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22-581: The main components of conjugated estriol are estriol glucuronides and to a lesser extent estriol sulfates . Estrogen glucuronides can be deglucuronidated into the corresponding free estrogens by β-glucuronidase in tissues that express this enzyme , such as the mammary gland , liver , and kidney , among others. Likewise, estrogen sulfates can be desulfated into the corresponding free estrogens by steroid sulfatase in tissues that express this enzyme. Consequently, estrogen conjugates have estrogenic activity via conversion into unconjugated estrogens. Progynon

44-515: A Jew. His work on rotenones was considered useful by the Nazi leadership as it could be useful for controlling lice among soldiers in the trenches. As the head of a leading institute, he applied for government funding on concentrated research labeled kriegswichtig (important for the war), some of which focused on military projects like the improvement of oxygen uptake for high-altitude bomber pilots. Adolf Windaus and Walter Schöller of Schering gave him

66-609: A PhD in chemistry in 1927. His doctoral research was on the chemistry of the insecticidal toxin found in the roots of Derris elliptica which he isolated and characterized. After his Habilitation he became lecturer in Göttingen 1931. He became a professor ordinarius at the Technical University of Danzig 1933–1936. In 1933 Butenandt signed the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of

88-520: A variety of other estrogenic products marketed by Schering, including Progynon-B ( estradiol benzoate ), Progynon-DH ( estradiol ; "dihydroxyestrin"), Progynon-DP ( estradiol dipropionate ), Progynon-C ( ethinylestradiol ), Progynova ( estradiol valerate ), and Progynon Depot (estradiol valerate, estradiol undecylate ). Emmenin was an orally active formulation of estrogen that was developed by James Collip at Ayerst and introduced in Canada in 1930 and

110-549: A very widely used estrogen, but one of the most widely prescribed drugs in North America . Both Emmenin and Progynon contained a mixture of water-soluble conjugated estrogens, later determined to be mostly estriol glucuronide . Conjugates of estriol like estriol glucuronide and estriol sulfate constitute more than 90% of the estrogens in the urine of pregnant women. Of these conjugates, 35 to 46% are estriol glucuronides and 15 to 22% are estriol 3-sulfate in late pregnancy;

132-491: A very widely used estrogen, but one of the most widely prescribed drugs in North America . Both Progynon and Emmenin contained a mixture of water-soluble estrogens, which was determined later to be mostly estriol glucuronide . Conjugates of estriol like estriol glucuronide and estriol sulfate constitute more than 90% of the estrogens in the urine of pregnant women. Of these conjugates, 35 to 46% are estriol glucuronides and 15 to 22% are estriol 3-sulfate in late pregnancy;

154-548: The United States in 1934. It was originally an extract obtained from human placenta . At some point, it seems to have been changed to an extract of the urine of women who were in late pregnancy , which was equivalent in composition but was less expensive to source, and was essentially the same product as Progynon, a related estrogen developed by Adolf Butenandt at Schering and introduced in Germany . These estrogen products were

176-592: The genito-urinary system is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Adolf Butenandt Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt ( German pronunciation: [ˈaːdɔlf ˈbuːtənant] ; 24 March 1903 – 18 January 1995) was a German biochemist . He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939 for his "work on sex hormones ." He initially rejected the award in accordance with government policy, but accepted it in 1949 after World War II . He

198-403: The glucuronic acid (β- D -glucopyranuronic acid) conjugate of estriol . It occurs in high concentrations in the urine of pregnant women as a reversibly formed metabolite of estriol . Estriol glucuronide is a prodrug of estriol , and was the major component of Progynon and Emmenin , estrogenic products manufactured from the urine of pregnant women that were introduced in

220-419: The mammary gland . As a result, estrogen glucuronides have estrogenic activity via conversion into estrogens. The positional isomer of estriol 16α-glucuronide, estriol 3-glucuronide , also occurs as an endogenous metabolite of estriol, although to a much lower extent in comparison. This article about a steroid is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This drug article relating to

