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54-481: A. a. americana A. a. mexicana A. a. oregona A. a. peninsularis A. a. sonoriensis The pronghorn ( UK : / ˈ p r ɒ ŋ h ɔːr n / , US : / ˈ p r ɔː ŋ -/ ) ( Antilocapra americana ) is a species of artiodactyl (even-toed, hoofed) mammal indigenous to interior western and central North America . Though not an antelope , it is known colloquially in North America as

108-649: A cloven hoof . Most of these cloven-hooved animals also have two smaller hooves called dewclaws a little further up the leg – these are not normally used for walking, but in some species with larger dewclaws (such as deer and pigs) they may touch the ground when running or jumping, or if the ground is soft. In the mountain goat, the dewclaw serves to provide extra traction when descending rocky slopes as well as additional drag on loose or slippery surfaces made of ice, dirt, or snow. Other cloven-hooved animals (such as giraffes and pronghorns ) have no dewclaws. In some so-called "cloven-hooved" animals, such as camels ,

162-527: A Sheep he is more like the Antilope or Gazelle of Africa than any other Species of Goat. The pronghorn was first officially described by American ornithologist George Ord in 1815. Pronghorns have distinct white fur on their rumps , sides, breasts, bellies, and across their throats. Adult males are 1.3–1.5 m (4 ft 3 in – 4 ft 11 in) long from nose to tail, stand 81–104 cm (2 ft 8 in – 3 ft 5 in) high at

216-462: A day; this continues even when the fawn joins a nursery . The females nurse, groom, and lead their young to food and water, as well as keep predators away from them. Females usually nurse the young about three times a day. Males are weaned 2–3 weeks earlier than females. Sexual maturity is reached at 15 to 16 months, though males rarely breed until three years old. Their lifespan is typically up to 10 years, rarely 15 years. In regions inhabited by

270-877: A few localized populations, due to bluetongue disease which is spread from sheep, but the overall trend has been positive. Pronghorn migration corridors are threatened by habitat fragmentation and the blocking of traditional routes. In a migration study conducted by Lava Lake Institute for Science and Conservation and the Wildlife Conservation Society , at one point, the migration corridor bottlenecks to an area only 200 yards wide. Pronghorns are now quite numerous, and outnumbered people in Wyoming and parts of northern Colorado until just recently. They are legally hunted in western states for purposes of population control and food. No major range-wide threats exist, although localized declines are taking place, particularly to

324-526: A fixed territory that females may enter, or defend a harem of females. A pronghorn may change mating strategies depending on environmental or demographic conditions. Where precipitation is high, adult males tend to be territorial and maintain their territories with scent marking , vocalizing , and challenging intruders. In these systems, territorial males have access to better resources than bachelor males. Females also employ different mating strategies. "Sampling" females visit several males and remain with each for

378-487: A forward-pointing tine , unlike the horns of species from the ox family Bovidae . Pronghorns were first seen and described by Spanish explorers in the 16th century, the species was not formally recorded or scrutinized until the expedition in 1804-06 by Captain Meriwether Lewis and Second Lieutenant William Clark . Following the discovery of a few subspecies of the sharp-tailed grouse , Lewis and Clark came across

432-492: A higher level of physical activity than females and apparently also have a greater blood volume relative to body size. Pronghorns are built for speed, not for jumping. Since their ranges are sometimes affected by sheep ranchers' fences, they can be seen going under fences, sometimes at high speed. For this reason, the Arizona Antelope Foundation and others are in the process of removing the bottom barbed wire from

486-807: A letter to fellow member Grinnell, wrote, "Personally, I think that the antelope are doomed, yet every attempt should be made to save them." Although the club had begun their efforts to save the pronghorn in 1910 by funding and restocking the Wichita Game Refuge in Oklahoma , the National Bison Range in Montana , and the Wind Cave National Park , in South Dakota , most of the efforts were doomed since experience demonstrated that after initial increases

540-400: A male pronghorn approaches her while softly vocalizing and waving his head side to side, displaying his cheek patches. The scent glands on the pronghorn are on either side of the jaw, between the hooves, and on the rump. A receptive female remains motionless, sniffs his scent gland, and then allows the male to mount her. Pronghorns have a gestation period of 7–8 months, which is longer than

