Misplaced Pages

#173826

78-524: Modern computer and information technology has sufficiently advanced, most notably around 2010, to allow streaming media to be an effective way of sharing video content on the Internet. This has led to a large amount of copyright infringement through unlawful redistribution, commonly referred to as "piracy". Piracy websites, typically running outside of United States jurisdiction, are created to share copyrighted films and television shows for free without consent of

156-409: A media player . Media is transferred in a stream of packets from a server to a client and is rendered in real-time; this contrasts with file downloading , a process in which the end-user obtains an entire media file before consuming the content. Streaming is presently most prevalent in video-on-demand , streaming television , and music streaming services over the Internet. While streaming

234-458: A bandwidth of 1.4   Mbit/s for uncompressed CD audio , while raw digital video requires a bandwidth of 168   Mbit/s for SD video and over 1000   Mbit/s for FHD video. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, users had increased access to computer networks, especially the Internet. During the early 2000s, users had access to increased network bandwidth , especially in the last mile . These technological improvements facilitated

312-498: A football game). Streaming media is increasingly being coupled with the use of social media. For example, sites such as YouTube encourage social interaction in webcasts through features such as live chat , online surveys , user posting of comments online, and more. Furthermore, streaming media is increasingly being used for social business and e-learning . The Horowitz Research State of Pay TV, OTT, and SVOD 2017 report said that 70 percent of those viewing content did so through

390-544: A media player known as ActiveMovie in 1995 that supported streaming media and included a proprietary streaming format, which was the precursor to the streaming feature later in Windows Media Player 6.4 in 1999. In June 1999, Apple also introduced a streaming media format in its QuickTime 4 application. It was later also widely adopted on websites, along with RealPlayer and Windows Media streaming formats. The competing formats on websites required each user to download

468-464: A method called true streaming . True streaming sends the information straight to the computer or device without saving it to a local file. On-demand streaming is provided by a method called progressive download . Progressive download saves the received information to a local file and then plays it from that location. On-demand streams are often saved to files for extended period of time, while live streams are only available at one time only (e.g., during

546-469: A music streaming platform offering subscription-based services to over 4.5 million users as of January 2017 . The music industry's response to music streaming was initially negative. Along with music piracy, streaming services disrupted the market and contributed to the fall in US revenue from $ 14.6 billion in 1999 to $ 6.3 billion in 2009. CDs and single-track downloads were not selling because content

624-495: A non-technical option for listening to audio streams. These audio-streaming services became increasingly popular; music streaming reached 4 trillion streams globally in 2023 -- a significant increase from 2022 -- jumping 34% over the year. In general, multimedia content is data-intensive, so media storage and transmission costs are still significant. Media is generally compressed for transport and storage. Increasing consumer demand for streaming high-definition (HD) content has led

702-527: A number of entertainment and labor groups, SOPA was widely criticized by technology companies and free speech advocates for creating a chilling effect on web content and wide-scale online blackouts were held in protest. Due to the backlash, SOPA was pulled from consideration, permitting copyright owners to seek only civil penalties against these sites. In announcing the bill, Senator Thom Tillis state that by 2020 these sites were taking away more than US$ 30 billion from copyright holders annually, justifying

780-630: A seismic shift in the film & TV industry in terms of how films are made, distributed, and screened. Many industries have been hit by the economic effects of the pandemic" (Totaro Donato). In August 2022, a CNN headline declared that "The streaming wars are over" as pandemic-era restrictions had largely ended and audience growth had stalled. This led services to focus on profit over market share by cutting production budgets, cracking down on password sharing, and introducing ad-supported tiers. A December 2022 article in The Verge echoed this, declaring an end to

858-485: A song, it did not diminish another user from doing the same. Napster, like most other providers of public goods, faced the free-rider problem . Every user benefits when an individual uploads an mp3 file, but there is no requirement or mechanism that forces all users to share their music. Generally, the platform encouraged sharing; users who downloaded files from others often had their own files available for upload as well. However, not everyone chose to share their files. There

SECTION 10

#1733092584174

936-452: A streaming service and that 40 percent of TV viewing was done this way, twice the number from five years earlier. Millennials , the report said, streamed 60 percent of the content. One of the movie streaming industry's largest impacts was on the DVD industry, which drastically dropped in popularity and profitability with the mass popularization of online content. The rise of media streaming caused

