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65-464: Program management deals with overseeing a group or several projects that align with a company’s organizational strategy, goals, and mission. These projects , are intended to improve an organization's performance . Program management is distinct from project management . Many programs focus on delivering a capability to change and are normally designed to deliver the organization's strategy or business transformation. Program management also emphasizes

130-399: A "solution" consists of projects and other definitions. It can be defined as "a set of state policies and/or agencies unified around a particular issue or oppression". Therefore, these kinds of projects involve constant change and dynamism due to the social constructions that evolve among time. State projects have to adapt to the current moment. They are mostly community services based. In

195-529: A building). It seeks the realization of a unique and innovative deliverable , such as a product , a service , a process, or in some cases, a scientific research. Each project has a beginning and an end, and as such is considered a closed dynamic system. It is developed along the 4 Ps of project management: Plan, Processes, People, and Power (e.g. line of authority). It is bound by the triple constraints that are calendar, costs and norms of quality, each of which can be determined and measured objectively along

260-437: A few specific individuals, limiting complexity. Ford emphasized standardization of design and component standards to ensure a standard product was produced, while quality was the responsibility of machine inspectors, "placed in each department to cover all operations ... at frequent intervals, so that no faulty operation shall proceed for any great length of time." Out of this also came statistical process control (SPC), which

325-403: A greater level of scrutiny compared to project management. Whereas a project might get approval for a change from its sponsor or director, a program level change would likely need executive approval. Quality assurance is pivotal to the success of each individual project and the success of the implementation. The key difference between a project and a program is that benefits are delivered within

390-540: A laboratory must do to become accredited. Management system refers to the organization's structure for managing its processes or activities that transform inputs of resources into a product or service which meets the organization's objectives, such as satisfying the customer's quality requirements, complying with regulations, or meeting environmental objectives. WHO has developed several tools and offers training courses for quality assurance in public health laboratories. The Capability Maturity Model Integration ( CMMI ) model

455-450: A larger amount of effort and more independent work than that involved in a normal essay assignment. It requires students to undertake their fact-finding and analysis, either from library/internet research or from gathering data empirically. The written report that comes from the project is usually in the form of a dissertation , which will contain sections on the project's inception, analysis, findings and conclusions. In project management,

520-408: A low quality culture had increased costs of $ 67 million/year for every 5000 employees compared to those rated as having a high quality culture. QA is not limited to manufacturing, and can be applied to any business or non-business activity, including: design, consulting, banking, insurance, computer software development, retailing, investment, transportation, education, and translation. It comprises

585-673: A more comprehensive approach to quality, the US continued to apply the Quality Control (QC) concepts of inspection and sampling to remove defective products from production lines, essentially unaware of or ignoring advances in QA for decades. It is valuable to failure test or stress test a complete consumer product. In mechanical terms this is the operation of a product until it fails, often under stresses such as increasing vibration , temperature, and humidity . This may expose many unanticipated weaknesses in

650-649: A new product line, project management would oversee specific tasks such as market research, product design, and manufacturing setup. Each of these projects would have clearly defined outputs, such as a functional prototype or a marketing campaign. Program management, by contrast, would ensure that all these projects align with broader organizational goals, such as increasing market share or achieving revenue growth. The program manager would address interdependencies, such as ensuring that production capabilities align with marketing timelines and sales targets. Program and project management are complementary disciplines, each playing

715-410: A program are aligned with organizational objectives and complement each other. Program managers must also address risks, resource allocation, and stakeholder expectations at a macro level. Their role involves monitoring the interdependencies between projects and adjusting optimize outcomes. In project management, success is assessed based on the delivery of outputs that meet specified criteria. A project

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780-420: A project consists of a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product , service or result. Another definition is a management environment that is created for the purpose of delivering one or more business products according to a specified business case . Projects can also be seen as temporary organizations. Project objectives define target status at the end of the project, reaching of which

845-477: A quality improvement process, which is generic in the sense that it can be applied to any of these activities and it establishes a quality culture, which supports the achievement of quality. This in turn is supported by quality management practices which can include a number of business systems and which are usually specific to the activities of the business unit concerned. In manufacturing and construction activities, these business practices can be equated to

910-551: A rational statistical basis as well. Shewhart consulted with Colonel Leslie E. Simon in the application of control charts to munitions manufacture at the Army's Picatinny Arsenal in 1934. That successful application helped convince Army Ordnance to engage AT&T's George Edwards to consult on the use of statistical quality control among its divisions and contractors at the outbreak of World War II. After World War II, many countries' manufacturing capabilities that had been destroyed during