594-479: A message to other pronghorns by both sight and smell about a present danger. This scent has been observed by humans 20 to 30 meters downwind from alarmed animals. The major odour compound identified from this gland is 2-pyrrolidinone. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the pronghorn was particularly abundant in the regions west of the Mississippi River (still its primary range today). Pronghorn herds filled

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648-675: A pronghorn refuge. This donation was contingent upon the government's adding 30,000 acres of surrounding public lands. On June 20, 1929, United States President Herbert Hoover included the required public lands upon request of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Interior after learning that the Boone and Crockett Club and the National Audubon Society were underwriting the private land buyout. On January 26, 1931, Hoover signed

702-531: A short time before switching to the next male at an increasing rate as estrous approaches. "Inciting" females behave as samplers until estrous, and then incite conflicts between males, watching and then mating with the winners. Before fighting, males try to intimidate each other. If intimidation fails, they lock horns and try to injure each other. "Quiet" females remain with a single male in an isolated area throughout estrous. Females continue this mating behavior for two to three weeks. When courting an estrous female,

756-663: A small patch of black hair at the angle of the mandible . Pronghorns have a distinct, musky odor. Males mark territory with a preorbital scent gland which is on the sides of the head. The major chemical component in this gland's secretion is the highly odoriferous compound, 2-ethyl-3-methylpyrazine. This compound is also the major volatile component found on the animal's back in the male's medial gland. Pronghorns have well developed glands on each hoof. Like many ungulates, these interdigital (hoof) glands of pronghorn contain chemical compounds that are known to have antimicrobial activity against soil and mammalian pathogens. The pronghorn

810-410: A thick hoof wall, adequate sole depth, a solid heel base and growth rings of equal size under the coronary band. There are four layers within the exterior wall of the hoof. From the outside, a hoof is made up of the stratum externum, the stratum medium, the stratum internum and the dermis parietis. The stratum externum and the stratum medium are difficult to distinguish, the stratum externum is thin and

864-429: A vital ecological niche of the prairie habitat, as well as other climatic zones. The amount of wildlife was considered to be so vast at one time that the prehistoric American Prairie—and as recently as 200 to 300 years ago—has been dubbed the "American Serengeti", due to the once-millions-strong herds of bison , elk , hundreds of thousands of pronghorn, as well as other now-extinct megafauna . The present-day range of

918-605: A water source. The majority are found within 5 mi (8 km) of a water source. An ongoing study by the Lava Lake Institute for Science and Conservation and the Wildlife Conservation Society shows an overland migration route that covers more than 260 km (160 mi). The migrating pronghorn start travel from the foothills of the Pioneer Mountains through Craters of the Moon National Monument to

972-439: A wide variety of plant foods, often including plants unpalatable or toxic to domestic livestock , though they also compete with them for food. In one study, forbs comprised 62% of their diet, shrubs 23%, and grasses 15%, while in another, cacti comprised 40%, grass 22%, forbs 20%, and shrubs 18%. Pronghorns also chew and eat (ruminate) cud . Healthy pronghorn populations tend to stay within 5.0–6.5 km (3–4 mi) of

1026-470: Is 0.0.3.3 3.1.3.3 . Unlike deer , pronghorns possess a gallbladder . Each horn of the pronghorn is composed of a slender, laterally flattened blade of bone which is thought to grow from the frontal bones of the skull, or from the subcutaneous tissues of the scalp, forming a permanent core. As in the Giraffidae , skin covers the bony cores, but in the pronghorn, it develops into a keratinous sheath which

1080-403: Is shed and regrown annually. Males have a horn sheath about 12.5–43 cm (5–17 in) (average 25 cm or 10 in) long with a prong. Females have smaller horns that range from 3–15 cm (1–6 in) (average 12 cm or 4 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) and sometimes barely visible; they are straight and very rarely pronged. Males are further differentiated from females in having

1134-446: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hoof The hoof surrounds the distal end of the second phalanx , the distal phalanx , and the navicular bone . The hoof consists of the hoof wall , the bars of the hoof, the sole and frog and soft tissue shock absorption structures. The weight of the animal is normally borne by both the sole and the edge of the hoof wall. Hooves perform many functions, including supporting

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1188-478: Is not very hard and forks 2 ⁄ 3 up one prong Short the other round & Sharp arched, and is immediately above its Eyes the Color is a light gray with black behind its ears down the neck, and its face white round its neck, its Sides and its rump round its tail which is Short & white; Verry actively made, has only a pair of hoofs to each foot, his brains on the back of his head, his Nostrals large, his eyes like

