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25-399: Generally, a cantor must be competent to choose and conduct the vocals for the choir, to start any chant on demand, and to be able to identify and correct the missteps of singers placed under them. A cantor may be held accountable for the immediate rendering of the music, showing the course of the melody by movements of the hand(s) ( cheironomia ), similar to a conductor . Before and after

50-499: A Reader , in which case he would wear only the inner cassock ( podryasnik ) and put on the sticharion when he receives Holy Communion . In the Greek tradition, the chanters are stationed at a psalterion, a chanting podium positioned to the south and sometimes also to the north side of the sanctuary. In the Slavic tradition, the chanters are similarly positioned, and the area is referred to as

75-480: A long career, connected with a lifelong process of learning. Particularly in the Byzantine tradition, the cantor in charge of doing the music for a service is referred to as the protopsaltes (Gr. Πρωτοψάλτης), a term which may also refer to an office within a diocese or whole jurisdiction (see Domestikos ), but this title was not used before the 12th century. The cantor or chanters sing the many hymns called for during

100-473: A simple melody involving a limited set of notes to highly complex musical structures, often including a great deal of repetition of musical subphrases, such as Great Responsories and Offertories of Gregorian chant . Chant may be considered speech, music, or a heightened or stylized form of speech. In the later Middle Ages some religious chant evolved into song (forming one of the roots of later Western music). Chanting (e.g., mantra , sacred text ,

125-662: Is based especially on the chanting of Sanskrit Names of God in the Vaishnava tradition and is sung from the Dan tien (or lower abdomen)—the locus of power in Eastern traditions . Domestikos Domestikos ( / d oʊ ˈ m ɛ s t ɪ ˌ k ɒ s / ; Greek : δομέστικος , from the Latin : domesticus , lit.   'of the household'), in English sometimes [the] Domestic ,

150-510: Is usually done in Pali , and mainly from Pāli Canon . Tibetan Buddhist chant involves throat singing , where multiple pitches are produced by each performer. The concept of chanting mantras is of particular significance in many Hindu traditions and other closely related Indian religions . India's bhakti devotional tradition centers on kirtan , which has a following in many countries and traditions such as Ananda Marga . The Hare Krishna movement

175-606: The thema of the Optimatoi , were led by a domestikos . To them was added the short-lived tagma of the Athanatoi in the late 10th century. The most important among them, the domestikos tōn scholōn (" Domestic of the Schools ") would by the 10th century rise to be the commander-in-chief of the army after the Emperor, and the post would later in the same century be divided in two, with

200-508: The Anglican Communion , the precentor or head cantor is a member of the governing chapter , second in rank to the dean . His stall is opposite the dean's and the two sides of the divided choir are accordingly known as "decani" (dean's) and "cantoris" (precentor's). In some Evangelical churches, the ministry of the worship leader or worship pastor is to direct the worship during worship service . They also direct rehearsals with

225-517: The Divine Services and the Divine Liturgy . A chanter must be knowledgeable about the ecclesiastical modes as well as the complex structure of the services. At Constantinople the charge of a protopsaltes was prestigious and connected with Byzantine offices. In the tradition of the cathedral rite at Hagia Sophia , there was a distinction between the leader of the right choir ( Domestikos ) and

250-622: The Palaiologan period . The megas domestikos remained the commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army thereafter until the end of the Byzantine Empire. In the Komnenian period , in an echo of the 10th-century arrangements, the megas domestikos would sometimes command the entire field army of East or West, but in the Palaiologan period, there was only one holder of the office, who came to be one of

275-548: The Second Vatican Council , a cantor in the Roman Catholic Church was the leading singer of the choir, a bona fide clerical role. The medieval cantor of the papal Schola Cantorum was called Prior scholae or Primicerius . In medieval cathedrals, the cantor or precentor directed the music and chant, and was also one of the ranking dignitaries of the chapter . During the 14th century in many churches,

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300-638: The domestikoi of the East ( tēs anatolēs ) and of the West ( tēs dyseōs ) commanding the military forces in Asia Minor and Europe (the Balkans ) respectively. In his capacity as the de facto commander-in-chief of the army, the domestikos tōn scholōn was replaced by the megas domestikos (" Grand Domestic ") in the 12th–13th centuries, while the ordinary domestikos became an honorary title awarded to mid-level officials during

