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59-489: ProLiant is a brand of server computers that was originally developed and marketed by Compaq , Hewlett-Packard (HP), and currently marketed by Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE). ProLiant servers were first introduced by Compaq in 1993, succeeding their SystemPro line of servers in the high-end space. After Compaq merged with HP in 2002, HP retired its NetServer brand in favor of the ProLiant brand. HP ProLiant systems led

118-431: A biased switch ( push-button ) which connects to the motherboard. When the case is opened, the switch position changes, and the system records this change. The system's firmware or BIOS may be configured to report this event the next time it is powered on. This physical intrusion detection system may help computer owners detect tampering with their computers. However, most such systems are quite simple in construction;

177-1107: A computer monitor or input device, audio hardware and USB interfaces. Many servers do not have a graphical user interface (GUI). They are configured and managed remotely. Remote management can be conducted via various methods including Microsoft Management Console (MMC), PowerShell , SSH and browser-based out-of-band management systems such as Dell's iDRAC or HP's iLo . Large traditional single servers would need to be run for long periods without interruption. Availability would have to be very high, making hardware reliability and durability extremely important. Mission-critical enterprise servers would be very fault tolerant and use specialized hardware with low failure rates in order to maximize uptime . Uninterruptible power supplies might be incorporated to guard against power failure. Servers typically include hardware redundancy such as dual power supplies , RAID disk systems, and ECC memory , along with extensive pre-boot memory testing and verification. Critical components might be hot swappable , allowing technicians to replace them on

236-560: A PSU shroud and vertical gpu mounts. Some used to include holes to support external water cooling radiators. Cases with side windows may have side fans (on the window) as well, although it is uncommon for cases with glass windows to have side fans. Prominent after-market case manufacturers include Antec , BitFenix , Cooler Master , Corsair , Fractal Design , In Win Development , Lian Li , NZXT Corp. , Phanteks , Rosewill , and Thermaltake , (DIY PC) Some computer cases include

295-499: A UEFI boot option. Starting August 28, 2014, HP ProLiant Gen9 series were available based on Intel Haswell chipset and DDR4 memory. First were the HP ProLiant ML350 Gen9 Server and HP ProLiant BL460c Gen9 Blade. Servers in this generation support both BIOS and UEFI . On November 1, 2015, HP split up into two separate companies, HP Inc. , and HPE . As part of the spilt, HPE inherited the ProLiant line of servers from

354-664: A balance between density and computing power. SL server models are rack-based. These models are mostly used in data centers and environments where a maximum of computing power is desired. BL server models are enclosure-based. They are made specially for use in a blade enclosure and cannot be used without such. Blade systems aim towards maximum density and manageability at limited rack space. There are two models of blade enclosures: HPE BladeSystem c3000 Enclosure (8 Bays for Blades), and HPE BladeSystem c7000 Enclosures (16 Bays for Blades). One advantage of HP/HPE Blade Enclosures compared to competitors (such as IBM Blade Systems) has been that

413-644: A case designed for an ATX motherboard and power supply unit (PSU) may take on several external forms such as a vertical tower (designed to sit on the floor, height > width), a flat desktop (height < width) or pizza box (height ≤ 5 cm or 2 in) designed to sit on the desk under the computer's monitor ). Full-size tower cases are typically larger in volume than desktop cases, with more room for drive bays , expansion slots , and custom or all-in-one (AIO) water cooling solutions. Desktop cases—and mini-tower cases under about 46 cm (18 in) high—are popular in business environments where space

472-401: A case is usually constructed from rigid metals such as steel (often SECC — steel, electrogalvanized, cold-rolled, coil) and aluminium alloy , with hardpoints and through holes for mounting internal hardware, case fans / coolers and for organizing cable management . The external case panels, at least one of which are removable, cover the chassis from the front, sides and top to shield