1014-714: Is an American non-profit public interest group based in Washington, D.C. Founded in 2001 by David Bollier , Gigi Sohn , and Laurie Racine, Public Knowledge is primarily involved in the fields of intellectual property law , competition and choice in the digital marketplace, and an open standards / end-to-end internet . Public Knowledge was founded in 2001 by David Bollier , Gigi Sohn , and Laurie Racine. Gigi Sohn served as president and CEO from 2001–2013 and Gene Kimmelman served as president and CEO from 2013–2019. Since 2019, Chris Lewis has served as president and CEO. Public Knowledge promotes technology policies that benefit

1092-413: Is equal to length (in seconds) × bit rate (in bit/s) / (8 × 1024 × 1024). For example, one hour of digital video encoded at 300 kbit/s (this was a typical broadband video in 2005 and it was usually encoded in 320 × 240 resolution) will be: (3,600 s × 300,000 bit/s) / (8 × 1024 × 1024) requires around 128  MB of storage. Public Knowledge Public Knowledge

1170-467: Is intrinsic to how it works. It dematerializes music, denies it a crucial measure of autonomy, reality, and power. It makes music seem disposable, impermanent. Hence it intensifies the ebb and flow of pop fashion, the way musical 'memes' rise up for a week or a month and are then forgotten. And it renders our experience of individual artists/groups shallower." A media stream can be streamed either live or on demand . Live streams are generally provided by

1248-407: Is most commonly associated with multimedia from a remote server over the Internet, it also includes offline multimedia between devices on a local area network , for example using DLNA and a home server , or in a personal area network between two devices using Bluetooth (which uses radio waves rather than IP ). Online streaming was initially popularised by RealNetworks and Microsoft in

1326-450: Is recommended for streaming standard-definition video , for example to a Roku , Apple TV , Google TV or a Sony TV Blu-ray Disc Player. 5 Mbit/s is recommended for high-definition content and 9 Mbit/s for ultra-high-definition content . Streaming media storage size is calculated from the streaming bandwidth and length of the media using the following formula (for a single user and file): storage size in megabytes

1404-567: The International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers (CISAC) indicated that remuneration from digital streaming of music increased with a strong rise in digital royalty collection (up 16.6% to EUR 2.4 billion), but it would not compensate the overall loss of income of authors from concerts, public performance and broadcast.  The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) recompiled

1482-660: The Netscape IPO in 1995 (and the release of Windows 95 with built-in TCP/IP support), usage of the Internet expanded, and many companies "went public" , including Progressive Networks (which was renamed " RealNetworks ", and listed on Nasdaq as "RNWK"). As the web became even more popular in the late 90s, streaming video on the internet blossomed from startups such as Vivo Software (later acquired by RealNetworks), VDOnet (acquired by RealNetworks), Precept (acquired by Cisco ), and Xing (acquired by RealNetworks). Microsoft developed

1560-670: The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) also filed a lawsuit against Napster on the grounds of unauthorized distribution of copyrighted material, which ultimately led Napster to shut down in 2001. In an interview with the New York Times , Gary Stiffelman, who represents Eminem , Aerosmith , and TLC , explained, "I'm not an opponent of artists' music being included in these services, I'm just an opponent of their revenue not being shared." The lawsuit A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. fundamentally changed

1638-685: The "golden age of the streaming wars". In September 2023, several streaming services formed a trade association named the Streaming Innovation Alliance (SIA), spearheaded by Charles Rivkin of the Motion Picture Association (MPA). Former U.S. representative Fred Upton and former Federal Communications Commission (FCC) acting chair Mignon Clyburn serve as senior advisors. Founding members include AfroLandTV, America Nu Network, BET+ , Discovery+ , Disney+ , Disney+ Hotstar , ESPN+ , For Us By Us Network, Hulu , Max ,