242-467: The 1920s and 1930s and were the first orally active estrogens. Emmenin was succeeded by Premarin ( conjugated equine estrogens ), which is sourced from the urine of pregnant mares and was introduced in 1941. Premarin replaced Emmenin due to the fact that it was easier and less expensive to produce. Estrogen glucuronides can be deglucuronidated into the corresponding free estrogens by β-glucuronidase in tissues that express this enzyme , such as

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264-832: The German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State . In 1936 he applied for the directorship of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut (later the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry ) in Berlin-Dahlem while also joining the NSDAP on 1 May 1936 (party member No. 3716562). The earlier director of the Kaiser Wilhelm institute was Carl Neuberg , who had been removed for being

286-534: The advice to work on hormones extracted from ovaries . This research lead to the discovery of estrone and other primary female sex hormones , which were extracted from several thousand liters of urine . While working as professor in Danzig at the Chemisches Institut he was continuing his works over hormones extracting progesterone in 1934 and testosterone a year later, the research results were along with

308-479: The double conjugate estriol sulfate glucuronide (probably estriol 3-sulfate 16α-glucuronide) also occurs. Progynon was also the name that Butenandt originally gave estrone (which he had isolated in 1929) in his first publication on the substance (and later referred to as folliculine, with the name estrone not finally being adopted until 1935). Aside from Progynon and Progynon 2, the Progynon name has also been used in

330-434: The double conjugate estriol sulfate glucuronide (probably estriol 3-sulfate 16α-glucuronide) also occurs. Unlike unconjugated estrogens like estradiol and estrone , these estrogens were orally active. Estriol glucuronide Estriol glucuronide ( E3G ), or oestriol glucuronide , also known as estriol monoglucuronide , as well as estriol 16α-β- D -glucosiduronic acid , is a natural , steroidal estrogen and

352-520: The exact nature of his political orientation during the Nazi era has never been fully resolved. When the institute moved to Tübingen in 1945 he became a professor at the University of Tübingen . In 1948 he was considered for the chair for physiological medicine at the University of Basel . He entered in negotiations but eventually was convinced to stay the chemical industry to stay in Germany. In 1956, when

374-418: The first orally active estrogens to be marketed for medical use. To reduce the costs of manufacturing Emmenin and Progynon, Ayerst and Schering eventually switched to using the urine of pregnant mares (which contains conjugated equine estrogens , primarily estrone sulfate ) and called their new products Premarin and Progynon 2, respectively. Premarin was introduced by Ayerst in 1941 and has become not only

396-563: The institute relocated to Martinsried , a suburb of Munich , Butenandt became a professor at the University of Munich . He also served as president of the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science following Otto Hahn from 1960 to 1972. Butenandt is credited with the discovery and naming of the silkworm moth pheromone Bombykol in 1959. Butenandt died in Munich in 1995, at

418-459: The synthesis of steroids by Leopold Ružička considered significant enough to be awarded later by Nobel Committee in 1939. In 1940 he was involved in research on a hormone treatment to make long submarine voyages more comfortable for submariners in the Kriegsmarine. Butenand's involvement with the Nazi regime and various themes of research led to criticism after the war, and even after his death

440-510: Was President of the Max Planck Society from 1960 to 1972. He was also the first, in 1959, to discover the structure of the sex pheromone of silkworms, which he named bombykol . Born in Lehe, near Bremerhaven , he started his studies at the University of Marburg . For his PhD he joined the working group of the Nobel laureate Adolf Windaus at the University of Göttingen and he finished his studies with

462-458: Was an orally active formulation of estrogen that was developed by Adolf Butenandt at Schering and introduced in Germany in 1928. It was reportedly the first sex hormone product and hence also the first estrogen product to be introduced for medical use. Progynon was originally an ovarian or placental extract, but Schering soon switched for economic reasons to using the urine of women who were in late pregnancy . This form of Progynon

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484-511: Was essentially the same product as Emmenin, which was developed by James Collip at Ayerst and introduced in Canada in 1930 (and in the U.S. Tooltip United States in 1934). To further reduce the costs of manufacturing Progynon, Schering eventually switched to using the urine of pregnant mares and called its new product Progynon 2. Ayerst followed suit, with the introduction of Premarin ( conjugated equine estrogens ) in 1941. Premarin soon superseded Emmenin and has since become not only

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