531-776: A full-size PCI-E 16× slot with support for the fastest graphics cards, although some instead use a PCI, or PCIe slot of fewer than 16 lanes. This allows customers to build a fully-fledged high-end computer in a significantly smaller case. Apple Inc. has also produced the Mac Mini computer, which is similar in size to a standard CD-ROM drive, and many manufacturers offer mini-ITX cases of similar size for low-wattage CPUs with integrated graphics. Tower cases are often categorized as mini-tower, midi-tower, mid-tower, or full-tower. The terms are subjective and inconsistently defined by different manufacturers. Full tower cases are typically 56 cm (22 in) or more in height and intended to stand on

590-452: A knowledgeable intruder can open the case or modify its contents without triggering the switch. In the past, many tower cases (including full tower cases) intended to house file servers featured a locking door covering the external drive bays. This was a security feature intended to prevent the theft of the CD-ROM discs the drives would be holding. At the time, CD-ROM capacity was larger than

649-423: A much wider range of variation in shape, color, form factor, and materials, such as brushed aluminium and/or tempered glass which are offered with more expensive cases. Case modding is the artistic styling of computer cases, often to draw attention to the use of advanced or unusual components. Since the early 2000s, some cases have included clear side panels or acrylic windows so that users can look inside while it

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708-401: A resource) is a server, and the calling process or processes is a client. Thus any general-purpose computer connected to a network can host servers. For example, if files on a device are shared by some process, that process is a file server . Similarly, web server software can run on any capable computer, and so a laptop or a personal computer can host a web server. While request–response

767-470: A restructuring of its existing line of ProLiant servers into two separate and distinct lines to suit different needs in the server market. The ML (Modular Line) line of servers features a modular design that is designed for maximum system expansion while the DL (Density Line) line of servers consists of powerful, density-optimized servers designed for rack mounted use. In May 2002, Compaq was acquired by HP. As part of

826-745: A server is used. Almost the entire structure of the Internet is based upon a client–server model. High-level root nameservers , DNS , and routers direct the traffic on the internet. There are millions of servers connected to the Internet, running continuously throughout the world and virtually every action taken by an ordinary Internet user requires one or more interactions with one or more servers. There are exceptions that do not use dedicated servers; for example, peer-to-peer file sharing and some implementations of telephony (e.g. pre-Microsoft Skype ). Hardware requirement for servers vary widely, depending on

885-618: Is a collaborative effort, Open Compute Project around this concept. A class of small specialist servers called network appliances are generally at the low end of the scale, often being smaller than common desktop computers. A mobile server has a portable form factor, e.g. a laptop . In contrast to large data centers or rack servers, the mobile server is designed for on-the-road or ad hoc deployment into emergency, disaster or temporary environments where traditional servers are not feasible due to their power requirements, size, and deployment time. The main beneficiaries of so-called "server on

944-516: Is also cheaper to manufacture. Throughout the 1990s, most computer cases had simple rectangular shapes, and were often painted beige or white with little attention given to the visual design. Beige box designs are still found on a large number of budget computers assembled from generic components. These class of machines are now known as white box computers , even though the cases for these types of machines are now generally colored black or silver instead of beige. More modern computer cases include

1003-427: Is also less of a concern, but power consumption and heat output can be a serious issue. Server rooms are equipped with air conditioning devices. A server farm or server cluster is a collection of computer servers maintained by an organization to supply server functionality far beyond the capability of a single device. Modern data centers are now often built of very large clusters of much simpler servers, and there

1062-421: Is at a premium. Currently, the most popular form factor for desktop computers is ATX, although microATX and small form factors have also become very popular for a variety of uses. In the high-end segment, the unofficial and loosely defined XL-ATX specification appeared around 2009. It extends the length of the mainboard to accommodate four graphics cards with dual-slot coolers. Some XL-ATX mainboards increase

