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58-563: A private pilot licence ( PPL ) or private pilot certificate is a type of pilot licence that allows the holder to act as pilot in command of an aircraft privately (not for remuneration ). The basic licence requirements are determined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), but implementation varies from country to country. According to ICAO, an applicant must be at least 17 years old, demonstrate appropriate knowledge and skill, and hold at least

116-401: A Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Part 121 airline (all United States major airlines and their regional affiliates), that requires three or more pilots to include new-hire first officers, must have had at least an "ATP certificate with restricted privileges" license except if you were licensed after July 31, 2013, then you must have an ATP certificate. The Multi-crew Pilot Licence (MPL)

174-896: A commercial pilot license in the United States, one must be at least 16 years old with parent permission or 18 years old without parent permission and have a minimum of 250 hours of total flight time (190 hours under the accelerated curriculum defined in Part 141 of the Federal Aviation Regulations ). (Age requirements for gliders and balloons are slightly lower.) This includes 100 hours in powered aircraft, 50 hours in airplanes, and 100 hours as pilot in command (of which 50 hours must be cross-country flight time). In addition, commercial pilots must hold an instrument rating, or otherwise they would be restricted to flying for hire only in daylight, under visual flight rules (VFR), and within 50 miles of

232-401: A flight simulator . Credit may be given for flight time in other aircraft categories. The applicant must have at least 10 hours of solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least one cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM) including two full-stop landings at different aerodromes. In EASA states, the minimum experience for a PPL(A)

290-411: A jet engine , and there is no need for a tail rotor . In high-speed flight the airfoil is stopped in a spanwise position, as the main wing of a three-surface aircraft , and the engine exhausts through an ordinary jet nozzle. Two Boeing X-50 Dragonfly prototypes with a two-bladed rotor were flown from 2003 but the program ended after both had crashed, having failed to transition successfully. In 2013

348-452: A Class 3 medical certificate. Different PPLs are available for different categories of aircraft, such as aeroplane, helicopter, airship, etc., and are not interchangeable, although experience from a PPL in one category may be credited towards the issue of another. Private pilot licences are issued by the civil aviation authority of each country. Standards vary, and PPLs are not automatically recognised by other countries, but in some countries

406-455: A category having similar operating characteristics": A type rating rating is required for particular aircraft over 12,500 pounds, or aircraft that are turbojet -powered. Further logbook endorsements are required for high-performance (more than 200 horsepower), complex (retractable landing gear , flaps , and a controllable-pitch propeller ), or tailwheel -equipped aircraft, as well as for high-altitude operations. A night rating enables

464-406: A current private pilot certificate and medical, have logged at least 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot-in-command , and have at least 40 hours of actual or simulated instrument time including at least 15 hours of instrument flight training and instrument training on cross-country flight procedures. A flight instructor certificate permits a pilot to teach people to fly. According to

522-444: A helicopter – with anti-torque and propulsion for forward flight provided by one or more propellers mounted on short or stub wings. As power is increased to the propeller, less power is required by the rotor to provide forward thrust resulting in reduced pitch angles and rotor blade flapping. At cruise speeds with most or all of the thrust being provided by the propellers, the rotor receives power only sufficient to overcome

580-414: A helicopter, autogyros and rotor kites do not have an engine powering their rotors, but while an autogyro has an engine providing forward thrust that keeps the rotor turning, a rotor kite has no engine at all, and relies on either being carried aloft and dropped from another aircraft, or by being towed into the air behind a car or boat. A rotary wing is characterised by the number of blades . Typically this

638-431: A logbook endorsement every 24 months by successfully completing a flight review with a flight instructor (CFI). Most private pilot certificates are issued as "private pilot: airplane single-engine land," which means the pilot may fly any single-engine, land-based airplane they are qualified in. A pilot is only qualified in the category and class of aircraft in which they successfully complete their checkride (for example,

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696-491: A mandate for a license but it wasn't a Federal cause until 1917. An aircraft category is defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization as a "classification of aircraft according to specified basic characteristics". Examples of aircraft categories given by ICAO are aeroplanes, helicopters, gliders, or free balloons. A pilot licensed to fly aircraft in one category may not necessarily fly aircraft in another category, without an additional licence. Categories in

