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38-571: Puduḫepa was born at the beginning of the 13th century BC in the city of Lawazantiya in Kizzuwatna (i.e. Cilicia , a region south of the Hittite kingdom). Her father Bentepsharri was the head priest of the tutelary divinity of the city, Shaushka (identified with the Mesopotamian Ishtar ), and Puduḫepa grew up to exercise the function of priestess of this same goddess . On his return from

76-505: A common hanfu accessory being used by Hanfu enthusiasts since the Hanfu Movement . It comes in variety of styles, shapes, and materials. Aboriginal Tasmanian women have been making shell necklaces from maireener ( Phasianotrochus irisodontes ) shells for at least 2,600 years, with some major collections in museums. The continuation of the practice is being threatened by reducing supply, and sixth-generation Palawa woman Lola Greeno

114-540: A court necklace called chaozhu ( Chinese : 朝珠 ) , was worn by the Qing dynasty emperors and other members of the imperial family. The court necklace originated from a Buddhist rosary sent in 1643 by the Dalai Lama to the first emperor of the Qing dynasty. The necklace is composed of 108 small beads, with 4 large beads of contrasting stones to symbolize the 4 seasons, and was placed between groups of 27 beads. The necklace

152-596: A deficit of gold, and wrought patterns and animal forms into neck-rings. In the Gothic period necklaces were uncommon, though there are a few records of diamond, ruby, and pearl necklaces. It was not until the adoption of lower necklines later in the Middle Ages that necklaces became common. 1400–1500 : During the Renaissance it was fashionable for men to wear a number of chains, plaques, and pendants around their necks, and by

190-801: A necklace is the band, chain , or cord that wraps around the neck. These are most often rendered in precious metals such as gold , silver , and platinum. Necklaces often have additional attachments suspended or inset into the necklace itself. These attachments typically include pendants, lockets, amulets, crosses, and precious and semiprecious materials such as diamond , pearls , rubies , emeralds , garnets , and sapphires . They are made with many different type of materials and are used for many things and sometimes classified as clothing. Prehistoric peoples often used natural materials such as feathers, bone, shells, and plant materials to create necklaces. Evidence of early Upper Paleolithic necklace making in southern Africa and east Africa dates back to 50,000 BP . By

228-598: A resurgence of pearl necklaces, in addition to a dog-collar style of necklace made of gold or platinum with inset diamonds, emeralds, or rubies. The Art Nouveau movement inspired symbolic, abstract designs with natural and animal motifs. The materials used – glass, porcelain, bronze, ivory, mother of pearl, horn, and enamel – were not used for their value, but for their appearance. 1910–1970: Chanel popularised costume jewellery , and ropes of glass beads were common. The Art Deco movement created chunky, geometric jewellery that combined multiple types of gems and steel. By

266-539: A shorter necklace, brooches , and a bracelet. Highly embellished Gothic style necklaces from England reflected the crenelations, vertical lines and high relief of the cathedrals. Empress Eugénie popularised bare décolletage with multiple necklaces on the throat, shoulders, and bosom. There was also an interest in antiquity; mosaic jewellery and Roman and Greek necklaces were reproduced. Machine-made jewellery and electroplating allowed for an influx of inexpensive imitation necklaces. 1870–1910: The Edwardian era saw

304-571: A simple strand of pearls or delicately linked and embellished strands of metal with small stones. Later in the century, after the invention of new diamond cutting techniques, priority was for the first time given to the jewels themselves, not their settings; it was common for jewels to be pinned to black velvet ribbons. Miniatures also grew in popularity, and were often made into portrait pendants or lockets . 1700–1800: Portrait pendants were still worn, and in extravagantly jeweled settings. The newly wealthy bourgeoisie delighted in jewellery, and