1121-501: Is larger than ATX and is also loosely defined. Unlike XL-ATX, E-ATX motherboards and cases are still in production (as of 2020), and support quad-channel memory across 8 slots of ram, up to 4 PCI-e expansion slots for up to 4 double slot graphics cards and a single CPU such as the AMD Ryzen Threadripper 3990X. Companies like In Win Development , Shuttle Inc. and AOpen originally popularized small cases, for which FlexATX

1180-562: Is operating. Modded cases may also include colored internal lighting, custom paint, or liquid cooling systems . Some hobbyists build custom cases from raw materials like aluminum, steel, styrofoam , acrylic, or wood. Historically, cases used CCFL lighting and eventually single color LEDs as strips or in fans to illuminate their interior; modern cases use RGB LED lighting instead, often incorporated into case fans. To improve airflow while allowing RGB fans to be visible, many cases as of 2020 use metal meshes, without any external bays. Many include

1239-402: Is part of the client–server model ; in this model, a server serves data for clients . The nature of communication between a client and server is request and response . This is in contrast with peer-to-peer model in which the relationship is on-demand reciprocation. In principle, any computerized process that can be used or called by another process (particularly remotely, particularly to share

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1298-503: Is the case with the Corsair 1000D) and dual power supplies (Corsair 900D). Mid-tower cases are smaller, about 46 cm (18 in) high with two to four external bays. They may also hold two computers. A mini-tower case will typically have only one or two external bays. The marketing term midi-tower sometimes refers to cases smaller than mid-tower but larger than mini-tower, typically with two to three external bays. Other times

1357-415: Is the most common client-server design, there are others, such as the publish–subscribe pattern . In the publish-subscribe pattern, clients register with a pub-sub server, subscribing to specified types of messages; this initial registration may be done by request-response. Thereafter, the pub-sub server forwards matching messages to the clients without any further requests: the server pushes messages to

1416-414: Is the option to purchase the server with ClearOS installed in order for users to be able to enable applications via an easy-to-use web-GUI with minimal effort. Server computer Client–server systems are usually most frequently implemented by (and often identified with) the request–response model: a client sends a request to the server, which performs some action and sends a response back to

1475-602: The 500 and 600 series comprise quad socket capable systems, and the 700 and 900 series comprise eight socket capable systems. The 900 series supports up to 80 CPU cores and up to 4 TB of RAM. Models with a '0' in the last digit use Intel processors while models with a '5' in the last digit use AMD processors. The ProLiant forms part of the HP Converged Systems , which use a common Converged Infrastructure architecture for server, storage, and networking products. Designed to support 50 to 300 virtual machines ,

1534-567: The Presario line of personal computers, and the iPAQ line of personal digital assistant (PDA) devices. In February 2012, HP announced the ProLiant generation 8. In July 2013, HP announced a new blade server -based ProLiant, the HP Moonshot Server. The ProLiant DL580 Gen8 is a "middle generation" between Gen8 and Gen9. It has some of new features introduced in Gen9, primarily the availability of

1593-485: The internal hardware, while hardware outside the case (typically cable -linked or plug-and-play devices such as the display , speakers , keyboard , mouse and USB flash drives ) are known as peripherals . Conventional computer cases are fully enclosed, with small holes (mostly in the back panel) that allow ventilation and cutout openings that provide access to plugs/sockets (back) and removable media drive bays (front). The structural frame ( chassis ) of

1652-417: The x86 server market in terms of units and revenue during first quarter of 2010. HPE now owns the ProLiant brand after HP split up into two separate companies in 2015. The HP/HPE ProLiant servers offer many advanced server features such as redundant power supplies, Out-of-band management with iLO or Lights-out 100, Hot-swap components and up to 8-Socket systems. The ProLiant series of server computers

1711-743: The DL line comprises general purpose rack mount servers. The BL line comprises blade servers which fit within the HP BladeSystem , the SY comprises the Synergy Blades, and the XL (also known as Apollo) line comprises servers for scale out and High Performance Computing environments. The MicroServer product line addresses small and home businesses. ProLiant servers are also split into several series which denote processor configuration. The 100, 200, 300 and 400 series comprise single and dual socket capable systems,