1242-525: Is still rather in its infancy. Once sustainable herds are re-established, management plans can be implemented by the states where the animals are found. This allows a “survival-of-the-fittest” approach to aid in the population's genetic variability, as well as money going to the state. Other ways are contributing money and service to conservation organizations like the National Wildlife Federation . This article about an even-toed ungulate

1296-466: Is the fastest land mammal in the Western Hemisphere , being built for maximum predator evasion through running. The top speed is dependent upon the length of time over which it is measured. It can run 56 km/h (35 mph) for 6.5 km (4 mi), 68 km/h (42 mph) for 1.5 km (1 mi), and 88.5 km/h (55 mph) for 800 m (0.5 mi). Although it is slower than

1350-402: Is to form a large, strong pen or fold, from which a fence made of bushes gradually widens on each side. The animals are surrounded by the hunters, and gently driven towards this pen, in which they imperceptibly find themselves enclosed, and are then at the mercy of the hunters. At the turn of the 20th century, members of the wildlife conservation group Boone and Crockett Club had determined that

1404-485: Is typical for North American ungulates. They breed in mid-September, and the doe carries her fawn until late May. The gestation period is around six weeks longer than that of the white-tailed deer . Females usually bear within a few days of each other. Twin fawns are common. Newborn pronghorns weigh 2–4 kg (4–9 lb), most commonly 3 kg (7 lb). In their first 21–26 days, fawns spend time hiding in vegetation. Fawns interact with their mothers for 20–25 minutes

1458-761: The American antelope , prong buck , pronghorn antelope and prairie antelope , because it closely resembles the antelopes of the Old World and fills a similar ecological niche due to parallel evolution . It is the only surviving member of the family Antilocapridae . During the Pleistocene epoch, about 11 other antilocaprid species existed in North America, many with long or spectacularly-twisted horns. Three other genera ( Capromeryx , Stockoceros and Tetrameryx ) existed when humans entered North America but are now extinct . The pronghorn's closest living relatives are

1512-802: The Continental Divide . Dr. Scott Bergen of the Wildlife Conservation Society says "This study shows that pronghorn are the true marathoners of the American West. With these new findings, we can confirm that Idaho supports a major overland mammal migration - an increasingly rare phenomenon in the U.S. and worldwide." Cougars ( Puma concolor ), wolves ( Canis lupus ), coyotes ( Canis latrans ), grizzly bears ( Ursus arctos horribilis ) and bobcats ( Lynx rufus ) are major predators of pronghorns. Golden eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ) have been reported to prey on fawns and adults. Jaguars ( Panthera onca ) also likely prey on pronghorns in their native range in

1566-651: The Natural Trap Cave found that while American cheetahs seemed to subsist on pronghorns, they did not do so exclusively. In fact, pronghorns were also important prey of American lions and wolves. Compared to its body size, the pronghorn has a large windpipe , heart, blood volume, erythrocites and lungs to allow it to take in large amounts of air when running. Additionally, pronghorn hooves have two long, cushioned, pointed toes which help absorb shock when running at high speeds. They also have an extremely light bone structure and hollow hair . Male pronghorn tend to have

1620-591: The Plains Indians tribes, as well as the Northwest Plateau , pronghorn was hunted as a principal food source by the local people. The pronghorn has also featured prominently in Native American mythology and oral history. Merriwether Lewis and William Clark made several other observations on the behavior of the pronghorn and how the local tribes hunted them. They described the animal, which they referred to as

1674-498: The Sonoran pronghorn , mainly as a result of livestock grazing, the construction of roads, fences, and other barriers that prevent access to historical habitat, illegal hunting, insufficient forage and water, and lack of recruitment . Three subspecies are considered endangered in all ( A. a. sonoriensis , A. a. peninsularis ), or part of their ranges ( A. a. mexicana ). The Sonoran pronghorn has an estimated population of fewer than 300 in

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1728-508: The giraffe and okapi . The Antilocaprids are part of the infraorder Pecora , making them distant relatives of deer , bovids , and moschids . The pronghorn is the fastest land mammal in the Americas, with running speeds of up to 88.5 km/h (55 mph). It is the symbol of the American Society of Mammalogists . The animal gets its name from its horn sheaths that branch and have

