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71-605: Psikhushkas were already in use by the end of the 1940s (see Alexander Esenin-Volpin ), continuing into the Khrushchev Thaw period of the 1960s. On April 29, 1969, the head of the KGB , Yuri Andropov submitted to the Central Committee of CPSU a plan for the creation of a network of specialized "psychiatric hospitals" run by the KGB. The official Soviet psychiatric science came up with

142-702: A “candidate” dissertation in mathematics in the spring of 1949. After graduation, Volpin was sent to the Ukrainian city of Chernovtsy to teach mathematics at the local state university. Less than a month after his arrival in Chernovtsy he was arrested by the MGB , sent on a plane back to Moscow, and incarcerated in the Lubyanka prison . He was charged with "systematically conducting anti-Soviet agitation, writing anti-Soviet poems, and reading them to acquaintances." Apprehensive about

213-439: A broadcast on the topic; Esenin-Volpin was released almost immediately thereafter. Vladimir Bukovsky was quoted as saying that Volpin's diagnosis was "pathological honesty". In 1968, Esenin-Volpin circulated his famous "Памятка для тех, кому предстоят допросы" (Memo for those who expect to be interrogated) widely used by fellow dissidents. In 1969, he signed the first Appeal to The UN Committee for Human Rights , drafted by

284-468: A cosmopolitan community, Chernivtsi was once dubbed "Little Vienna " and " Jerusalem upon the Prut ". The city is a major regional rail and road transportation hub, also housing an international airport . Aside from its Ukrainian name of Chernivtsi, the city is also known by several different names in various languages, which still are used by the respective population groups much as they used to be throughout

355-408: A lecture of his. He asked me to be more specific. I then proceeded to start with 2 and asked him whether this is “real” or something to that effect. He virtually immediately said yes. Then I asked about 2 , and he again said yes, but with a perceptible delay. Then 2 , and yes, but with more delay. This continued for a couple of more times, till it was obvious how he was handling this objection. Sure, he

426-499: A legendary " glasnost meeting" ("митинг гласности"), a demonstration at Pushkin Square in the center of Moscow demanding an open and fair trial for the arrested writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel . The leaflets written by Volpin and distributed through samizdat asserted that the accusations and their closed-door trial were in violation of the 1936 Soviet Constitution and the more recent RSFSR Criminal Procedural Code. The meeting

497-632: A remarkable literary production in German began in this period, featuring most prominently Karl Emil Franzos . During the 19th and early 20th century, Chernivtsi became a center of both Romanian and Ukrainian national movements. In 1908, it was the site of the first Yiddish language conference, the Czernowitz Conference , coordinated by Nathan Birnbaum . When Austria-Hungary dissolved in 1918, followed by two years of political uncertainty in Europe due to

568-436: A resting point for refugees on their way to nearby Romania . Some Chernivtsi residents have also left the country. The Chernivtsi coat of arms is framed by a bronze ornamental cartouche, and a red heraldic shield depicting an open stone gate with a figured trident in the middle. Under the gate, there are two crossed laurel branches, tied with ribbons. The crown of the symbol is the stone crown. The Chernivtsi flag consists of

639-489: A tree, the top, and a rectangular cloth, the front of which forms framed by a red tooth-like ornament white background with an inscription in Ukrainian in the center, over which there is inscribed in Ukrainian: "Chernivtsi". Under the coat of arms, there is the sign "1408" – the date of the first written mention of the city. On both sides of the coat of arms and all four corners of the field are filled with floral ornaments and with

710-613: Is 621 mm ( 24 + 1 ⁄ 2 "), with the lowest – in October and January–February, the highest – in June–July. Sometimes there are heavy rains during the summer. Snow cover is formed each winter, but its altitude is insignificant. The average wind speed ranges from 3.3 m/s (7 mph) in July to 4.0 m/s (9 mph) in January. The average annual humidity is 76%. The total area of Chernivtsi within

781-558: Is a Ukrainian-language version of the Latin Viribus Unitis ("With United Forces"), the personal motto of Franz Joseph , who personally bestowed the right to use it on Chernivtsi. This indicates a special attitude of the emperor to the city. Along with the capital of Bukovina, only the first naval ship of the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( SMS Viribus Unitis ) was honoured with such honour. The official ''Chernivtsi 600'' logo