SECTION 20

#1733092584174

1716-541: The 'streaming' terminology was often a confusion factor. In 1969 Grumman acquired one of the first telemetry ground stations [Automated Telemetry Station, 'ATS'] which had the capability for reconstructing serial telemetered data which had been recorded on digital computer peripheral tapes. Computer peripheral tapes were inherently recorded in blocks. Reconstruction was required for continuous display purposes without time-base distortion. The Navy implemented similar capability in DoD for

1794-491: The 1990s and has since grown to become the globally most popular method for consuming music and video, with numerous competing subscription services being offered since the 2010s. Audio streaming to wireless speakers , often using Bluetooth, is another use that has become prevalent during that decade. Live streaming is the real-time delivery of content during production, much as live television broadcasts content via television channels. Distinguishing delivery methods from

1872-582: The CASE Act and Trademark Modernization Act, were incorporated into the text of the December 21, 2020, version of the Consolidated Appropriations Act. Trump stated opposition to the combined bill and did not immediately sign it but ultimately signed it into law on December 27, 2020. Streaming media Streaming media refers to multimedia delivered through a network for playback using

1950-531: The DOJ with the authority to charge commercial enterprises that are streaming certain kinds of works with felony copyright infringement". Similar concerns were raised by an article in The American Prospect . The bill's intent raised concerns from tech companies and free speech advocates as it was not clear if this would also target individual users, including online streamers . Tillis assured those concerned that

2028-510: The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. PKTrains is Public Knowledge's public interest advocate training program. It was launched in 2014 with the goal of educating diverse, aspiring public policymakers. It offers early-career fellows and interns an opportunity to work side-by-side with Public Knowledge's lawyers, public interest advocates, and communications professionals to learn how to effectively promote policies that benefit

2106-464: The MPA, MotorTrend+, Netflix , Paramount+ , Peacock , Pluto TV , Star+ , Telemundo , TelevisaUnivision , Vault TV, and Vix . Notably absent were Apple , Amazon , Roku , and Tubi . Advances in computer networking , combined with powerful home computers and operating systems, have made streaming media affordable and easy for the public. Stand-alone Internet radio devices emerged to offer listeners

2184-479: The United States Code that would make operating these sites a criminal felony , with a maximum penalty of up to ten years imprisonment, and additional fines if convicted. This brings the act of offering such unauthorized streaming media at a large scale to the same scope of penalty as for offering illegal downloads or physical copies of the same content, closing the streaming media loophole. Tillis stated that

2262-509: The band was playing a gig at Xerox PARC , while elsewhere in the building, scientists were discussing new technology (the Mbone ) for broadcasting on the Internet using multicasting . As proof of PARC's technology, the band's performance was broadcast and could be seen live in Australia and elsewhere. In a March 2017 interview, band member Russ Haines stated that the band had used approximately "half of

2340-420: The bill is tailored to specifically target the websites themselves, and not "those who may use the sites nor those individuals who access pirated streams or unwittingly stream unauthorized copies of copyrighted works". Tillis' office and the tech advocacy group Public Knowledge clarified that the bill was not aimed at video game live streamers on platforms like Twitch , or their viewers. Tillis, who serves as

2418-545: The bill was narrowly tailored towards commercial sites and would not criminalize individual users. He specifically stated that information in The American Prospect article was "false and inaccurate", and the bill was "drafted to not sweep in normal practices by online service providers and good faith business disputes". Tillis released the text of the bill to the public on December 10, 2020. Public Knowledge , who had raised concerns prior to this, said that after reviewing

Protecting Lawful Streaming Act - Misplaced Pages Continue

2496-572: The bill's language that they consider the bill to be narrowly tailored and thanked Tillis for "working to prevent risk to end users and legitimate streamers and streaming platforms". The Computer & Communications Industry Association , which represents technology companies, also did not oppose the compromise language of the bill. The bill's bipartisan co-sponsors included Patrick Leahy , Marsha Blackburn , Mazie Hirono , Catherine Cortez Masto , John Cornyn , Richard Blumenthal , Chris Coons , Kelly Loeffler , and David Perdue . The bill, along with

2574-735: The broadcast of a baseball game between the New York Yankees and the Seattle Mariners over the Internet in 1995. The first symphonic concert on the Internet—a collaboration between the Seattle Symphony and guest musicians Slash , Matt Cameron , and Barrett Martin —took place at the Paramount Theater in Seattle , Washington, on 10 November 1995. In 1996, Marc Scarpa produced