1770-707: The HP ConvergedSystem 300 is configured with ProLiant servers. A system administrator can manage ProLiant servers using HP OneView for converged infrastructure management. HP also provide drivers a software for managing servers such as Management Component Pack which includes hp online configuration utility (hponcfg), Agentless Management Service amsd, Smart Storage Administrator (SSA) ssa, Smart Storage Administrator (SSA) CLI ssacli and Smart Storage Administrator Diagnostic Utility (SSADU) CLI ssaducli. ML server models are tower-based. They aim towards maximum expandability. DL server models are rack-based. They aim towards

1829-731: The HPE ProLiant DGen10 Plus servers offer improved data transfer rates and higher networking speeds. In November 2022, HPE introduced the ProLiant Gen11 server lineup providing support for several architectures including fourth-generation AMD EPYC processors and fourth-generation Intel Xeon scalable processors. ProLiant servers are separated into four main product lines - ML, DL, BL, SY, and XL (Apollo) - which generally denote form factor. The ProLiant ML line comprises tower -based servers (convertible to rack mount) with capacity for internal expansion of disks and interconnects, while

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1888-847: The Internet, the dominant operating systems among servers are UNIX-like open-source distributions , such as those based on Linux and FreeBSD , with Windows Server also having a significant share. Proprietary operating systems such as z/OS and macOS Server are also deployed, but in much smaller numbers. Servers that run Linux are commonly used as Webservers or Databanks. Windows Servers are used for Networks that are made out of Windows Clients. Specialist server-oriented operating systems have traditionally had features such as: In practice, today many desktop and server operating systems share similar code bases , differing mostly in configuration. In 2010, data centers (servers, cooling, and other electrical infrastructure) were responsible for 1.1–1.5% of electrical energy consumption worldwide and 1.7–2.2% in

1947-592: The United States. One estimate is that total energy consumption for information and communications technology saves more than 5 times its carbon footprint in the rest of the economy by increasing efficiency. Global energy consumption is increasing due to the increasing demand of data and bandwidth. Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) states that data centers used 91 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) electrical energy in 2013 which accounts to 3% of global electricity usage. Environmental groups have placed focus on

2006-437: The abstract form of functionality, e.g. Web service . Alternatively, it may refer to a computer program that turns a computer into a server, e.g. Windows service . Originally used as "servers serve users" (and "users use servers"), in the sense of "obey", today one often says that "servers serve data", in the same sense as "give". For instance, web servers "serve [up] web pages to users" or "service their requests". The server

2065-490: The carbon emissions of data centers as it accounts to 200 million metric tons of carbon dioxide in a year. Computer case A computer case , also known as a computer chassis , is the enclosure that contains most of the hardware of a personal computer . The components housed inside the case (such as the CPU , motherboard , memory , mass storage devices, power supply unit and various expansion cards ) are referred as

2124-421: The client, rather than the client pulling messages from the server as in request-response. The role of a server is to share data as well as to share resources and distribute work. A server computer can serve its own computer programs as well; depending on the scenario, this could be part of a quid pro quo transaction, or simply a technical possibility. The following table shows several scenarios in which

2183-468: The client, typically with a result or acknowledgment. Designating a computer as "server-class hardware" implies that it is specialized for running servers on it. This often implies that it is more powerful and reliable than standard personal computers , but alternatively, large computing clusters may be composed of many relatively simple, replaceable server components. The use of the word server in computing comes from queueing theory , where it dates to

2242-415: The common sense of a process performing service for requests, usually remote, with the 1981 version reading: SERVER n. A kind of DAEMON which performs a service for the requester, which often runs on a computer other than the one on which the server runs. The average utilization of a server in the early 2000s was 5 to 15%, but with the adoption of virtualization this figure started to increase to reduce