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852-472: Is a beech branch. The obverse depicts the emblem of Chernivtsi and the inscription – "To the glory of Chernivtsi". On the reverse – the official Chernivtsi logo, designed and approved for the anniversary. The medal is awarded, according to the decision of the executive committee of the City Council, annually during the celebration of the city day. The official motto of modern Chernivtsi, "Спільними зусиллями!",

923-619: Is a city in southwestern Ukraine on the upper course of the Prut River. Formerly the capital of the historic region of Bukovina , which is now divided between Romania and Ukraine, Chernivtsi serves as the administrative center for the Chernivtsi urban hromada , the Chernivtsi Raion , and the oblast itself . In 2022, the Chernivtsi population, by estimate, is 264,298 (2022 estimate), and

994-427: Is a trumpet player who wins the trumpet tune "Marichka". In the middle of the background, there is the town hall. The former Metropolitan Residence of Bukovina and Dalmatia which is recognized as the architectural pearl of the city is pictured to the right in the background. The colour scheme of the logo represented in orange, blue and red, the name is purple. Such a combination is characteristic of tourism, which uses

1065-486: Is considered to be a "green city": the large territory is occupied by parks, squares, gardens, alleys and flower gardens. Nine objects are recognized as monuments of landscape art. The city has a botanical garden at the Yuriy Fedkovych National University with a unique orangery. Among the relict plants growing in the botanical garden, a special place is occupied by a giant Sequoiadendron . Chernivtsi

1136-427: Is located in a temperate climate zone. The climate is continental with mild winters and warm summers. The average annual temperature is +8,6 °C (47 °F), the lowest in January (-2,9 °C; 27 °F), the highest – in July (+19,8 °C; 68 °F). Winter weather usually comes on 28 November and ends 9 March; summer weather begins on 20 May, and ends on 10 September. The average annual rainfall in Chernivtsi

1207-481: Is located in the center of Chernivtsi Regional Park , which borders zakaznik "Thetzino" in the west and Mount Berda in the north. At the end of the twentieth century, the main pollutants of the Chernivtsi environment were industrial enterprises, including the MIC. In the 1990s much of them ceased to exist or significantly reduced production capacity and thus reduced industrial emissions. Despite this, 58 enterprises (38.4% of

1278-489: Is periodically released into the atmosphere of the city. Emissions from stationary sources were 7.9 tonnes per 1 km (0.39 sq mi) of Chernivtsi territory. Each inhabitant of the regional center accounts for an average of 4.8 kg (11 lb) of harmful emissions per year. In 2008, Chernivtsi established an Environmental Monitoring System (EMS), an information structure that integrates environmental monitoring organizations and industrial enterprises that pollute

1349-557: Is the Prut River in its upper reaches, which divides the city in half. Besides, there are six small streams and nine lakes within the city. The relief is characterized by significant relief dip – from 150 metres (492') above sea level in the Prut valleys to 537 metres (1762') in the western outskirts (Mount Tsetzino ), which is caused by the location on the Chernivtsi Upland . Chernivtsi

1420-635: The Austro-Hungarian monarchy, Chernivtsi enjoyed prosperity and culture as the capital of the Bukovina crown land . Until 1918, the main language of the city was German, which, in addition to the Germans, was also spoken by Jews (together they made up half the population of the city) and even partly by Ukrainians, Romanians and Poles. After World War II , the Shoah and Porajmos , and the resettlement and expulsion of

1491-680: The Habsburg Empire ; this region became known as Bukovina . The city became the region's capital, organized as the Bukovina District part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , which in 1849 was raised in status and became known as the Duchy of Bukovina , a crownland of the Austrian Empire . The city received Magdeburg rights . The city began to flourish in 1778 when Knight Karl von Enzenberg

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1562-517: The Humanist Manifesto . Abroad he again alarmed the Soviet authorities in 1977 by threatening to sue them for spreading rumours that he was mentally ill. In 2005, Esenin-Volpin participated in " They Chose Freedom ", a four-part television documentary on the history of the Soviet dissident movement. He died on March 16, 2016, aged 91. I have seen some ultrafinitists go so far as to challenge