2652-716: The chairman of the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Intellectual Property , first discussed the bill to be introduced with the CASE Act and the Trademark Modernization Act as part of a package to be included with the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 on December 4, 2020, according to congressional aides that had spoken to the website Protocol . The text of Tillis' bill had not be available, but according to Protocol , it "would provide

2730-476: The copyright owners. U.S. Representative Lamar Smith in response to concerns from groups like the Motion Picture Association of America introduced the proposed Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) in 2011 which would have made it a criminal act to stream and share copyrighted material, granting the Department of Justice special powers to seize the domain(s) of sites suspected of infringing on SOPA. While supported by

2808-617: The courts and alongside Congress and government agencies like the Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Trade Commission to advocate for a more open and equitable internet experience. Public Knowledge is known for its nuanced thought analysis and policy proposals, such as its Section 230 principles to protect free expression online, its proposal for a digital regulator, and its alternative frameworks for algorithmic accountability . As of March 2023,

2886-466: The creation of numerous other P2P sites, including LimeWire (2000), BitTorrent (2001), and the Pirate Bay (2003). The reign of P2P networks was short-lived. The first to fall was Napster in 2001. Numerous lawsuits were filed against Napster by various record labels, all of which were subsidiaries of Universal Music Group , Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group , or EMI . In addition to this,

2964-403: The downfall of many DVD rental companies, such as Blockbuster . In July 2015, The New York Times published an article about Netflix 's DVD services. It stated that Netflix was continuing their DVD services with 5.3 million subscribers, which was a significant drop from the previous year. On the other hand, their streaming service had 65 million members. Music streaming is one of

3042-499: The files available on Napster may be copyrighted and more than seventy percent may be owned or administered by plaintiffs." The injunction ordered against Napster ended the brief period in which music streaming was a public good – non-rival and non-excludable in nature. Other P2P networks had some success at sharing MP3s, though they all met a similar fate in court. The ruling set the precedent that copyrighted digital content cannot be freely replicated and shared unless given consent by

3120-434: The first commercial Ethernet switch was introduced by Kalpana , which enabled the more powerful computer networks that led to the first streaming video solutions used by schools and corporations. Practical streaming media was only made possible with advances in data compression due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed media. Raw digital audio encoded with pulse-code modulation (PCM) requires

3198-437: The first half of 2016 and accounted for almost half of industry sales. The term streaming wars was coined to describe the new era (starting in the late 2010s) of competition between video streaming services such as Netflix , Amazon Prime Video , Hulu , Max , Disney+ , Paramount+ , Apple TV+ , Peacock , and many more. The competition among online platforms has driven them to find ways to differentiate themselves from

Protecting Lawful Streaming Act - Misplaced Pages Continue

3276-467: The first large-scale, online, live broadcast, the Adam Yauch –led Tibetan Freedom Concert , an event that would define the format of social change broadcasts. Scarpa continued to pioneer in the streaming media world with projects such as Woodstock '99 , Townhall with President Clinton , and more recently Covered CA's campaign "Tell a Friend Get Covered", which was livestreamed on YouTube. Xing Technology

3354-413: The first time in 1973. These implementations are the only known examples of true 'streaming' in the sense of reconstructing distortion-free serial data from packetized or blocked recordings. 'Real-time' terminology has also been confusing in streaming context. The most accepted definition of 'real-time' requires that all associated processing or formatting of the data must take place prior to availability of

3432-413: The industry to develop technologies such as WirelessHD and G.hn , which are optimized for streaming HD content. Many developers have introduced HD streaming apps that work on smaller devices, such as tablets and smartphones, for everyday purposes. "Streaming creates the illusion—greatly magnified by headphone use, which is another matter—that music is a utility you can turn on and off; the water metaphor

3510-549: The interactivity of the Web. The ability to collect data and feedback from potential customers caused this technology to gain momentum quickly. Around 2002, the interest in a single, unified, streaming format and the widespread adoption of Adobe Flash prompted the development of a video streaming format through Flash, which was the format used in Flash-based players on video hosting sites. The first popular video streaming site, YouTube,