2301-531: The discs. However, as computing technology moves from floppy disks and CD-ROMs to large capacity hard drives, USB flash drives , and network-based solutions, more recent full tower cases typically only have none, one, or two external bays for CD drives, with the internal bays moved elsewhere in the case to improve airflow. Today, full tower cases are commonly used by enthusiasts as showpiece display cases with custom water cooling, lighting, and tempered glass (replacing acrylic). They may also hold two computers (as

2360-620: The entire front panel. Removal of the front panel itself may or may not require the removal of one or both of the side panels. If there is any doubt, consult the user's manual if possible. Traditionally, most computer cases required computer case screws to hold components and panels in place (i.e. motherboard, PSU, drives, and expansion cards). From the early 2000s onwards there is a trend towards tool-less cases, in which components are held together with snap-in plastic rails, thumbscrews, and other methods that do not require tools; this facilitates quick assembly and modification of computer hardware and

2419-427: The first versions (other than the larger LCD screen at the front compared to the first generation enclosures, and new plastic covers and HPE branding on the 3rd generation enclosures). The HPE ProLiant MicroServer line of products are entry-level, low power, compact, and affordable servers meant for small business, home office, or edge computing. They offer user upgradable components and easy access to hard drives. There

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2478-408: The floor. They can have anywhere from six to ten externally accessible drive bays. These cases were originally developed to house file servers which would typically be tasked with serving data from expensive CD-ROM databases that held more data than the hard drives commonly available at the time. Hence, many full tower cases include locking doors and other physical security features to prevent theft of

2537-408: The front of the case. Such a case will also (normally) include the wires needed to connect these ports, switches, and indicators to the motherboard. Accessing the interior components of a modern ATX tower case is done by removing the side panels. Looking front-to-back, accessing the motherboard, PSU, drive bays, and most case fan installation points are done by removing the left side panel. Removing

2596-411: The go" technology include network managers, software or database developers, training centers, military personnel, law enforcement, forensics, emergency relief groups, and service organizations. To facilitate portability, features such as the keyboard , display , battery ( uninterruptible power supply , to provide power redundancy in case of failure), and mouse are all integrated into the chassis. On

2655-472: The internal components from physical intrusion and dust collection, and are typically made from painted metallic and/or plastic material, while other materials such as mesh , tempered glass , acrylic , wood and even Lego bricks have appeared in many modern commercial or home-built cases . In recent years, open frame or open air cases that are only partly enclosed (with freer ventilation and thus theoretically better cooling ) have become available in

2714-450: The mainboard's width as well, to allow more space for the CPU, Memory PWM, and in some cases, a second CPU socket. While the market share of these exotic high-end mainboards is very low, almost all high-end cases and many mainstream cases support XL-ATX (10 expansion slots). As of 2018, no major motherboard manufacturer has made an XL-ATX board for several years. E-ATX is similar to XL-ATX in that it

2773-485: The merger with Compaq that year, HP discontinued their NetServer line of servers that had been produced the same year ProLiant servers debuted in the early 1990s in favor of Compaq's ProLiant line of servers. The 2002 merger also brought in other products that were made or offered by Compaq at the time, such as the NonStop line of servers (which were formerly owned by Tandem Computers, inc. and brought out by Compaq in 1997),

2832-733: The mid 20th century, being notably used in Kendall (1953) (along with "service"), the paper that introduced Kendall's notation . In earlier papers, such as the Erlang (1909) , more concrete terms such as "[telephone] operators" are used. In computing, "server" dates at least to RFC 5 (1969), one of the earliest documents describing ARPANET (the predecessor of Internet ), and is contrasted with "user", distinguishing two types of host : "server-host" and "user-host". The use of "serving" also dates to early documents, such as RFC 4, contrasting "serving-host" with "using-host". The Jargon File defines server in

2891-494: The number of servers needed. Strictly speaking, the term server refers to a computer program or process (running program). Through metonymy , it refers to a device used for (or a device dedicated to) running one or several server programs. On a network, such a device is called a host . In addition to server , the words serve and service (as verb and as noun respectively) are frequently used, though servicer and servant are not. The word service (noun) may refer to