1633-661: The Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR . In 1970, Volpin joined the Committee on Human Rights in the USSR and worked with Yuri Orlov , Andrei Sakharov and other activists. In May 1972, he emigrated to the United States , but his Soviet citizenship was not revoked as was customary at the time. He worked at Boston University . In 1973 he was one of the signers of

1704-493: The MVD , such as the infamous Daniil Luntz , who was characterized by Viktor Nekipelov as "no better than the criminal doctors who performed inhuman experiments on the prisoners in Nazi concentration camps ". The sane individuals who were diagnosed as mentally ill were sent either to a regular psychiatric hospitals or, those deemed particularly dangerous, to special ones, run directly by

1775-507: The Principality of Moldavia , one of the historic provinces of Romania ; the city being the administrative center of the homonymous ținut (county) . The name Cernăuți is first attested in a document by Alexandru cel Bun (Alexander the Good) on 8 October 1408. In Ottoman sources, the city was mentioned as "Çernovi". In 1775, the northwestern part of the territory of Moldavia was annexed by

1846-452: The 600th Anniversary of Chernivtsi (2008) in order to reward individuals who actively contributed to the prosperity of the city and its promotion in Ukraine and the world. The award is made of silver-gilt , it has a circle shape with a diameter of 28 mm (1"). The medal's strip is white with red stripes, which corresponds to the colours of the Chernivtsi flag. At the bottom of the strip, there

1917-743: The Bukovina Germans were "repatriated" according to a Soviet-Nazi agreement. Under the regime of military dictator Ion Antonescu , Romania had switched from an ally of France and Britain to one of Nazi Germany; subsequently, in July 1941, the Romanian Army retook the city as part of the Axis attack on the Soviet Union during World War II. Chernivtsi would become the capital of the Romanian Bukovina Governorate . In August 1941, Antonescu ordered

1988-508: The Kazakh town of Karaganda as a "socially dangerous element." In Karagada, he found employment as a teacher of evening and correspondence courses in mathematics. In 1953, after the death of Joseph Stalin , Volpin was released due to a general amnesty. Soon he became a known mathematician. In particular, he adhered to the philosophical theories of ultrafinitism and intuitionism and worked on development of these. In 1965, Esenin-Volpin organized

2059-1171: The MVD. The treatment included various forms of restraint, electric shocks, a range of drugs (such as narcotics , tranquilizers , and insulin ) that cause long-lasting side effects, and sometimes involved beatings. Nekipelov describes inhumane uses of medical procedures such as lumbar punctures . Notable political prisoners of psikhushkas include poet Joseph Brodsky , dissidents Leonid Plyushch , Vladimir Bukovsky , Natalya Gorbanevskaya , Alexander Esenin-Volpin , Pyotr Grigorenko , Zhores Medvedev , Viktor Nekipelov , Valeriya Novodvorskaya , Natan Sharansky , Andrei Sinyavsky , and Anatoly Koryagin , politician Konstantin Päts , and whistle blower Larisa Arap . Alexander Esenin-Volpin Alexander Sergeyevich Esenin-Volpin (also written Ésénine-Volpine and Yessenin-Volpin in his French and English publications; [Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Есе́нин-Во́льпин] Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |a= ( help ) ; May 12, 1924 – March 16, 2016)

2130-498: The Prut dates back to the time of the Principality of Halych and is thought to have been built by Grand Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl . Legendary accounts refer to this fortress-city as Chern' , or Black city ; it is said to owe its name to the black color of the city walls, built from dark oak layered with local black-colored soil . This early stronghold was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Europe by Boroldai in 1259. However,

2201-672: The Red Army, the city was reincorporated into the Ukrainian SSR. Over the following years, most of the Jews emigrated to Israel; the city was an important node in the Berihah network. Bukovina Poles were expelled by the Soviets after World War II. The city became a predominantly Ukrainian one. Since 1991, Chernivtsi has been a part of an independent Ukraine. In May 1999, Romania opened a consulate general in