3588-570: The judge for this case, noted that Napster claimed that its services fit "three specific alleged fair uses: sampling , where users make temporary copies of a work before purchasing; space-shifting, where users access a sound recording through the Napster system that they already own in audio CD format; and permissive distribution of recordings by both new and established artists." Judge Beezer found that Napster did not fit these criteria, instead enabling their users to repeatedly copy music, which would affect

3666-523: The jukebox, and ask the operator to play a song. The operator would find the record in the studio library of more than 100,000 records, put it on a turntable, and the music would be piped over the telephone line to play in the tavern. The music media began as 78s, 33s and 45s, played on the six turntables they monitored. CDs and tapes were incorporated in later years. The business had a succession of owners, notably Bill Purse, his daughter Helen Reutzel, and finally Dotti White. The revenue stream for each quarter

3744-432: The late 1980s through the 1990s, consumer-grade personal computers became powerful enough to display various media. The primary technical issues related to streaming were having enough CPU and bus bandwidth to support the required data rates and achieving the real-time computing performance required to prevent buffer underruns and enable smooth streaming of the content. However, computer networks were still limited in

3822-454: The market value of the copyrighted good. The second claim by the plaintiffs was that Napster was actively contributing to copyright infringement since it had knowledge of widespread file sharing on its platform. Since Napster took no action to reduce infringement and financially benefited from repeated use, the court ruled against the P2P site. The court found that "as much as eighty-seven percent of

3900-427: The media applies specifically to, as most of the traditional media delivery systems are either inherently streaming (e.g., radio, television) or inherently non-streaming (e.g., books, videotapes , audio CDs ). The term "streaming media" can apply to media other than video and audio, such as live closed captioning , ticker tape , and real-time text , which are all considered "streaming text". The term "streaming"

3978-430: The mid-1990s, and audio and video media were usually delivered over non-streaming channels, such as playback from a local hard disk drive or CD-ROMs on the end user's computer. Terminology in the 1970's was at best confusing for applications such as telemetered aircraft or missile test data. By then PCM [Pulse Code Modulation] was the dominant transmission type. This PCM transmission was bit-serial and not packetized so

SECTION 50

#1733092584174

4056-403: The misnomer "store and forward video." Beginning in 1881, Théâtrophone enabled subscribers to listen to opera and theatre performances over telephone lines. This operated until 1932. The concept of media streaming eventually came to America. In the early 1920s, George Owen Squier was granted patents for a system for the transmission and distribution of signals over electrical lines, which

4134-489: The most popular ways in which consumers interact with streaming media. In the age of digitization, the private consumption of music has transformed into a public good , largely due to one player in the market: Napster. Napster , a peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing network where users could upload and download MP3 files freely, broke all music industry conventions when it launched in early 1999 in Hull, Massachusetts. The platform

4212-479: The music industry by making songs that previously required payment to be freely accessible to any Napster user, but it also demonstrated the power of P2P networks in turning any digital file into a public, shareable good. For the brief period of time that Napster existed, mp3 files fundamentally changed as a type of good. Songs were no longer financially excludable, barring access to a computer with internet access, and they were not rivals, meaning if one person downloaded

4290-688: The music industry initiatives around the world related to the COVID-19. In its State of the Industry report, it recorded that the global recorded music market grew by 7.4% in 2022, the 6th consecutive year of growth. This growth was driven by streaming, mostly from paid subscription streaming revenues which increased by 18.5%, fueled by 443 million users of subscription accounts by the end of 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has also driven an increase in misinformation and disinformation, particularly on streaming platforms like YouTube and podcasts . Streaming also refers to

4368-645: The need for closing the loophole. The bill specifically targets commercial or for-profit websites that operate as "digital transmission service[s]", that primarily function to stream copyrighted material without authorization of the copyright holders. An example of one such website is NFLBite. The website provides its visitors with unauthorized sources that stream National Football League (NFL) games for free. The NFL has taken NFLBite to court through civil lawsuits in attempts to stop their streaming of full NFL games, but are unable to seek criminal charges due to limitations of U.S. copyright law. The bill adds to Title 18 of

