity after 1997. José Cabrera and William-José Vélez reactivated the PRSSA in November 2007. On that same year, Javier Aguilú, an undergraduate student at the University of Central Florida, joined forces and helped the organization gain momentum. Cabrera,

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2272-538: The actions of think tanks and potentially bypass the political process, analysing the social background and values of those who work in think tanks. Pautz criticizes this viewpoint because there is in practice a variety of viewpoints in think tanks and argues it dismisses the influence that ideas can have. In some cases, corporate interests, military interests and political groups have found it useful to create policy institutes, advocacy organizations, and think tanks. For example, The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition

2343-861: The association's first president from August 1979 to June 1980, when he graduated from the Tulane University Law School . McClintock was responsible for establishing the PRSSA throughout stateside colleges and universities during his tenure. PRSSA grew to over 500 members and 35 chapters throughout the United States. McClintock also organized the first PRSSA Convention in the now defunct Cerromar Hotel in Vega Alta, Puerto Rico . The three-day convention featured then-congressman and future Senator Paul Simon as keynote speaker, as well as then-Governor Carlos Romero Barceló , statehood patriarch and former Governor Luis A. Ferré and McClintock's predecessor as Secretary of State, Pedro Vázquez, as speakers. Fortuño,

2414-458: The behest of the government to direct cold chain development. Some think tanks have a fixed set of focus areas and they work towards finding out policy solutions to social problems in the respective areas. Initiatives such as National e-Governance Plan (to automate administrative processes) and National Knowledge Network (NKN) (for data and resource sharing amongst education and research institutions), if implemented properly, should help improve

2485-440: The campus administration that were deemed undemocratic by students. On November 4, 2008, former PRSSA president Luis Fortuño and PRSSA founding member Pedro Pierluisi were elected Governor and Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , respectively. On November 11, 2008, Governor-elect Fortuño appointed former PRSSA president Kenneth McClintock as Secretary of State of his upcoming administration. On January 2, 2009, Fortuño

2556-747: The capital, Islamabad . One such think tank is the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), which focuses on policy advocacy and research particularly in the area of environment and social development. Another policy research institute based in Islamabad is the Institute of Social and Policy Sciences (I-SAPS) which works in the fields of education, health, disaster risk reduction, governance , conflict and stabilization. Since 2007 - 2008, I-SAPS has been analyzing public expenditure of federal and provincial governments. Think tanks in

2627-566: The church spans from Charlemagne all the way to the 17th century, when the kings of France were still arguing about whether they had the right to appoint bishops and receive a cut of their income." Soll cites as an early example the Académie des frères Dupuy , created in Paris around 1620 by the brothers Pierre and Jacques Dupuy and also known after 1635 as the cabinet des frères Dupuy . The Club de l'Entresol , active in Paris between 1723 and 1731,

2698-616: The construction of a discourse coalition with a common aim, citing the example of deregulation of trucking, airlines, and telecommunications in the 1970s. Plejwe argues that this deregulation represented a discourse coalition between the Ford Motor Company , FedEx , neo-liberal economists, the Brookings Institution and the American Enterprise Institute . Elite theory considers how an "elite" influence

2769-417: The country. PILT offers courses in patent law, copyright and trademark law, business dimensions of intellectual property law, cyberspace law, entertainment law and the impact of technology on the practice of law. Collaborations with Emerson and LexisNexis provide hands-on experience in areas of data security and privacy, product liability, regulation and developing new legal products and services. Through

2840-596: The day of the primary, the PRSSA websites provided live results to thousands of people throughout the United States and Puerto Rico and received more than 30,000 visits. The PRSSA then began an inscription campaign for the November 2008 Puerto Rican general elections during the summer of 2008. On August 11, 2008, the PRSSA held an Absentee Vote Inscription Party in Shannan's Pub of Guaynabo, Puerto Rico, which featured PRSSA founders and NPP candidates Luis Fortuño and Pedro Pierluisi . The Association then held an exhibition during

2911-568: The development of international cooperation and the promotion of peace and stability. The Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the RK (KazISS) was established by the Decree of the President of RK on 16 June 1993. Since its foundation the main mission of the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as a national think tank,

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2982-607: The donors' priorities." Ghana's first president, Kwame Nkrumah , set up various state-supported think tanks in the 1960s. By the 1990s, a variety of policy research centers sprang up in Africa set up by academics who sought to influence public policy in Ghana. One such think tank was The Institute of Economic Affairs, Ghana , which was founded in 1989 when the country was ruled by the Provisional National Defence Council . The IEA undertakes and publishes research on

3053-469: The event. The reception provided an opportunity for the young statehooders to begin collaboration with elected officials, professionals, and academics for the purpose of lobbying for a self-determination bill in Congress. Next the PRSSA Chapters began a series of informal discussions on statehood, called "Tertulias Estadistas", throughout Puerto Rico's universities. One of these, held on April 1, 2009, at