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2272-405: The addition of two beech branches with nuts and leaves. The reverse side is formed by a yellow background with the coat of arms of Ukraine in the center with frames and ornaments similar to the front side. The mayor's honorary chain is a symbol of Chernivtsi mayor's authority, which is served on behalf of the territorial community. Founded in 1908 and restored in 2008. The symbol is a medallion with

2343-414: The administrative boundaries of 2013 is about 153 km (59 sq mi). According to the functional purpose the lands of the city are divided as follows: land of residential and public buildings (64%), lands of agricultural purpose (17%), lands of industry (9%), lands of recreational and environmental purpose (5%), lands of general use (3%), commercial land (2%). The main water source of Chernivtsi

2414-433: The aftermath of World War I , the city and its surrounding area became part of the Kingdom of Romania , which gained worldwide diplomatic recognition by the end of 1920. During those two years, even most city residents did not know of which country they were citizens, with most assuming Czernowitz still belonged to Austria-Hungary. German remained the lingua franca of the city and its suburbs for another decade. In 1930,

2485-601: The aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War . Chernivtsi (known at that time as Czernowitz ) became the center of the Galicia 's Bukovina District until 1848, later becoming the Duchy of Bukovina until 1918. In the aftermath of World War I , Romania united with Bukovina in 1918, which led to the city regaining its Romanian name of Cernăuți ; this lasted until the Soviets occupied Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Chernivtsi

2556-440: The approach spearheaded by Esenin-Volpin In the following years, Esenin-Volpin became an important voice in the human rights movement in the Soviet Union. He was one of the first Soviet dissidents who took on a "legalist" strategy of dissent. He proclaimed that it is possible and necessary to defend human rights by strictly observing the law, and in turn demand that the authorities observe

2627-690: The area surrounding Chernivtsi indicates that a population inhabited it since the Neolithic era. Later settlements included those of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture , the Corded Ware culture ; artifacts from the Bronze and Iron Ages were also found in the city. In the Middle Ages there lived East Slavic tribes White Croats and Tivertsi . A fortified settlement located on the left (north-eastern) shore of

2698-617: The border between the Carpathians and the East European Plain, 40 km (25 miles) from the border with Romania. The city lies 248 meters (817') above sea level and is surrounded by forests and fields. The River Prut runs through the city's landscape. The city is located in the Eastern European time zone in the region of meridian 26. Chernivtsi is located at the intersection of the transport arteries: E85, H03, and H10 The city

2769-607: The city reached a population of 112,400: 26.8% Jews , 23.2% Romanians , 20.8% Germans , 18.6% Ukrainians , the remainder Poles and others. It was one of the five university centers of interwar Romania. In 1940, the Red Army occupied the area ; the area around the city became known as Chernivtsi Oblast , and was allotted to the Ukrainian SSR by the Soviet Union. The city's large Romanian intelligentsia found refuge in Romania; while

2840-470: The city will be finally resolved after the construction of the third branch of the bypass road, which will connect the directions "Suceava-Chernivtsi" and "Chernivtsi-Lviv". Chernivtsi is the administrative center of the Chernivtsi Oblast ( province ) and the city itself has own government within the oblast under subordination to Chernivtsi Raion . Until 1 January 2016, the territory of Chernivtsi

2911-501: The city's history, either in connection with the rule by one country or another or independently from it: Romanian : Cernăuți ( [tʃernəˈutsʲ] ); German : Czernowitz ( [ˈtʃɛɐ̯novɪts] ); Polish : Czerniowce ; Hungarian : Csernovic , Yiddish : טשערנאָוויץ , romanized :  Tshernovits , Russian : Черновцы́ , romanized :  Chernovtsy , (In Russian until 1944: Чернови́цы , romanized :  Chernovitsy ). In

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2982-482: The city. Until 18 July 2020, Chernivtsi was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to any raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernivtsi Oblast to three, the city was merged into Chernivtsi Raion. Since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine , the city has been a host for refugees from the fighting in eastern and central Ukraine and