2950-422: The older generation enclosures have been able to accommodate new generation BL servers just by upgrading the firmware for OA in the enclosure (Onboard Administrator). However improvements to back-plane of the enclosure in the new generation enclosures have enabled faster I/O capabilities (such as 10 Gbit/s Ethernet adapters and switches, and Infiniband). The physical design of the enclosures has not changed since

3009-708: The original HP along with a few others such as the NonStop line of servers originally by Tandem Computers and Compaq. Starting Q4 2017, HP ProLiant Gen10 servers were available. Also in November 2017, HPE extended their Gen10 range to include AMD EPYC processors using EPYC's price v cores architectures claiming to lower cost per virtual machine (VM) by 50%. In April 2021, HPE introduced the ProLiant Gen10 Plus line of servers, which are built on third-generation Intel Xeon scalable processors. Equipped with PCIe Gen4 capabilities,

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3068-525: The premium gaming PC market. Cases can come in many different sizes and shapes, which are usually determined by the form factor of the motherboard since it is physically the largest hardware component in most computers. Consequently, personal computer form factors typically specify only the internal dimensions and layout of the case. Form factors for rack-mounted and blade servers may include precise external dimensions as well since these cases must themselves fit in specific enclosures. For example,

3127-456: The right-side panel door. Alternatively, the case may have a single large U-shaped cover that saddles the chassis. This was ubiquitous in AT tower cases. To prevent the buildup of performance-degrading dust within the case, many models feature dust filters in front of the air intake fans. While the exact method of accessing the front filters depends on the case model, it usually requires the removal of

3186-430: The right-side panel is done less often to access the space behind the motherboard mounting plate. This space is devoted to cable management, as cables routed in front of the motherboard may disrupt the flow of air within the case causing increased temperatures. BTX , an uncontemporary standard, has the main side panel on the right side as opposed to the left. Some upside-down designed ATX cases are also accessed by removing

3245-564: The running server without shutting it down, and to guard against overheating, servers might have more powerful fans or use water cooling . They will often be able to be configured, powered up and down, or rebooted remotely, using out-of-band management , typically based on IPMI . Server casings are usually flat and wide , and designed to be rack-mounted, either on 19-inch racks or on Open Racks . These types of servers are often housed in dedicated data centers . These will normally have very stable power and Internet and increased security. Noise

3304-412: The server's purpose and its software. Servers often are more powerful and expensive than the clients that connect to them. The name server is used both for the hardware and software pieces. For the hardware servers, it is usually limited to mean the high-end machines although software servers can run on a variety of hardwares. Since servers are usually accessed over a network, many run unattended without

3363-545: The term may be synonymous with mid-tower . Computer cases usually include sheet metal enclosures for a power supply unit and drive bays , as well as a rear panel that can accommodate peripheral connectors protruding from the motherboard and expansion slots . Most cases also have a power button or switch, a reset button , and LEDs to indicate power, hard drive activity, and network activity in some models. Some cases include built-in I/O ports (such as USB and headphone ports) on

3422-656: Was originally introduced in 1993 by Compaq to replace their former SystemPro line of servers in the high-end space, with the mid-range space of the SystemPro being succeeded by the ProSignia line of servers and business PCs . The ProLiant and ProSignia brand of servers coexisted with each other up until the ProSignia brand was discontinued in 2000. On January 31, 2000, Compaq introduced the ProLiant ML and DL line of servers as part of

3481-407: Was the most common motherboard size. As of 2010 Mini ITX has widely replaced FlexATX as the most common small form factor mainboard standard. The latest mini ITX mainboards from Asus , Gigabyte , MSI , ASRock , Zotac and Foxconn offer the same feature set as full size mainboards. High-end mini ITX mainboards support standard desktop CPUs, use standard memory DIMM sockets, and mostly feature

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