1782-561: The "Antelope" or the "Goat", as follows: Of all the animals we have seen the Antelope seems to possess the most wonderful fleetness. Shy and timorous they generally repose only on the ridges, which command a view of all the approaches of an enemy ... When they first see the hunters they run with great velocity ... The Indians near the Rocky Mountains hunt these animals on horseback, and shoot them with arrows. The Mandans ' mode of hunting them

1836-560: The "hoof" is not properly a hoof – it is not a hard or rubbery sole with a hard wall formed by a thick nail – instead it is a soft toe with little more than a nail merely having an appearance of a hoof. Some odd-toed ungulates ( equids ) have one hoof on each foot; others have (or had) three distinct hooved or heavily nailed toes, or one hoof and two dewclaws. The tapir is a special case, having three toes on each hind foot and four toes on each front foot. Hooves grow continuously. In nature, wild animals are capable of wearing down

1890-472: The African cheetah , it can sustain top speeds much longer than cheetahs. The pronghorn may have evolved its running ability to escape from now-extinct predators such as the American cheetah , since its speed greatly exceeds that of all extant North American predators. Carbon and nitrogen isotope comparisons between pronghorn, horses, Bighorn sheep , bison , American cheetahs, American lions , and wolves of

1944-484: The Mexican pronghorn, the next step is to start the conservation process. Historically, poaching was one of the factors that led them to become endangered. Only when the population is self-sustaining and thriving, can establishment of a hunting season (by permit) be considered for practical conservation. Unfortunately pronghorn numbers aren't anywhere near, for example, those of white-tailed deer or mule deer , so this concept

1998-579: The Rocky Mountain pronghorn ( A. a. americana ), Mexican pronghorn ( A. a. mexicana ), the Oregon pronghorn ( A. a. oregona ), and the critically endangered Baja California pronghorn ( A. a. peninsularis ). Pronghorns prefer open, expansive terrain at elevations varying between 900 and 1,800 m (3,000 and 5,900 ft), with the densest populations in areas receiving around 250–400 mm (10– 15 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) of rainfall per year. They eat

2052-751: The United States and 200–500 in Mexico, while there are approximately 200 Peninsula pronghorn in Baja California. Populations of the Sonoran pronghorn in Arizona and Mexico are protected under the Endangered Species Act (since 1967), and a recovery plan for this subspecies has been prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Mexican animals are listed on CITES Appendix I. Pronghorns have game-animal status in all of

2106-494: The central coastal grasslands, further south. In Mexico , the Sonoran pronghorn ( A. a. sonoriensis ) subspecies may be found from the state of Baja California Sur east through Sonora to San Luis Potosí , in north-central regions of the country, albeit in gradually diminishing populations. They have been extirpated from Iowa and Minnesota in the United States, and from Manitoba in Canada. Other regional subspecies include

2160-408: The equine world, the expression, "no foot, no horse" emphasizes the importance of hoof health. Hoof care is important in the equine industry . Problems that can arise with poor horse hoof care include hoof cracks, thrush, abscesses and laminitis . A cow hoof is cloven, or divided, into two approximately equal parts, usually called claws. Approximately 95% of lameness in dairy cattle occurs in

2214-487: The executive order for the refuge. On December 31, 1936, President Franklin Roosevelt signed an executive order creating a 222,000-hectare (549,000-acre) tract; this was the true beginning for pronghorn recovery in North America. The protection of habitat and hunting restrictions have allowed pronghorn numbers to recover to an estimated population between 500,000 and 1,000,000 since the 1930s. Some recent decline has occurred in

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2268-485: The extinction of the pronghorn was likely. In a letter from George Bird Grinnell , Boone and Crockett Club chairman of the game preservation committee, to Walter L. Fisher , Secretary of the Interior , Grinnell stated, "The Club is much concerned about the fate of the pronghorn which appears to be everywhere rapidly diminishing." By the 1920s, hunting pressure had reduced the pronghorn population to about 13,000. Boone and Crockett Club member Charles Alexander Sheldon , in

2322-521: The feet. Lameness in dairy cows can reduce milk production and fertility, and cause reproductive problems and suffering. For dairy farm profitability, lameness, behind only infertility and mastitis , is the third most important cow health issue. Hoof trimmers trim and care for bovine hooves, usually dairy cows . Hooves can be trimmed with a sharp knife while the cow is restrained and positioned with ropes. Professional hoof-trimming tend to use angle grinders and some type of hoof trimming crush to make