3053-418: The creation of a ghetto in the lowland part of the city, where 50,000 Bukovina Jews were crammed, two-thirds of whom would be deported in October 1941 and early 1942 to Transnistria , where the majority died. The Romanian mayor of the city Traian Popovici managed to persuade Antonescu to raise the number of Jews exempted from deportation from 200 to 20,000. In 1944, when Axis forces were driven out by

3124-485: The definition of sluggish schizophrenia , a special form of the illness that supposedly affects only the person's social behavior, with no trace on other traits: "most frequently, ideas about a struggle for truth and justice are formed by personalities with a paranoid structure," according to the Moscow Serbsky Institute professors (a quote from Vladimir Bukovsky 's archives). Some of them had high rank in

3195-524: The early Vlach ( Romanian ) feudal formations, a fort was mentioned under the name Țețina ; it was defending the ford and crossing point on the Prut River . It was part of a group of three fortifications; the other two being the fortress of Hotin on the Dniester to the east, and a fort on the Kolachin River , an upriver tributary of Prut. Between 1359 and 1775, the city and its surroundings were part of

3266-429: The environment or which may adversely affect the environment or its components. Since the late 1990s, transport is a significant factor in the negative impact on the environment. To some extent, the situation was improved with the construction of the first (2004) and the second (2010) queues of the bypass road , which connected the directions "Kyiv-Chernivtsi" and "Chernivtsi-Suceava". The problem of transit transport in

3337-426: The existence of 2 as a natural number, in the sense of there being a series of “points” of that length. There is the obvious “draw the line” objection, asking where in 2 , 2 , 2 , … , 2 do we stop having “Platonistic reality”? Here this … is totally innocent, in that it can be easily be replaced by 100 items (names) separated by commas. I raised just this objection with the (extreme) ultrafinitist Yessenin-Volpin during

3408-496: The existence of not only infinite sets, but even of large integers such as 10 . He sketched a program for proving the consistency of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory using ultrafinitistic techniques in ( Ésénine-Volpine 1961 ), ( Yessenin-Volpin 1970 ) and ( Yessenin-Volpin 1981 ). Chernovtsy Chernivtsi ( Ukrainian : Чернівці , pronounced [tʃerniu̯ˈtsi] ; Romanian : Cernăuți , pronounced [tʃernəˈutsʲ] ; see also other names )

3479-511: The formally guaranteed rights. Esenin-Volpin was again hospitalized in February 1968 as one of those protesting most strongly against the trial of Alexander Ginzburg and Yury Galanskov ( Galanskov-Ginzburg trial ). After his 1968 psychiatric confinement, 99 Soviet mathematicians sent a letter to the Soviet authorities asking for his release. This fact became public and the Voice of America conducted

3550-505: The inscription engraved on it: "From Chernivtsi community to freely elected head", on the reverse – "The foundation of a free state is a free community". The medallion is attached to a chain consisting of stylized coats of arms Ukraine, Chernivtsi region and the city of Chernivtsi. The symbol is made of gold colour metal. The medal "To the glory of Chernivtsi" is an honorary distinction of the Chernivtsi City Council , introduced to

3621-678: The last available Soviet data, the population of the city, as of 1 January 1989, was 258,375 residents. Among these, there are some 171,925 Ukrainians (66.5%), 45,865 Russians (17.8%), 13,017 Romanians (5%), 6,361 Moldovans (2.5%), 2,205 Poles (0.9%), 1,725 Belarussians (0.7%) and 15,671 Jews (6.1%). At that time, 62.57% of the population was Ukrainian-speaking, 30.18% Russian-speaking, and 5.18% Romanian-speaking (of which 3.02% said that they were Romanian speaking, and 2.16% Moldovan-speaking). The Romanian population in Chernivtsi started decreasing rapidly after 1950. Many Romanians fled to Romania or were deported to Siberia (where most of them died), and

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3692-548: The latest census in 2001 was 240,600. The first document that refers to this city dates back to 1408, when Chernivtsi was a town in the region of Moldavia , formerly as a defensive fortification, and became the center of Bukovina in 1488. In 1538, Chernivtsi was under the control of the Principality of Moldavia under Polish suzerainty, later under Ottoman Empire suzerainty, and the Moldavian control lasted for two centuries until 1774, when Austria took control of Bukovina in

