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35-489: 25.7 in (65.3 cm) – 21 in (53.3 cm) (height range in landscape mode) The Pro Display XDR is a 32-inch flat panel computer monitor created by Apple , based on an LG supplied display, that was released on December 10, 2019. It was announced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference on June 3, 2019, along with the 2019 Mac Pro . It is the first Apple-branded display since

70-460: A wall socket ) or a battery to maintain an image on the display or change the image. This refresh typically occurs many times a second. If this is not done, for example, if there is a power outage , the pixels will gradually lose their coherent state, and the image will "fade" from the screen. The following flat-display technologies have been commercialized in 1990s to 2010s: Technologies that were extensively researched, but their commercialization

105-521: A Mac with an internal GPU supporting Display Stream Compression (2019 16-inch MacBook Pro, 2019 Mac Pro with W5700X, W6600X, W6800X, W6900X or W6800X Duo, 2020 27-inch iMac, and Macs with Apple silicon ) to run at 3.0 speed , otherwise they will run at 2.0 speed. Shortly after the announcement, the stand came under criticism and mockery for being sold as a separate product, and at what was perceived to be an excessive cost for its function—retailing at $ 999. Gizmodo noted, "the price for Apple’s Pro Stand

140-401: A higher refresh rate than the display itself, and contains a system of "custom lenses and reflectors". The aforementioned lattice serves as a heatsink : Apple stated that this design gave the display sufficient thermal management to operate "indefinitely" at 1000 nits of brightness across the entire screen, and up to 1600 nits in an environment cooler than 25 °C (77 °F). The display

175-554: A lock switch that releases rotation when the display has enough clearance to rotate 90 degrees. The VESA Mount Mount Adapter allows one to use a VESA-mounted stand. Sensors in the display automatically rotate the user interface to portrait mode. Apple partnered with Logitech to create a 4K webcam that attaches to the top of the display magnetically. The Pro Display XDR runs at full resolution in high dynamic range with iPad Air ( fifth-generation and newer) and iPad Pro ( fifth-generation and newer) models with an M series chip and

210-661: A relatively flat (for its day) cathode-ray tube setup and would be the first commercially released "flat panel" upon its launch in 1958; the Predicta was a commercial failure. The plasma display panel was invented in 1964 at the University of Illinois , according to The History of Plasma Display Panels. The MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor) was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, and presented in 1960. Building on their work, Paul K. Weimer at RCA developed

245-448: A smartwatch). Electronic visual display Starting in the early 2000s, flat-panel displays began to dominate the industry, as cathode-ray tubes (CRT) were phased out, especially for computer applications. Starting in the mid 2010s, curved display panels began to be used in televisions, computer monitors, and smartphones. There are various technologies used for electronic visual displays: An overhead projector can be considered

280-547: A type of electronic visual display. Additionally, CRTs were widely used in the past and microLED displays are under development. Electronic visual displays present visual information according to the electrical input signal (analog or digital) either by emitting light (then they are called active displays ) or, alternatively, by modulating available light during the process of reflection or transmission (light modulators are called passive displays ). Electronic visual displays can be observed directly ( direct view display ) or

315-406: Is a flat panel display technology introduced by Samsung under this trademark. Other television set manufacturers such as Sony have used the same technology to enhance the backlighting of LCD TVs already in 2013. Quantum dots create their own unique light when illuminated by a light source of shorter wavelength such as blue LEDs. This type of LED TV enhances the colour gamut of LCD panels, where

350-449: Is an electronic display used to display visual content such as text or images. It is present in consumer, medical, transportation, and industrial equipment. Flat-panel displays are thin, lightweight, provide better linearity and are capable of higher resolution than typical consumer-grade TVs from earlier eras. They are usually less than 10 centimetres (3.9 in) thick. While the highest resolution for consumer-grade CRT televisions

385-466: Is available with an optional laser-etched "nano-texture" glass finish to reduce glare. The nano-texture version requires a custom "dry polishing cloth" included with the display and sold by Apple to clean it. Mounting options are optionally purchasable separately as an accessory, either the " VESA Mount Adapter" or "Pro Stand". Both use a proprietary magnet system to attach the display. The Pro Stand allows for height adjustment and rotation, and includes