3124-437: The experts they fund for future government jobs, while others want to push specific areas of research or education." McGann distinguishes think tanks based on independence, source of funding and affiliation, grouping think tanks into autonomous and independent, quasi-independent, government affiliated, quasi-governmental, university affiliated, political-party affiliated or corporate. A new trend, resulting from globalization,

3195-633: The field they plan to enter. The law school offers both Master of Laws (LL.M.) and Master in the Study of Law (M.S.L.) degrees. Through the M.S.L. program students are provided with an overview of the legal field and how it impacts various career fields. In the Government Contracting and Procurement Program students learn the skills necessary to enter or advance in the contracting and procurement field. The Online LL.M. allows students to earn their second degree in law online without taking classes at

3266-761: The first organization to be regularly described in published writings as "the Think Tank" (note the title case and the use of the definite article ) was the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences . However, the Center does not count itself as and is not perceived to be a think tank in the contemporary sense. During the 1960s, the phrase "think tank" was attached more broadly to meetings of experts, electronic computers , and independent military planning organizations. The prototype and most prominent example of

3337-466: The government on various policies and as well as private ones for corporations within the region. Many of them are hosted within the local public educational institutions. University of Dayton School of Law The University of Dayton School of Law (UDSL) is a private law school located in Dayton, Ohio at Keller Hall. It is affiliated with the University of Dayton , which is a Catholic university of

3408-457: The law and sustainability. The law school offers students the ability to take concentrations in seven different areas: Business Law & Compliance, Civil Advocacy & Dispute Resolution, Criminal Law, Human & Civil Rights Law, Law & Sustainability, Law & Technology and Personal & Family Law. The concentrations allow students to develop their skills and knowledge in those specific areas in an effort to give them better training in

3479-704: The law school's campus. Through the On Campus LL.M. students attend the law school to earn their second degree in law. In the Korea Program, professors from the law school go to Korea to teach students about U.S. law. According to Dayton Law's official 2023 ABA-required disclosures, 91.9% of the Class of 2022 obtained full-time, long-term, bar passage-required or J.D. preferred employment ten months after graduation, excluding solo-practitioners, with 81.39% obtaining bar passage-required employment (i.e. as attorneys). Ohio

3550-476: The more established think tanks, created during the Cold War , are focused on international affairs, security studies, and foreign policy. Think tanks vary by ideological perspectives, sources of funding, topical emphasis and prospective consumers. Funding may also represent who or what the institution wants to influence; in the United States, for example, "Some donors want to influence votes in Congress or shape public opinion, others want to position themselves or

3621-724: The quality of work done by think tanks. Some notable think tanks in India include: Over 50 think tanks have emerged in Iraq, particularly in the Kurdistan Region. Iraq's leading think tank is the Middle East Research Institute (MERI), based in Erbil. MERI is an independent non-governmental policy research organization, established in 2014 and publishes in English, Kurdish, and Arabic. It

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3692-563: The questions of the federal government." In the early 1920s, fascist and other far-right think tanks appeared in the Netherlands . After 1945, the number of policy institutes increased, with many small new ones forming to express various issues and policy agendas. Until the 1940s, most think tanks were known only by the name of the institution. During the Second World War, think tanks were often referred to as "brain boxes". Before

3763-509: The school's current location, Joseph E. Keller Hall, was opened. Through a hybrid J.D. program, students are able to take most of their classes online, coming to campus for only a weekend each semester. The program received approval from the American Bar Association and started in 2019. In 1989, the law school created the Program in Law and Technology (PILT), one of the first programs of its kind in

3834-536: The sixth president in June 2009 and has organized a campaign in support of HR 2499 , the Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2009. He later assumed the post of Assistant Secretary for International Affairs in Puerto Rico's Department of Economic Development and Commerce. Now he is a partner in the private economic development consulting firm, Brickstone Holdings, LLC. The PRSSA waged a voter registration campaign during

3905-525: The term "think tank" is modern, with its origin "traced to the humanist academies and scholarly networks of the 16th and 17th centuries," Soll writes that, "in Europe, the origins of think tanks go back to the 800s when emperors and kings began arguing with the Catholic Church about taxes. A tradition of hiring teams of independent lawyers to advise monarchs about their financial and political prerogatives against

3976-511: The think tank; employing former policy-makers; or preparing studies for policy makers. The role of think tanks has been conceptualized through the lens of social theory. Plehwe argues that think tanks function knowledge actors within a network of relationships with other knowledge actors. Such relationships including citing academics in publications or employing them on advisory boards, as well as relationships with media, political groups and corporate funders. They argue that these links allow for

4047-475: The third category was the RAND Corporation , which was founded in 1946 as an offshoot of Douglas Aircraft and became an independent corporation in 1948. In the 1970s, the phrase became more specifically defined in terms of RAND and others. During the 1980s and 1990s, the phrase evolved again to arrive at its broader contemporary meaning of an independent public policy research institute. For most of