342-797: A variety of precious and semi-precious materials were also commonly strung together to create necklaces. Gold that was fashioned into stylised plant, animal, and insect shapes were common as well. Amulets were also turned into necklaces. In Ancient Crete necklaces were worn by all classes; peasants wore stones on flax thread while the wealthy wore beads of agate, pearl , carnelian, amethyst , and rock crystal . Pendants shaped into birds, animals, and humans were also worn, in addition to paste beads. In Ancient Greece , delicately made gold necklaces created with repoussé and plaited gold wires were worn. Most often these necklaces were ornamented with blue or green enameled rosettes, animal shapes, or vase-shaped pendants that were often detailed with fringes. It

380-553: Is not a Great King," then you do not know the status of Babylon.’ After the death of Hattusili, the role of Puduḫepa expanded under the reign of her son Tudhaliya IV , under the title of goddess-queen . She was involved in judicial matters to the point of intervening in legal cases . She was also a priestess who worked on organising and rationalising Hittite religion . Her daughters were Queen Maathorneferure of Egypt and Princess Kiluš-Ḫepa. Queen Nefertari of Egypt sent gifts to Puduḫepa: The great Queen Naptera (Nefertari) of

418-413: The changmingsuo protect children from evil spirits and bad luck by locking its wearer's soul and life inside of the lock. The changmingsuo is often made with precious materials, such as gold, silver, and jade, and having auspicious words carved on it. This form of necklace continues to be worn in present-days China. Yingluo ( simplified Chinese : 璎珞 ; traditional Chinese : 瓔珞 )

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456-573: The Age of Enlightenment gowns often featured a neck ruffle which women accented with neck ribbons rather than traditional necklaces, but some women did wear chokers inlaid with rubies and diamonds. Seed pearls were introduced to the United States during the Federalist Era , leading to an increase in lacy pearl necklaces. 1800–1870: The low necklines of the court gowns fashionable at this time led to

494-546: The Battle of Kadesh , the Hittite general Hattusili met Puduḫepa and, it was said, Ishtar instructed him to find in her love and companionship, decreeing that they would enjoy the 'love of being a spouse to each other.' She accompanied him then to the kingdom of Hapissa . For Puduḫepa it was an advantageous match. Although Hattusili was most likely much older than her and already had numerous lovers and concubines, Puduḫepa became first among them all. When her spouse successfully rose to

532-587: The Bronze Age metallic jewellery had replaced pre-metallic adornments. Necklaces were first depicted in statuary and art of the Ancient Near East , and early necklaces made of precious metals with inset stones were created in Europe. In Ancient Mesopotamia , cylinder seals were often strung and worn as jewellery. In Ancient Babylon , necklaces were made of carnelian , lapis lazuli , agate , and gold , which

570-516: The Near East. Later in the empire, following barbarian invasions, colorful and gaudy jewellery became popular. In the Byzantine era , ropes of pearls and embossed gold chains were most often worn, but new techniques such as the use of niello allowed for necklaces with brighter, more predominant gemstones . The Early Byzantine Era also saw a shift to distinctly Christian jewellery which displayed

608-573: The 13th century BC, Hattušili III met and married Pudu-Heba , daughter of Pentipšarri, a priest of Šauška, in Lawazantiya. She was a strong promoter of Kizzuwatnean cults and traditions. For the Festival for Teššup and Ḫebat of Lawazantiya, see CTH 699. The city is known to have been part of the Kizzuwatna region. Gojko Barjamovic considers Luḫuzatia and Lawazantiya to be two separate localities, with

646-615: The 1960s costume jewellery was widely worn, which resulted in seasonal, ever-changing styles of necklaces and other jewellery. Fine jewellery that was common in this period included wholly geometric or organically shaped silver necklaces, and precious gems set in platinum or gold necklaces inspired by the time of the French Empire . Love beads (a single strand of stone or glass beads) and pendant necklaces (most often made of leather cords or metal chains with metal pendants) became popular and were worn mostly by men. In Qing dynasty China ,

684-407: The Hittite throne by defeating his nephew Mursili III in a civil war instigated by Hattusili around 1286 BC, Puduḫepa ascended the throne with him, becoming tawananna , or queen. Puduḫepa had an important role in the Hittite court and international diplomacy of the period. She would appear constantly by the side of her spouse as he made his rulings and decisions. It appears, however, that she