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420-432: Is produced by applying appropriate color filters (red, green and blue) to the individual subpixels. LC displays are used in various electronics like watches, calculators, mobile phones, TVs, computer monitors and laptops screens etc. Most earlier large LCD screens were back-lit using a number of CCFL (cold-cathode fluorescent lamps). However, small pocket size devices almost always used LEDs as their illumination source. With

455-478: Is so high, the crowd at WWDC 2019 let out an audible gasp when its pricing was announced, and that was in a room filled with reporters, Apple employees, Apple developers, and other assorted Apple followers who really ought to be immune to Apple sticker shock by now." The Verge jokingly dubbed the Pro Stand "the most expensive dongle ever". Peripheral connections Flat panel A flat-panel display ( FPD )

490-556: The Apple Thunderbolt Display was discontinued in 2016. "XDR" stands for "Extreme Dynamic Range." Since 2022, it has been one of two displays sold by Apple, alongside the consumer Apple Studio Display . The Pro Display XDR contains a 6016 × 3384 6K color-calibrated panel, and its rear cover contains a similar lattice pattern to the third-generation Mac Pro . To improve its contrast ratio and HDR capabilities, it uses blue-colored LEDs for its backlight instead of white, at

525-515: The Sony Qualia 005 was the first LED-backlit LCD . The Sony XEL-1 , released in 2007, was the first OLED television. Field-effect LCDs are lightweight, compact, portable, cheap, more reliable, and easier on the eyes than CRT screens. LCD screens use a thin layer of liquid crystal, a liquid that exhibits crystalline properties. It is sandwiched between two glass plates carrying transparent electrodes. Two polarizing films are placed at each side of

560-434: The thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962. It was a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. The idea of a TFT-based LCD was conceived by Bernard J. Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968. B.J. Lechner, F.J. Marlowe, E.O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated the concept in 1968 with a dynamic scattering LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs. The first active-matrix addressed electroluminescent display (ELD)

595-447: The LCD. By generating a controlled electric field between electrodes, various segments or pixels of the liquid crystal can be activated, causing changes in their polarizing properties. These polarizing properties depend on the alignment of the liquid-crystal layer and the specific field-effect used, being either Twisted Nematic (TN) , In-Plane Switching (IPS) or Vertical Alignment (VA). Color

630-454: The QLED TV they produce can determine what part of the display needs more or less contrast. Samsung also announced a partnership with Microsoft that will promote the new Samsung QLED TV. Volatile displays require that pixels be periodically refreshed to retain their state, even for a static image. As such, a volatile screen needs electrical power, either from mains electricity (being plugged into

665-542: The R&;D required and never built a working flat panel at that time. The first production flat-panel display was the Aiken tube , developed in the early 1950s and produced in limited numbers in 1958. This saw some use in military systems as a heads up display and as an oscilloscope monitor, but conventional technologies overtook its development. Attempts to commercialize the system for home television use ran into continued problems and

700-436: The displayed information can be projected to a screen (transmissive or reflective screen). This usually happens with smaller displays at a certain magnification. A different kind of projection display is the class of " laser projection displays ", where the image is built up sequentially either via line by line scanning or by writing one complete column at a time. For that purpose one beam is formed from three lasers operating at

735-461: The following Macs running macOS Catalina 10.15.2 or later: Macs and iPads with DisplayPort will output to it, including Thunderbolt 2-equipped Macs using an adapter, but are limited to lower resolutions and standard dynamic range. Windows and Linux -based systems supporting DisplayPort can output to it but lack configuration abilities like brightness control. It provides up to 96 W of host charging for MacBooks. The rear USB-C ports require

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770-518: The image is still generated by the LCD. In the view of Samsung, quantum dot displays for large-screen TVs are expected to become more popular than the OLED displays in the coming years; Firms like Nanoco and Nanosys compete to provide the QD materials. In the meantime, Samsung Galaxy devices such as smartphones are still equipped with OLED displays manufactured by Samsung as well. Samsung explains on their website that

805-417: The improvement of LEDs, almost all new displays are now equipped with LED backlight technology. The image is still generated by the LCD layer. A plasma display consists of two glass plates separated by a thin gap filled with a gas such as neon . Each of these plates has several parallel electrodes running across it. The electrodes on the two plates are at right angles to each other. A voltage applied between

840-454: The other hand, static flat-panel displays rely on materials whose color states are bistable, such as displays that make use of e-ink technology , and as such retain content even when power is removed. The first engineering proposal for a flat-panel TV was by General Electric in 1954 as a result of its work on radar monitors. The publication of their findings gave all the basics of future flat-panel TVs and monitors. But GE did not continue with