3763-464: The logo, represented by dark blue and yellow, has a higher degree of comfortable contrast and coincides with the colors of the State Flag of Ukraine . In the early 2010s, a new city logo was developed and approved, and at the same time the official slogan was affixed: "Chernivtsi is unique in diversity". Old and new symbols of Chernivtsi were chosen for its creation. To the left, in the foreground, there

3834-424: The notion of happiness, well-being, the joy of relaxation, visualizing positive symbols and images in a colourful, warm and vibrant colour scheme. The new logo uses old symbols from the "Chernivtsi 600" logo. Chernivtsi is located in the historic region of Bukovina , which is currently shared between Romania (south) and Ukraine (north). Chernivtsi is located in the southwest of Ukraine, in the eastern Carpathians, on

3905-491: The prospect of prison and labor camp, Volpin faked a suicide attempt in order to initiate a psychiatric evaluation. Psychiatrists at Moscow's Serbsky Institute declared Volpin mentally incompetent, and in October 1949 he was transferred to the Leningrad Psychiatric Prison Hospital for an indefinite stay. A year later he was abruptly released from the prison hospital, and sentenced to five years exile in

3976-516: The remaining Romanian population quickly became a minority and assimilated with the majority. According to minority organizations, the Romanian minority in Chernivtsi is still decreasing nowadays as a result of cultural assimilation and emigration to Romania. Chernivtsi once had a Jewish community of over 50,000, less than a third of whom survived World War II. Romanian lawyer and reserve officer Theodor Criveanu  [ he ; ro ] , as well as

4047-512: The remaining ramparts of the fortress were still used for defense purposes; in the 17th century they were augmented with several bastions, one of which is still extant. Following the destruction of the fortress, later settlements in the area centered on the right (south-western) shore of the Prut River, at a more strategically advantageous, elevated location. In 1325, when the Kingdom of Poland seized control of Galicia , and came into contact with

4118-521: The then Mandate Palestine from the difficult conditions after the War. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the majority of the remaining Jewish population emigrated to Israel and the United States. A famous member of this latter emigration is the actress Mila Kunis . Chernivtsi was inhabited by Ukrainians, Romanians, Poles, Ruthenians , Jews, Roma , and Germans . During its affiliation with

4189-441: The then city mayor Traian Popovici , supported by General Vasile Ionescu saved 19,689 Jewish people. Initially, Governor of Bukovina Corneliu Calotescu allowed only 190 Jewish people to stay, but Traian Popovici, after an incredible effort, obtained from the then dictator of Romania Marshal Ion Antonescu an allowance of 20,000. After World War II, the city was a key node in the Berihah network, which helped Jews to emigrate to

4260-930: The times of Halych-Volyn Principality (1199-1253), the city's name was Chern . In "Documents of Western Russia" ( Russian : Акты Западной России ) published in Saint Petersburg in 1846 (Volume 1, page 32, document #21), the city is mentioned as Chernov'tsi ( Russian : Черновьци ). [REDACTED] Golden Horde 1241–1342 [REDACTED]   Moldavia 1346–1775 [REDACTED]   Habsburg Monarchy 1775–1804 [REDACTED]   Austrian Empire 1804–1867 [REDACTED]   Austria-Hungary 1867–1918 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Romania 1918–1940 [REDACTED]   Soviet Union ( Ukrainian SSR ) 1940–1941 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Romania 1941–1944 [REDACTED]   Soviet Union ( Ukrainian SSR ) 1944–1991 [REDACTED]   Ukraine 1991– present Archaeological evidence discovered in

4331-414: The total amount in the region) are the main pollutants of the environment. Approximately 1.2 tonnes of pollutants are released into the air annually (34.9% of the total area emissions). Non-methane volatile organic compounds , carbon dioxide and substances in the form of solid suspended solids predominate in the structure of the emitted pollutants. In addition, carbon dioxide, which has a greenhouse effect ,

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4402-486: The way they are written and not as they are interpreted by the government and the government ought to fulfill those laws to the letter [...]. What would happen if citizens acted on the assumption that they have rights? If one person did it, he would become a martyr; if two people did it, they would be labeled an enemy organization; if thousands of people did it, the state would have to become less oppressive. Fellow dissident and human rights activist Lyudmila Alexeyeva on