722-525: The Old Assyrian documents as a trading colony in Kaniš , where the place Luḫuzatia is often mentioned, which is common to Lawazantiya. In the late 17th century BC, Lawazantiya was a target for Hittite expansion to the sea and the base of the military campaigns of Ḫattušili I (c. 1620 BC). He went northeast attacking Urshu and Hassu , which then got aid from Halap (Aleppo) and Carchemish . In Hittite texts

760-621: The brotherly relationship between the Egyptian king, the Great King, and his brother, the Hatti King, the Great King, last for ever... See, I have sent you a gift, in order to greet you, my sister... for your neck (a necklace ) of pure gold , composed of 12 bands and weighing 88 shekels , coloured linen maklalu-material, for one royal dress for the king... A total of 12 linen garments.’ Lawazantiya Lawazantiya ( La-wa(-az)-za-an-ti-ya)

798-598: The city is known as Lawazantiya (also: Lahuwazantiya , Lauwanzantiya or Lahuzzandiya ), in Ugarit as Lwsnd and in Assyrian Annals as Lusanda . There is a Hittite document entitled "Festival of Teššub and Ḫebat of Lawazantiya" which has the king calling these deities in to open the spring festival. In the Telipinu Edict that Hittite ruler (c. 1525-1500 BC) reports that the city had rebelled and been retaken. In

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836-584: The cultural integration of foreign (non-Chinese) culture and the native Chinese culture due to the special characteristics of its geography. The yingluo eventually evolved from an ornament in Buddhist arts and eventually became an actual necklace by the Tang dynasty . The yingluo then became a classical form of necklace in Chinese society throughout centuries. It continues to be worn in present-day, especially as

874-448: The end of the 15th century the wealthiest men would wear great, shoulder covering collars inlaid with gems. Women typically wore simpler pieces, such as gold chains, or strung beads or pearls. By the end of the period, larger, more heavily adorned pieces were common among the wealthy, particularly in Italy. 1500–1600 : Long pearl ropes and chains with precious stones were commonly worn. In

912-650: The former locating in Elbistan . Meanwhile Lawazantiya might be located at Sirkeli Höyük . Tatarli Höyük has also been proposed as the location based on cylinder and stamp seals found at that site. Necklace A necklace is an article of jewellery that is worn around the neck . Necklaces may have been one of the earliest types of adornment worn by humans. They often serve ceremonial , religious , magical , or funerary purposes and are also used as symbols of wealth and status, given that they are commonly made of precious metals and stones. The main component of

950-588: The land of Egypt speaks thus: ʻSpeak to my sister Puduḫepa, the Great Queen of the Hatti land. I, your sister, (also) be well!! May your country be well. Now, I have learned that you, my sister, have written to me asking after my health. You have written to me because of the good friendship and brotherly relationship between your brother, the king of Egypt , The Great and the Storm God will bring about peace , and he will make

988-463: The latter half of the century, natural adornments, such as coral and pearl, were joined with enamel and metals to create intricate pendants. Heavily jeweled, delicately framed cameo pendants were popular as well. Chokers , last worn commonly in antiquity , also made a resurgence at this time. 1600–1700: Few men in the Baroque period wore jewellery, and for women necklaces were unsophisticated, often

1026-464: The many types of jewellery worn by the Roman elite. Gold and silver necklaces were often ornamented with foreign and semi-precious objects such as amber , pearl , amethyst , sapphire , and diamond . In addition, ropes of pearls, gold plates inset with enamel, and lustrous stones set in gold filigree were often worn. Many large necklaces and the materials that adorned the necklaces were imported from

1064-612: The new Christian iconography. 2000 BC – AD 400 : Bronze amulets embossed with coral were common. In Celtic and Gallic Europe, the most popular necklace was the heavy metal torc , made most often out of bronze, but sometimes out of silver, gold, or glass or amber beads. AD 400 – 1300 : Early European barbarian groups favored wide, intricate gold collars not unlike the torc. Germanic tribes often wore gold and silver pieces with complex detailing and inlaid with colored glass and semi-precious stones, especially garnet. Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian groups worked mainly in silver, due to