4118-618: The transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997, more think tanks were established by various groups of intellectuals and professionals. They have various missions and objectives including promoting civic education; undertaking research on economic, social and political policies; and promoting "public understanding of and participation in the political, economic, and social development of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ". Think tanks in Hong Kong include: India has

4189-597: The winter of 2007–2008 in preparation for the March 2008 primaries of the New Progressive Party, Puerto Rico's pro-statehood party. PRSSA helped mobilize thousands of student votes in Puerto Rico and outside Puerto Rico through absentee balloting. The PRSSA's websites also served as an information center for voters, including electoral status verification tools, voter registration requirements, locations of electoral colleges, and frequently asked questions. On March 9, 2008,

4260-542: The world's second-largest number of think tanks . Most are based in New Delhi, and a few are government-sponsored. There are few think tanks that promote environmentally responsible and climate resilient ideas like Centre for Science and Environment , Centre for Policy Research and World Resources Institute . There are other prominent think tanks like Observer Research Foundation , Tillotoma Foundation and Centre for Civil Society . In Mumbai, Strategic Foresight Group

4331-509: Was 83.21%. The School of Law was first established as the University of Dayton College of Law in 1922 under the guidance of Dean John C. Shea, the former first assistant director of law for Dayton . The college’s first class included two women and one African American. Economic issues during the Great Depression led the law school to close its doors in 1935. The law school reopened in September 1974 under its current name. In July 1997,

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4402-459: Was a concerted effort by other countries to assist in the creation of independent public policy research organizations. A survey performed by the Foreign Policy Research Institute's Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program underscores the significance of this effort and documents the fact that most of the think tanks in these regions have been established since 1992. As of 2014 , there were more than 11,000 of these institutions worldwide. Many of

4473-427: Was another prominent example of an early independent think tank focusing on public policy and current affairs, especially economics and foreign affairs. Several major current think tanks were founded in the 19th century. The Royal United Services Institute was founded in 1831 in London , and the Fabian Society in 1884. The oldest United States –based think tank, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ,

4544-405: Was constituted to promote the discussion of Puerto Rico's political status dilemma in mainland United States colleges and universities, promote statehood for America's largest territory and facilitate absentee balloting in the islands' elections for the estimated 15,000 young voting residents of Puerto Rico registered in college campuses throughout the states and Washington, DC. McClintock served as

4615-425: Was established in the Guangdong province. In 2009 the China Center for International Economic Exchanges was founded. In Hong Kong, early think tanks established in the late 1980s and early 1990s focused on political development, including the first direct Legislative Council members election in 1991 and the political framework of " One Country, Two Systems ", manifested in the Sino-British Joint Declaration . After

4686-474: Was formed in the mid-1990s to dispute research finding an association between second-hand smoke and cancer . Military contractors may spend a portion of their tender on funding pro-war think tanks. According to an internal memorandum from Philip Morris Companies referring to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), "The credibility of the EPA is defeatable, but not on the basis of ETS [ environmental tobacco smoke ] alone,... It must be part of

4757-412: Was founded in Washington, D.C. , in 1910 by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie . Carnegie charged trustees to use the fund to "hasten the abolition of international war, the foulest blot upon our civilization." The Brookings Institution was founded shortly thereafter in 1916 by Robert S. Brookings and was conceived as a bipartisan "research center modeled on academic institutions and focused on addressing

4828-413: Was listed in the global ranking by the United States's Lauder Institute of the University of Pennsylvania as 46th in the Middle East. There are many think tank teams in Israel, including: In South Korea , think tanks are prolific and influential and are a government go-to. Think tanks are prolific in the Korean landscape. Many policy research organisations in Korea focus on economoy and most research

4899-586: Was sworn in as the ninth elected Governor of Puerto Rico and McClintock was sworn in as the 22nd Secretary of State of Puerto Rico. Following the election, the PRSSA began lobbying Congress for a self-determination referendum for Puerto Rico. The PRSSA then held a reception on January 19, 2009, with Puerto Rico State Secretary Kenneth McClintock and Puerto Rico Senate President Thomas Rivera Schatz in Washington, DC. Jeffrey Farrow, former co-chair of President Bill Clinton 's Working Group on Puerto Rico and former Congressman Robert García of New York also attended

4970-445: Was the guest speaker during the inauguration ceremony of the PRSSA's University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Chapter, in what constitutes a rare appearance by a New Progressive Party leader at the campus. Previously, the PRSSA had publicly manifested support for the permanence of the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) near campus grounds. The PRSSA and other local campus organizations also opposed new student regulations presented by

5041-423: Was the primary employment destination for 2022 Dayton Law graduates, with 52.3% of employed 2022 graduates working in the state. Tuition at Dayton Law for traditional first-year residential students is $ 38,425 for the 2023-2024 academic year. Books and supplies are estimated at $ 1,500. Living and personal expenses are estimated at $ 17,000. The total cost of attendance at Dayton Law for the 2023-2024 academic year

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