4446-549: The next sample of each measurement. In the 1970s the most powerful mainframe computers were not fast enough for this task at significant overall data rates in the range of 50,000 samples per second. For that reason both the Grumman ATS and the Navy Real-time Telemetry Processing System [RTPS] employed unique special purpose digital computers dedicated to real-time processing of raw data samples. In 1990,

4524-408: The offline streaming of multimedia at home. This is made possible by technologies such as DLNA , which allow devices on the same local network to connect to each other and share media. Such capabilities are heightened using network-attached storage (NAS) devices at home, or using specialized software like Plex Media Server , Jellyfin or TwonkyMedia . A broadband speed of 2 Mbit/s or more

4602-733: The organization advocates for net neutrality , platform competition, consumer privacy, broadband accessibility and affordability, content moderation, a competitive media landscape, reforming copyright to benefit artists and creators, and reforming spectrum management to help consumers gain wireless access — without losing consumer protections along the way. Public Knowledge has played a key role in securing broadband privacy rules, net neutrality rules, and expanding spectrum access for unlicensed use. It has also run successful campaigns for issues such as improving internet access in tribal communities and unlock of cell phones. Public Knowledge has led coalitions for efforts such as including broadband funding in

4680-431: The owner, thereby strengthening the property rights of artists and record labels alike. Although music streaming is no longer a freely replicable public good, streaming platforms such as Spotify , Deezer , Apple Music , SoundCloud , YouTube Music , and Amazon Music have shifted music streaming to a club-type good . While some platforms, most notably Spotify, give customers access to a freemium service that enables

4758-570: The public and connect them to policymaking in Washington, DC. The following individuals are on the board as of March 2023. Public Knowledge focuses on many different issues within the space of technology and media, highlighting the intersection of copyright, telecommunications, and internet law. Its mission statement promises that the public interest group "promotes freedom of expression, an open internet, and access to affordable communications tools and creative works." The organization has worked in

SECTION 60

#1733092584174

4836-487: The public through many different channels, including the media and social platforms, U.S. Congress, federal agencies, and court and agency filings. The organization also conducts research to propose new legislation, regulations, and recommendations for the ever-expanding digital and technological world. Finally, Public Knowledge frequently publishes blog posts, opinion pieces, and papers to apply their work to current events, and hosts convenings and multimedia resources to educate

4914-413: The respective applications for streaming, which resulted in many users having to have all three applications on their computer for general compatibility. In 2000, Industryview.com launched its "world's largest streaming video archive" website to help businesses promote themselves. Webcasting became an emerging tool for business marketing and advertising that combined the immersive nature of television with

4992-414: The rest. A key differentiator is offering exclusive content, often self-produced and created for a specific market segment . Research suggests that this approach to streaming competition can be disadvantageous for consumers by increasing spending across platforms, and for the industry as a whole by dilution of subscriber base. Once specific content is made available on a streaming service, piracy searches for

5070-530: The same content decrease; competition or legal availability across multiple platforms appears to deter online piracy. Exclusive content produced for subscription services such as Netflix tends to have a higher production budget than content produced exclusively for pay-per-view services, such as Amazon Prime Video. This competition increased during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic as more people stayed home and watched TV. "The COVID-19 pandemic has led to

5148-405: The streaming of audio and video content to computer users in their homes and workplaces. There was also an increasing use of standard protocols and formats, such as TCP/IP , HTTP , and HTML , as the Internet became increasingly commercialized, which led to an infusion of investment into the sector. The band Severe Tire Damage was the first group to perform live on the Internet. On 24 June 1993,

5226-602: The total bandwidth of the internet" to stream the performance, which was a 152 × 76 pixel video, updated eight to twelve times per second, with audio quality that was, "at best, a bad telephone connection." In October 1994, a school music festival was webcast from the Michael Fowler Centre in Wellington, New Zealand. The technician who arranged the webcast, local council employee Richard Naylor, later commented: "We had 16 viewers in 12 countries." RealNetworks pioneered