325-493: The kliros . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Cantor ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Chant A chant (from French chanter , from Latin cantare , "to sing") is the iterative speaking or singing of words or sounds , often primarily on one or two main pitches called reciting tones . Chants may range from

350-586: The name of God/Spirit , etc.) is a commonly used spiritual practice . Like prayer , chanting may be a component of either personal or group practice. Diverse spiritual traditions consider chant a route to spiritual development . Some examples include chant in African , Hawaiian , Native American , Assyrian and Australian Aboriginal cultures, Gregorian chant , Vedic chant , Quran reading , Islamic Dhikr , Baháʼí chants, various Buddhist chants , various mantras , Jewish cantillation , Epicurean repetition of

375-728: The Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire until the late 6th century. In the Byzantine army , the old protectores domestici had vanished by the 7th century, and the name only remained as a title associated with certain guard units. Following the creation of the tagmata in the mid-8th century, four of them, the Scholai , the Exkoubitoi , the Hikanatoi and the Noumeroi , as well as, uniquely,

400-624: The Kyriai Doxai, and the chanting of psalms and prayers especially in Roman Catholic (see Gregorian chant or Taizé Community ), Eastern Orthodox (see Byzantine chant or Znamenny chant , for examples), Lutheran , and Anglican churches (see Anglican Chant ). Historical or mythological examples include chant in Germanic paganism . Chant practices vary. In the Theravada tradition, chanting

425-418: The cantor began to delegate his instruction of the singers to a master of music . After the introduction of harmonized music, some duties naturally fell to the conductor or choirmaster . Today, the cantor is a role that can be performed by a lay person. In parishes without a choir, the cantor serves to lead the responsorial singing with the congregation. The cantor's locality in the church is most generally to

450-536: The leader of the left choir ( Lampadarios ). Still during the last centuries, the usual career was to start (after serving as Protopsaltes of other cathedrals) as the "Second Domestikos of the Great Church" who assisted the first, then to proceed in the office of the teacher, and later even to the Lampadarios , who often replaced the left choir as a soloist called "monophonares" (see Kontakarion ), and finally this career

475-480: The right of the choir, and directly to his left is his assistant, formerly called the succentor . A common custom for cantors was the bearing of the staff, which was the mark of his dignity and a visual representative of his sacred role inside the church. This custom still survives in some places. In Protestant churches, the role of the cantor can be lay or pastoral. In Northern European cities, especially in Germany ,

500-454: The senior-most courtiers, ranking directly after the Caesar . From 355, civil domestici are also attested at the head of various bureaus, and various high administrative positions remained associated with the title domestikos until the late Byzantine Empire. Some court positions were also renamed, as their departments became independent: the domestikos tēs basilikēs trapezēs ("domestic of

525-460: The services of the church. There are several titles for the psaltes , which depend on the recognition of his capabilities as a chanter, sometimes connected with an employment, by the local or Ecumenical Patriarchate . In some smaller communities it is also possible, that the community sings within an oral tradition and without any instruction by a protopsaltes, in other Orthodox Rites, there are various hierarchical offices, which can be passed during

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550-509: The title of Cantor or Kantor survived the Reformation , and referred to a musician who supervised the music in several principal churches, taught in the boys' secondary school , and provided music for civic functions. Johann Sebastian Bach ( Thomaskantor in Leipzig ) and Georg Philipp Telemann ( Hamburg ) were among the famous musicians employed under this system. In cathedral churches in

575-487: The worship team. Training in worship is offered in some Bible colleges . In the Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , and Eastern Catholic Churches , a cantor , also called a chanter (Greek: ψάλτης , romanized:  psaltes , lit.   'singer'; Church Slavonic : пѣвецъ , romanized:  pievets ), is a monk or a lay person in minor orders who chants responses and hymns in

600-617: Was a civil, ecclesiastic and military office in the Late Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire . The domestikoi trace their ancestry to the protectores domestici guard unit of the Late Roman army , established in the late 3rd century. These were a corps of men that served as a staff to the Roman emperors , while also functioning as an officer school. These continued in existence in

625-504: Was sometimes continued by the promotion to the "Protopsaltes or Archon Psaltes (ἄρχοντες ψάλται) of the Great Church" of the Ecumenical Patriarchate . In the Greek tradition, a chanter will often wear the exorason , a black outer cassock with angel-wing sleeves. The Slavic tradition—which tends more commonly to use a choir rather than a cantor—assigns no specific vestment to the chanters, unless an individual has been ordained

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