1102-420: The new imitation stones and imitation gold allowed them more access to the necklaces of the time. In the early part of the century, the dominant styles were a velvet ribbon with suspended pendants and the rivière necklace , a single row of large precious stones. By mid-century colorful, whimsical necklaces made of real and imitation gems were popular, and the end of the century saw a neo-Classical resurgence. In

1140-413: The offing with Puduḫepa matchmaking Kadashman-Enlil's betrothal to one of her daughters. A princess of Babylon was married into the Hittite royal family . This would have been a daughter or sister of King Kudur-Enlil and the news elicited contempt from Ramesses II , who apparently no longer regarded Babylon as politically significant. Puduḫepa replied in a letter, ‘If you say "The king of Babylon

1178-568: The use of large necklaces set with precious jewels. In Napoleon 's court that ancient Greek style was fashionable, and women wore strands of pearls or gold chains with cameos and jewels. In the Romantic period necklaces were extravagant: it was fashionable to wear a tight, gem-encrusted collar with matching jewel pendants attached and rosettes of gems with pearl borders. It was also common to wear jeweled brooches attached to neck ribbons. Some necklaces were made to be dismantled and reconfigured into

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1216-533: Was a major Bronze Age city in the Kingdom of Kizzuwatna and the cultic city of the goddess Šauška . It was famous for its temple that got purification water from its seven springs. Today the best candidate for the site is Tatarli Höyük which is known for its seven springs. During the Old Assyrian Trade Network into Anatolia it was mentioned as Luhuzantiya . The earliest mention of the city comes from

1254-613: Was a ring-like neck ornament or fashionable necklace which was originally a Buddhist ornament depicted in Buddhist arts (e.g. sculptures and paintings) in China; the yingluo have roots in ancient India where its earlier prototype is the Indian ornament keyūra. The depictions of the keyūra was introduced in China along with Buddhism . The depictions of yingluo in China, such as those found in Dunhuang , evolved in shape and styles showing

1292-485: Was a role that had never been performed by a Hittite queen before. She played an important role in diplomacy with Ancient Egypt . Extensive correspondence bearing Puduḫepa's seal survives, communicating several times with the king of Egypt Ramesses II as he signed a peace treaty with Hattusili, in which Hattusili agrees that two of his daughters should go to Egypt to marry Ramesses. A diplomatic marriage between King Kadashman-Enlil II of Babylonia may have been in

1330-535: Was also common to wear long gold chains with suspended cameos and small containers of perfume. New elements were introduced in the Hellenistic period ; colored stones allowed for poly-chromatic pieces, and animal-head finials and spear-like or bud shaped pendants were hung from chains. Ancient Etruscans used granulation to create granulated gold beads which were strung with glass and faience beads to create colorful necklaces. In Ancient Rome necklaces were among

1368-455: Was also made into gold chains . Ancient Sumerians created necklaces and beads from gold, silver, lapis lazuli and carnelian. In Ancient Egypt , a number of different necklace types were worn. Upper-class Ancient Egyptians wore collars of organic or semi-precious and precious materials for religious, celebratory, and funerary purposes. These collars were often ornamented with semi-precious, glass, pottery, and hollow beads. Beads made from

1406-505: Was also practical as it could be used for mathematical calculations in the absence of an abacus. In China , there is a custom of wearing a necklace with a longevity lock pendant. These lock charms were sometimes personally tied around the necks of children by Buddhist or Taoist priests. The longevity lock is known as changmingsuo ( lit. 'longevity lock') and is an important form of amulet for children for thousand of years in Chinese culture. According to Chinese beliefs,

1444-464: Was portrayed reigning hand in hand with her spouse rather than subservient to the king. Puduḫepa had the use of her own seal, controlled the domestic arrangements of the royal palaces, and judged court cases. Blending religion and politics, she reorganized the vast pantheon of Hittite deities. From the royal palace in the newly rebuilt capital city of Hattusa, Puduḫepa used her sons and daughters to ensure Hittite ascendancy and to cement alliances. This

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