5304-845: The use of limited features for exposure to advertisements, most companies operate under a premium subscription model. Under such circumstances, music streaming is financially excludable, requiring that customers pay a monthly fee for access to a music library, but non-rival, since one customer's use does not impair another's. There is competition between services similar but lesser to the streaming wars for video media. As of 2019 , Spotify has over 207 million users in 78 countries, As of 2018 , Apple Music has about 60 million, and SoundCloud has 175 million. All platforms provide varying degrees of accessibility. Apple Music and Prime Music only offer their services for paid subscribers, whereas Spotify and SoundCloud offer freemium and premium services. Napster, owned by Rhapsody since 2011, has resurfaced as

5382-401: The user. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) revealed through its 2015, earnings report that streaming services were responsible for 34.3 percent of the year's total music industry 's revenue, growing 29 percent from the previous year and becoming the largest source of income, pulling in around $ 2.4 billion. US streaming revenue grew 57 percent to $ 1.6 billion in

5460-705: The way consumers interact with music streaming. It was argued on 2 October 2000, and was decided on 12 February 2001. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that a P2P file-sharing service could be held liable for contributory and vicarious infringement of copyright, serving as a landmark decision for Intellectual property law. The first issue that the Court addressed was fair use , which says that otherwise infringing activities are permissible so long as they are for purposes "such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching [...] scholarship, or research." Judge Beezer,

5538-461: Was developed by Shawn and John Fanning as well as Sean Parker . In an interview from 2009, Shawn Fanning explained that Napster "was something that came to me as a result of seeing a sort of unmet need and the passion people had for being able to find all this music, particularly a lot of the obscure stuff, which wouldn't be something you go to a record store and purchase, so it felt like a problem worth solving." Not only did this development disrupt

5616-450: Was first used for tape drives manufactured by Data Electronics Inc. that were meant to slowly ramp up and run for the entire track; slower ramp times lowered drive costs. "Streaming" was applied in the early 1990s as a better description for video on demand and later live video on IP networks . It was first done by Starlight Networks for video streaming and Real Networks for audio streaming. Such video had previously been referred to by

5694-408: Was founded by Steve Chen , Chad Hurley , and Jawed Karim in 2005. It initially used a Flash-based player, which played MPEG-4 AVC video and AAC audio, but now defaults to HTML video . Increasing consumer demand for live streaming prompted YouTube to implement a new live streaming service for users. The company currently also offers a (secure) link that returns the available connection speed of

5772-592: Was founded in 1989 and developed a JPEG streaming product called "StreamWorks". Another streaming product appeared in late 1992 and was named StarWorks. StarWorks enabled on-demand MPEG-1 full-motion videos to be randomly accessed on corporate Ethernet networks. Starworks was from Starlight Networks , which also pioneered live video streaming on Ethernet and via Internet Protocol over satellites with Hughes Network Systems . Other early companies that created streaming media technology include Progressive Networks and Protocomm prior to widespread World Wide Web usage. After

5850-536: Was freely available on the Internet. By 2018, however, music streaming revenue exceeded that of traditional revenue streams (e.g. record sales, album sales, downloads). Streaming revenue is now one of the largest driving forces behind the growth in the music industry. By August 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had streaming services busier than ever. In the UK alone, 12 million people joined a new streaming service that they had not previously had. An impact analysis of 2020 data by

5928-599: Was no a built-in incentive specifically discouraging users from sharing their own files. This structure revolutionized the consumer's perception of ownership over digital goods ; it made music freely replicable. Napster quickly garnered millions of users, growing faster than any other business in history. At the peak of its existence, Napster boasted about 80 million users globally. The site gained so much traffic that many college campuses had to block access to Napster because it created network congestion from so many students sharing music files. The advent of Napster sparked

6006-452: Was split between 60% for the music service and 40% for the tavern owner. This business model eventually became unsustainable due to city permits and the cost of setting up these telephone lines. Attempts to display media on computers date back to the earliest days of computing in the mid-20th century. However, little progress was made for several decades, primarily due to the high cost and limited capabilities of computer hardware. From

6084-463: Was the technical basis for what later became Muzak , a technology for streaming continuous music to commercial customers without the use of radio. The Telephone Music Service, a live jukebox service, began in 1929 and continued until 1997. The clientele eventually included 120 bars and restaurants in the Pittsburgh area. A tavern customer would deposit money in the jukebox, use a telephone on top of

#173826