2376-439: The fences, and/or installing a barbless bottom wire. The pronghorn has been observed to have at least 13 distinct gaits , including one reaching nearly 7.3 m (23 ft 11 in) per stride. When a pronghorn sees something that alarms it, the white hair on the rump flairs open and exposes two highly odoriferous glands that releases a compound described as having an odour "reminiscent of buttered popcorn." This sends

2430-482: The flora the animals survive on. In Coahuila , it was determined the animals browse mainly on forbs . Further things that can be done to help the reintroduction of this subspecies include setting up clean, reliable water stations (which serve to benefit all area wildlife), reducing the amount of grazing by livestock, and minimizing fence use. Temporary bans on hunting/killing pronghorn will be necessary, until populations stabilize sufficiently. After reintroduction of

2484-499: The hoof as it continuously grows, but captive domesticated species often must undergo specific hoof care for a healthy, functional hoof. Proper care improves biomechanical efficiency and prevents lameness. If not worn down enough by use, such as in the dairy industry, hooves may need to be trimmed. However, too much wear can result in damage of the hooves, and for this reason, horseshoes and oxshoes are used by animals that routinely walk on hard surfaces and carry heavy weight. Within

2538-545: The pronghorn is generally west of the Mississippi, extending from southern Saskatchewan and Alberta , Canada south into the western US , primarily in the states of Arizona , Colorado , Idaho , Kansas , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Mexico , North Dakota , Oklahoma , Oregon , South Dakota , Texas , Utah , Washington and Wyoming . In extreme Northern California , pronghorn can be found in inland counties, ranging from neighboring Nevada and Oregon, as well as

2592-568: The pronghorn near the mouth of the Niobrara River , in present-day Nebraska . Clark was among the first Euro-Americans to publish the experience of killing a pronghorn, and described his experience as follows: I walked on shore to find an old Vulcanoe [the Ionia Volcano ?] ... in my walk I killed a Buck Goat of this Countrey, about the height of the Grown Deer, its body Shorter the horns which

2646-542: The pronghorns would die off because of the fenced enclosures. In 1927, Grinnell spearheaded efforts along with the help of T. Gilbert Pearson of Grinnell's National Audubon Society to create the Charles Alexander Sheldon Antelope Refuge in northern Nevada . About 2900 acres of land were jointly purchased by the two organizations and subsequently turned over to the Biological Survey as

2700-423: The shoulder, and weigh 40–65 kg (88–143 lb). The females are the same height as males, but weigh 34–48 kg (75–106 lb). The feet have two hooves , with no dewclaws . Their body temperature is 38 °C (100 °F). They have very large eyes with a 320° field of vision . Their orbits (eye sockets) are prominent and set high on the skull. Their teeth are hypsodont , and their dental formula

2754-617: The southwestern United States and in northern Mexico. In the Pleistocene , jaguars would likely be dangerous to pronghorns as a short-range ambush predator. Pronghorns form mixed-sex herds in the winter. In early spring, the herds break up, with young males forming bachelor groups, females forming harems , and adult males living solitarily. Some female bands share the same summer range, and bachelor male bands form between spring and fall. Females form dominance hierarchies with few circular relationships. Dominant females aggressively displace other females from feeding sites. Adult males either defend

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2808-490: The stratum medium is what makes up the bulk of the hoof wall. Inside the hoof wall is a laminar junction , a soft tissue structure that allows the hoof to withstand the demands of force transmission it undergoes. This tissue structure binds the inner surface of the hoof wall, the dermis parietis and the outer surface of the third phalanx. Most even-toed ungulates (such as sheep , goats , deer , cattle , bison and pigs ) have two main hooves on each foot, together called

2862-404: The weight of the animal, dissipating the energy impact as the hooves strike the ground or surface, protecting the tissues and bone within the hoof capsule, and providing traction for the animal. Numerous factors can affect hoof structure and health, including genetics, hoof conformation, environmental influences, and athletic performance of the animal. The ideal hoof has a parallel hoof-pastern axis,

2916-695: The western states of the United States, and permits are required to trap or hunt pronghorns. Mexican pronghorn The Mexican pronghorn ( Antilocapra americana mexicana ) is a pronghorn native to Mexico . It was found in the United States (in Arizona ), but is considered extirpated there. With the Mexican pronghorn being an endangered species due to habitat destruction , overgrazing , poaching , and fencing of ranches, efforts have been made to reintroduce them into Mexico . Human intervention may be necessary, such as growing seedlings and transplants of

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