875-557: The phosphor glow. An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game consoles and PDAs. QLED or quantum dot LED

910-514: The primary colors, and this beam is scanned electro-mechanically (galvanometer scanner, micro-mirror array)) or electro-acousto-optically . Depending on the shape and on the arrangement of the picture elements of a display, either fixed information can be displayed (symbols, signs), simple numerals (7-segment layout) or arbitrary shapes can be formed (dot-matrix displays). Colors can be generated by selective emission, by selective absorption, transmission or by selective reflection. Each sub-pixel of

945-669: The system was never released commercially. Dennis Gabor , better known as the inventor of holography , patented a flat-screen CRT in 1958. This was substantially similar to Aiken's concept, and led to a years-long patent battle . By the time the lawsuits were complete, with Aiken's patent applying in the US and Gabor's in the UK, the commercial aspects had long lapsed, and the two became friends. Around this time, Clive Sinclair came across Gabor's work and began an ultimately unsuccessful decade-long effort to commercialize it. The Philco Predicta featured

980-407: The two electrodes one on each plate causes a small segment of gas at the two electrodes to glow. The glow of gas segments is maintained by a lower voltage that is continuously applied to all electrodes. By 2010, consumer plasma displays had been discontinued by numerous manufacturers. In an electroluminescent display (ELD), the image is created by applying electrical signals to the plates which make

1015-434: The user to interact with the display in a natural manner. For example, modern smartphone displays often use OLED panels, with capacitive touch screens . Flat-panel displays can be divided into two display device categories: volatile and static. The former requires that pixels be periodically electronically refreshed to retain their state (e.g. liquid-crystal displays (LCD)), and can only show an image when it has power. On

1050-635: Was 1080i , many interactive flat panels in the 2020s are capable of 1080p and 4K resolution. In the 2010s, portable consumer electronics such as laptops, mobile phones, and portable cameras have used flat-panel displays since they consume less power and are lightweight. As of 2016, flat-panel displays have almost completely replaced CRT displays. Most 2010s-era flat-panel displays use LCD or light-emitting diode (LED) technologies, sometimes combined. Most LCD screens are back-lit with color filters used to display colors. In many cases, flat-panel displays are combined with touch screen technology, which allows

1085-549: Was a revolution in digital display technology, replacing the Nixie tube for numeric displays and becoming the basis for later LED displays. In 1977, James P Mitchell prototyped and later demonstrated what was perhaps the earliest monochromatic flat-panel LED television display. Ching W. Tang and Steven Van Slyke at Eastman Kodak built the first practical organic LED (OLED) device in 1987. In 2003, Hynix produced an organic EL driver capable of lighting in 4,096 colors. In 2004,

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1120-469: Was developed by Hewlett-Packard (HP) and introduced in 1968. It was the result of research and development (R&D) on practical LED technology between 1962 and 1968, by a research team under Howard C. Borden, Gerald P. Pighini, and Mohamed M. Atalla , at HP Associates and HP Labs . In February 1969, they introduced the HP Model 5082-7000 Numeric Indicator. It was the first alphanumeric LED display, and

1155-673: Was limited or has been ultimately abandoned: Static flat-panel displays rely on materials whose color states are bistable . This means that the image they hold requires no energy to maintain, but instead requires energy to change. This results in a much more energy-efficient display, but with a tendency toward slow refresh rates which are undesirable in an interactive display. Bistable flat-panel displays are beginning deployment in limited applications ( cholesteric liquid-crystal displays, manufactured by Magink, in outdoor advertising; electrophoretic displays in e-book reader devices from Sony and iRex; anlabels; interferometric modulator displays in

1190-571: Was made using TFTs by T. Peter Brody 's Thin-Film Devices department at Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1968. In 1973, Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD). Brody and Fang-Chen Luo demonstrated the first flat active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) using TFTs in 1974. By 1982, pocket LCD TVs based on LCD technology were developed in Japan. The 2.1-inch Epson ET-10 Epson Elf

1225-452: Was the first color LCD pocket TV, released in 1984. In 1988, a Sharp research team led by engineer T. Nagayasu demonstrated a 14-inch full-color LCD, which convinced the electronics industry that LCD would eventually replace CRTs as the standard television display technology . As of 2013 , all modern high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active-matrix displays. The first usable LED display

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