975-455: A series of related projects, evolving over time in response to organizational goals, external factors, and changing priorities. Programs often operate within an extended timeline, allowing for adjustments that maximize their strategic impact. For example, a corporate sustainability program might continuously add projects addressing renewable energy use or carbon footprint reduction. Management focus Project Managers are primarily concerned with

1040-511: A specific role may be required. The skills needed to be a successful program manager consist of the ability to work well with others and communicate clearly and effectively. For a program manager, time management, problem solving and critical thinking are key skills needed to manage, plan, and execute multiple projects. Since a program manager is leading a project and working with others, leadership attributes, stakeholder management, and decision making are critical to project success. To obtain

1105-549: A system in which large groups of people performing a specialized type of work were grouped together under the supervision of a foreman who was appointed to control the quality of work manufactured. During the time of the First World War , manufacturing processes typically became more complex, with larger numbers of workers being supervised. This period saw the widespread introduction of mass production and piece work , which created problems as workmen could now earn more money by

1170-489: A temporary (rather than a permanent) social system ( work system ), possibly staffed by teams (within or across organizations ) to accomplish particular tasks under time constraints . A project may form a part of wider programme management or function as an ad hoc system. Open-source software "projects" or artists' musical "projects" (for example) may lack defined team-membership, precise planning and/or time-limited durations. The word project comes from

1235-434: A tool in any quality improvement effort to track quality data. Product quality data is statistically charted to distinguish between common cause variation or special cause variation. Walter Shewart of Bell Telephone Laboratories recognized that when a product is made, data can be taken from scrutinized areas of a sample lot of the part and statistical variances are then analyzed and charted. Control can then be implemented on

1300-406: A vital role in achieving organizational success. Projects deliver outputs efficiently and effectively, while programs ensure that these outputs contribute to broader strategic outcomes. While the distinctions provide a useful framework, the practical application often depends on organizational culture, the complexity of the initiatives, and strategic priorities. Effective integration of both approaches

1365-519: Is a data-driven quality strategy used to improve processes. The term "control" is the fifth phase of this strategy. Quality assurance comprises administrative and procedural activities implemented in a quality system so that requirements and goals for a product, service or activity will be accomplished. It is the systematic measurement, comparison with a standard, and monitoring of processes in an associated feedback loop that confers error prevention. This can be contrasted with quality control , which

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1430-403: Is also called acquisition management , indicating that the government buyer acquires goods and services by means of contractors. The program manager has an oversight of the purpose and status of the projects in a program. In program management, the manager supports all project-level activity by ensuring program goals are met at each milestone of the project. In addition, the  program manager

1495-563: Is considered necessary for the achievement of planned benefits. They can be formulated as SMART criteria : Projects are often guided by a steering group . The evaluation (measurement) occurs at the project closure. However, a continuous guard on the project progress should be kept by monitoring and evaluating. In civil, military and industry (e.g. oil and gas) infrastructure, capital projects refer to activities to construct and install equipment, facilities and buildings. As these activities are temporary endeavors with clear start and end dates,

1560-447: Is crucial for organizations aiming to achieve sustained growth and innovation. Project A project is a type of assignment, typically involving research or design, that is carefully planned to achieve a specific objective. An alternative view sees a project managerially as a sequence of events: a "set of interrelated tasks to be executed over a fixed period and within certain cost and other limitations". A project may be

1625-487: Is deemed successful if it achieves its objectives within the agreed time, budget, and scope. For example, a project to develop a new software application would be considered successful if the application functions as intended and is delivered on schedule. Program management, on the other hand, evaluates success based on long-term strategic benefits and overall organizational impact. A program encompassing projects to reduce operating costs, for instance, would measure success by

1690-438: Is essential for businesses to allocate resources effectively and align activities with strategic goals. Projects are designed to produce well-defined outputs. These outputs are discrete, measurable deliverables that contribute to a specific goal, such as constructing a new facility, implementing an IT solution, or launching a marketing campaign. These efforts are generally confined to meeting precise objectives that are critical to

1755-433: Is focused on process output. Quality assurance includes two principles: "fit for purpose" (the product should be suitable for the intended purpose); and "right first time" (mistakes should be eliminated). QA includes management of the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components, services related to production, and management , production and inspection processes. The two principles also manifest before