4473-513: The whole ethnic groups, including Germans and Romanians, this status was diminished. Today, the Ukrainians are the dominant population group. Chernivtsi's change in demographic diversity is demonstrated by the following population statistics. Once, Romanians and Ukrainians formed the majority of the population. However, after 1870, Yiddish -speaking or German -speaking Jews surpassed the Romanians as

4544-478: Was a Russian-American poet and mathematician . A dissident , political prisoner and a leader of the Soviet human rights movement, he spent a total of six years incarcerated and repressed by the Soviet authorities in psikhushkas and exile. In mathematics, he is known for his foundational role in ultrafinitism . Alexander Volpin was born on May 12, 1924, in the Soviet Union . His mother, Nadezhda Volpin,

4615-489: Was a poet and translator from French and English. His father was Sergei Yesenin , a celebrated Russian poet, who never knew his son. Alexander and his mother moved from Leningrad to Moscow in 1933. His first psychiatric imprisonments took place in 1949 for "anti-Soviet poetry", in 1959 for smuggling abroad samizdat , including his Свободный философский трактат ( Free Philosophical Tractate ), and again in 1968. Esenin-Volpin graduated from Moscow State University with

4686-444: Was appointed the chief of the Military Administration. He invited many merchants, craftsmen and entrepreneurs to help develop trade and other businesses. Saint Peter 's Fairs (1–15 July) had given a new vibrant impulse to the market development from 1786. In the late 19th century the German language—due to the Habsburg and the very important Jewish influence—became the lingua franca and more and more newspapers were edited in German, also

4757-445: Was attended by about 200 people, many of whom turned out to be KGB operatives. The slogans read: "Требуем гласности суда над Синявским и Даниэлем" (We demand an open trial for Sinyavski and Daniel) and "Уважайте советскую конституцию" (Respect the Soviet constitution). The demonstrators were promptly arrested. [Volpin] would explain to anyone who cared to listen a simple but unfamiliar idea: all laws ought to be understood in exactly

4828-424: Was developed and approved by the anniversary of the city in 2008. It was recognized so successful that it continues to be used. The main idea of components for emblem is based on the antiquity of the city, its exceptional architectural heritage and the hard work of its inhabitants. The symbol is made in the form of a blacksmith's work of art, which testifies to the soundness, prosperity, and success. The color scheme of

4899-872: Was divided into three administrative urban districts : The current mayor of Chernivtsi is Roman Klichuk, who has been elected in 2020 Ukrainian local elections . Religion in Chernivtsi (2024) The population, according to the data of the 2001 population census in Ukraine, was 236,691 inhabitants. Among them, there 189,021 identified themselves as ethnic Ukrainians (79.86%), 26,733 as Russians (11.29%), 10,553 as Romanians (4.36%), 3,829 as Moldovans (1.62%), 1,408 as Poles; (0.59%), 1,308 as Jews (0.55%) and 971 as members of other groups (0.41%). The city of Chernivtsi had 236,691 inhabitants in 2001, of which 187,465 stated that they spoke Ukrainian (79.20%), 10,353 Romanian (4.37%, out of which 7,706 Romanian called it Romanian, or 3.26%, and 2,557 called it Moldovan, or 1.36%), 284 Polish (0.11%), and 36,150 Russian (15.27%). Based on

4970-496: Was prepared to always answer yes, but he was going to take 2 times as long to answer yes to 2 then he would to answering 2 . There is no way that I could get very far with this. Harvey M. Friedman , "Philosophical Problems in Logic" His early work was in general topology, where he introduced Esenin-Volpin's theorem . Most of his later work was on the foundations of mathematics, where he introduced ultrafinitism , an extreme form of constructive mathematics that casts doubt on

5041-404: Was under the control of the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1941, after which Romania recovered the city, and then again from 1944 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union , after which it became part of independent Ukraine . Chernivtsi is viewed as one of Western Ukraine's main cultural centers. The city is also considered one of Ukraine's important educational and architectural sites. Historically

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