1820-401: Is the termination of a project prior to its completion and generally includes the cessation of access to funding and other project resources. Project cancellation may result from cost overruns , schedule overruns, changes in budget , change or obviation of the goal of the project, political factors, or any combination of those and other factors. Contracts often stipulate the time and

1885-457: Is ultimately responsible for execution of projects to include decision-making capacity that cannot be achieved at project level or by a project manager . Typically, the project manager uses the program manager as a sounding board for ideas and approaches to solving project issues that have program impacts. The program manager provides insight by actively seeking out such information from the project managers, although in large and/or complex projects,

1950-451: Is widely used to implement Process and Product Quality Assurance (PPQA) in an organization. The CMMI maturity levels can be divided into 5 steps, which a company can achieve by performing specific activities within the organization. During the 1980s, the concept of "company quality" with the focus on management and people came to the fore in the U.S. It was considered that, if all departments approached quality with an open mind, success

2015-442: Is within an organization, a sector or a community. As such, the management of change and transition is a key characteristic of a program, not just the building of a major capability. The program will adhere to set standards and incorporate planning, quality assurance, integration, and the eventual implementation. The planning phase brings together the various projects, resources, and milestones. Program changes and improvement go through

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2080-596: The Latin word projectum from the Latin verb proicere , "before an action", which in turn comes from pro- , which denotes precedence, something that comes before something else in time (paralleling the Greek πρό) and iacere , "to do". The word "project" thus originally meant "before an action". When the English language initially adopted the word, it referred to a plan of something, not to

2145-608: The software engineering processes and methods used to ensure quality. Various methods or frameworks are employed for this, such as ensuring conformance to one or more standards, e.g. ISO 25010 (which supersede ISO/IEC 9126 ) or process models such as CMMI , or SPICE . In addition, enterprise quality management software is used to correct issues such as supply chain disaggregation and to ensure regulatory compliance ; these are vital for medical device manufacturers. Consultants and contractors are sometimes employed when introducing new quality practices and methods, particularly where

2210-572: The American Society for Quality. 75% of senior or C-suite titles believed that their organization exhibits "a comprehensive, group-wide culture of quality." But agreement with that response dropped to less than half among those with quality job titles. In other words, the further from the C-suite, the less favorable the view of the culture of quality. A survey of more than 60 multinational companies found that those companies whose employees rated as having

2275-543: The act of actually carrying this plan out. Something performed in accordance with a project became known as an " object ". Every project has certain phases of development. Based on the Project Management Institute , a project can be defined as a "temporary endeavor" aimed to drive changes in teams, organizations, or societies. The output of a project is normally a unique product, service, or result. Projects can be short-term or long-term. Project cancellation

2340-462: The background of developing (engineering) a novel technical product: The task of engineering is to make it work once, while the task of quality assurance is to make it work all the time. Historically, defining what suitable product or service quality means has been a more difficult process, determined in many ways, from the subjective user-based approach that contains "the different weights that individuals normally attach to quality characteristics," to

2405-448: The company as opposed to a shorter term look in project management . The program must support a higher-level vision, goals, and objectives. These are set out in the program vision and blueprint, which defines the future state for the organization, sector or community that will be significantly changed. Individual projects align to a program set by the executive team. These projects can vary in scope, intent, and priority but all are part of

2470-528: The construction and repair of ships. Centuries later, Samuel Pepys , Secretary to the British Admiralty, appointed multiple such overseers to standardize sea rations and naval training. Prior to the extensive division of labor and mechanization resulting from the Industrial Revolution , it was possible for workers to control the quality of their own products. The Industrial Revolution led to

2535-432: The context of infrastructure code, a project is a collection of code used to build a discrete component of the system. There is no rule on how much a single project or its component can include. It is the performance of services, including consultation, operation, management, administrative or other services, for the project. For examples: Site One Landscape Supply provides project services for project bids and submittals in

2600-503: The coordinating and prioritizing of resources across projects, managing links between the projects and the overall costs and risks of the program. Program management is used in many business sectors such as business transformation , change management , construction , engineering , event planning , health care and information technology . In the defense sector, it is the preferred approach to managing large scale projects. Given major defense programs entail working with contractors, it

2665-460: The environment, a device, or a mission, product assurance plays a particularly important role here. It has organizational, budgetary and product developmental independence meaning that it reports to highest management only, has its own budget, and does not expend labor to help build a product. Product assurance stands on an equal footing with project management but embraces the customer's point of view. Software quality assurance refers to monitoring

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2730-454: The environment. A community project is a community-based project. It is a type of service project. Some analyses of project-oriented activity distinguish - using military-style terminology - between grandiose strategic projects and more trivial or component operational projects: tactical projects . Quality assurance The terms "quality assurance" and "quality control" are often used interchangeably to refer to ways of ensuring

2795-899: The extent to which these cost savings contribute to improved financial performance over time. Different perspectives exist regarding the distinctions between programs and projects. Programs deliver outcomes that reflect strategic changes, whereas projects deliver outputs that meet specific, tactical needs. In this view, program managers ensure that all constituent projects collectively achieve desired end states, while project managers focus on completing their projects effectively. Programs are more adaptable than projects, often evolving in response to changing conditions. Unlike projects, which adhere strictly to defined scopes, programs may shift priorities and allocate resources dynamically to maximize organizational benefits. An organization’s approach to program and project management has significant implications for its operational and strategic success: In launching

2860-569: The greater portfolio. The program manager may be well placed to provide this insight by actively seeking out such information from the Project Managers although in large and/or complex projects, a specific role may be required. Program management necessitates consistent progress checks to ensure the projects are matching the portfolio ’s direction. These checks should ensure accountability and confirm that stakeholders and suppliers are being utilized. A program will deliver major change, whether it

2925-490: The landscaping industry. Jubilee Scholars consulting firm provides multidisciplinary project services. It is a project that is meant to improve the lives of others, often done without expecting anything in return. It can benefit individuals, a non-profit, or a community A service project can directly address community needs, indirectly address community needs through research, organization, or community action; and provide research and advocacy for change in society, politics, and

2990-443: The manner in which a project may be cancelled. Contracted projects typically have a specified end date, when the contract may or may not be renewed; nonrenewal often has the same effect as cancellation but carries different legal ramifications. A project consists of a concrete and organized effort motivated by a perceived opportunity when facing a problem, a need, a desire or a source of discomfort (e.g., lack of proper ventilation in

3055-425: The medical field because it helps to identify the standards of medical equipment and services. Hospitals and laboratories make use of external agencies in order to ensure standards for equipment such as X-ray machines, Diagnostic Radiology and AERB. QA is particularly applicable throughout the development and introduction of new medicines and medical devices. The Research Quality Association (RQA) supports and promotes

3120-529: The models for quality assurance defined by the International Standards contained in the ISO 9000 series and the specified specifications for quality systems. In the system of Company Quality, the work being carried out was shop floor inspection which did not reveal the major quality problems. This led to quality assurance or total quality control, which has come into being recently. QA is very important in

3185-774: The necessary skills to become an effective program manager, obtaining a certification will demonstrate that you have the required skill set. The available certifications to obtain this knowledge are Project Management Professional (PMP), Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM), or PMI Agile Certified Practitioner (PMI-ACP). These various certifications can be obtained in many colleges and universities. There are several key factors of program management which considerably differ from project management . In general, these fall under several categories and range from overall strategic vision, resource and change management, and benefits of completion. Program management deals with strategy of

3250-423: The organization's immediate needs. Programs, by contrast, manage the interdependencies between multiple projects to deliver broader organizational outcomes. For instance, while a project might deliver a new hospital building, a program integrates this infrastructure with initiatives such as staff recruitment, training, and community outreach to enhance overall healthcare accessibility. This broader focus ensures that

3315-426: The part in the form of rework or scrap, or control can be implemented on the process that made the part, ideally eliminating the defect before more parts can be made like it. The quality of products is dependent upon that of the participating constituents, some of which are sustainable and effectively controlled while others are not. The process(es) which are managed with QA pertain to Total quality management . If

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3380-418: The product, and the data is used to drive engineering and manufacturing process improvements. Often quite simple changes can dramatically improve product service, such as changing to mold -resistant paint or adding lock-washer placement to the training for new assembly personnel. Statistical control is based on analyses of objective and subjective data. Many organizations use statistical process control as

3445-489: The production of extra products , which in turn occasionally led to poor quality workmanship being passed on to the assembly lines . Pioneers such as Frederick Winslow Taylor and Henry Ford recognized the limitations of the methods being used in mass production at the time and the subsequent varying quality of output. Taylor, utilizing the concept of scientific management, helped separate production tasks into many simple steps (the assembly line) and limited quality control to

3510-799: The program lifecycle compared to a project when they are delivered after the project has finished. These benefits in a program are felt as they are implemented and not when the project is rolled out to users. Successful program implementations are felt by the business affect all users in the organization. Program management and project management represent two fundamental approaches to achieving organizational change and success. While both are integral to an organization’s strategic execution, they differ significantly in their objectives, scope, and operational focus. Programs oversee and coordinate related projects to achieve broader organizational outcomes, whereas projects aim to deliver specific, tangible outputs within clearly defined parameters. Understanding these distinctions

3575-415: The project lifecycle. Some projects produce some level of formal documentation, the deliverable(s), and some impacts, which can be positive and/or negative. A project is an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned and researched about by students. At schools, educational institutes and universities, a project is a research assignment - given to a student - which generally requires

3640-507: The quality of a service or product. For instance, the term "assurance" is often used in a context such as: Implementation of inspection and structured testing as a measure of quality assurance in a television set software project at Philips Semiconductors is described. where inspection and structured testing are the measurement phase of a quality assurance strategy referred to as the DMAIC model ( define, measure, analyze, improve, control ). DMAIC

3705-409: The quality of research in life sciences, through its members and regulatory bodies. The term product assurance (PA) is often used instead of quality assurance and is, alongside project management and engineering, one of the three primary project functions. Quality assurance is seen as one part of product assurance. Due to the sometimes catastrophic consequences a single failure can have for human lives,

3770-548: The specification does not reflect the true quality requirements, the product's quality cannot be guaranteed. For instance, the parameters for a pressure vessel should cover not only the material and dimensions but operating, environmental, safety , reliability and maintainability requirements. ISO 17025 is an international standard that specifies the general requirements for the competence to carry out tests and or calibrations . There are 15 management requirements and 10 technical requirements. These requirements outline what

3835-430: The strategic benefits extend beyond the sum of individual project outputs. The finite nature of projects is a defining characteristic. Each project operates within a fixed timeline and budget, with a clear start and end point. The deliverables of a project are specific, and its success is often measured by the extent to which it achieves its defined scope. In contrast, programs are ongoing and adaptive. Programs encompass

3900-409: The successful execution of their specific projects. Their focus is on delivering outputs that meet predefined standards of scope, cost, and quality. They oversee the project lifecycle from initiation through to completion, emphasizing efficiency, adherence to schedule, and budgetary constraints. Program Managers, in contrast, take on a broader and more strategic role. They ensure that all projects under

3965-509: The term "project" is applied. Because the results of these activities are typically long-standing infrastructure, with a life measured in years or decades, these projects are typically accounted for in financial accounting as capital expenditures, and thus they are termed "capital projects". In computer software , a project can consist of programs, configuration definitions and related data. For example, in Microsoft Visual Studio ,

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4030-562: The value-based approach which finds consumers linking quality to price and making overall conclusions of quality based on such a relationship. During the Middle Ages , guilds adopted responsibility for the quality of goods and services offered by their members, setting and maintaining certain standards for guild membership. Royal governments purchasing material were interested in quality control as customers. For this reason, King John of England appointed William de Wrotham to report about

4095-518: The war were rebuilt. General Douglas MacArthur oversaw the rebuilding of Japan. He involved two key people in the development of modern quality concepts: W. Edwards Deming and Joseph Juran . They and others promoted the collaborative concepts of quality to Japanese business and technical groups, and these groups used these concepts in the redevelopment of the Japanese economy. Although there were many people trying to lead United States industries toward

4160-492: Was pioneered by Walter A. Shewhart at Bell Laboratories in the early 1920s. Shewhart developed the control chart in 1924 and the concept of a state of statistical control. Statistical control is equivalent to the concept of exchangeability developed by logician William Ernest Johnson , also in 1924, in his book Logic, Part III: The Logical Foundations of Science . Along with a team at AT&T that included Harold Dodge and Harry Romig, he worked to put sampling inspection on

4225-423: Was possible if management led the quality improvement process. The company-wide quality approach places an emphasis on four aspects (enshrined in standards such as ISO 9001): The quality of the outputs is at risk if any of these aspects is deficient. The importance of actually measuring Quality Culture throughout the organization is illustrated by a survey that was done by Forbes Insights in partnership with

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