754-405: A minimum of 1,500 hours of flight time, including 500 hours of cross-country flight time, 100 hours of night flying, and 75 hours in actual or simulated instrument flight conditions. ATPs must also have a commercial certificate and an instrument rating. ATPs may instruct other pilots in air transportation service in aircraft in which they are rated. ATPs must have a current Class I medical exam (which

812-454: A pilot who takes a commercial pilot checkride in a multi-engine, land-based aircraft and passes, may only exercise the privileges of a commercial pilot in multi-engine, land-based aircraft; the pilot may not exercise the privileges of a commercial pilot in single-engine or sea-based aircraft without passing the appropriate parts of a checkride in those particular categories of aircraft). Commercial pilots can be paid to fly an aircraft. To obtain

870-529: A private certificate, a pilot can attain an instrument rating with an additional 30–40 hours of training, if 10 hours of instrument time was logged during private training. In the United States, to obtain a private pilot license, one must be at least 17 years old and have a minimum of 40 hours of flight time, including at least 20 hours of dual instruction and 10 hours of solo flight. (Age requirements for gliders and balloons are slightly lower.) Pilots trained according to accelerated curricula outlined in Part 141 of

928-489: A private pilot to fly at night. It is a prerequisite for a Commercial Pilot Licence. In the United States, there is no night rating; it is a prerequisite for the Private Pilot Licence. An instrument rating allows a pilot to fly in conditions of reduced visibility known as instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). When flying in these conditions, pilots follow instrument flight rules (IFR). The training provides

986-575: A simulator. Pilots must also undergo a solo flight of at least 150 nautical miles, including full stop landings at two aerodromes different from the departure aerodrome. Private pilots may not fly for compensation or hire. However, they may carry passengers as long as the pilot has the appropriate training, ratings, and endorsements. Private pilots must have a current Class III medical certificate, which must be renewed every 24 or 60 months (depending on age). In addition, like all licensed pilots they must re-validate their single-engine piston class rating with

1044-412: A state of autorotation to develop lift, and an engine-powered propeller , similar to that of a fixed-wing aircraft , to provide thrust. While similar to a helicopter rotor in appearance, the autogyro's rotor must have air flowing up and through the rotor disk in order to generate rotation. Early autogyros resembled the fixed-wing aircraft of the day, with wings and a front-mounted engine and propeller in

1102-427: A statutory body of government of India issues the three different licenses private pilot license (PPL) , commercial pilot license (CPL) and Airline transport pilot license (ATPL) . India issues Student Pilot License (SPL) when student joins a flying school. To fly a specific aircraft, a pilot must have the relevant class rating or type rating . A class rating is defined as "a classification of aircraft within

1160-537: A substantial share, requires an Authorization under Part 137 of the Federal Aviation Regulations. According to ICAO, the requirements for a PPL(H) are similar to the PPL(A). The qualifying cross-country flight must be at least 180 km (100 NM), and the applicant must have received at least 20 hours instruction in helicopters. In the United States, the legal aircraft category is known as rotorcraft , which

1218-429: A tractor configuration to pull the aircraft through the air. Late-model autogyros feature a rear-mounted engine and propeller in a pusher configuration. The autogyro was invented in 1920 by Juan de la Cierva . The autogyro with pusher propeller was first tested by Etienne Dormoy with his Buhl A-1 Autogyro . The rotor of a gyrodyne is normally driven by its engine for takeoff and landing – hovering like

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1276-419: Is 45 hours. In practice, most students take about 50–70 hours to complete the course. Applicants for the PPL(A) must be at least 17 years old. There is no minimum age to begin flight lessons, however, students must be 16 to fly solo . In the United States, a student pilot certificate is required to fly solo. In addition to the licence, PPL(A) holders must gain class ratings or type ratings appropriate to

1334-439: Is a heavier-than-air aircraft with rotary wings that spin around a vertical mast to generate lift . The assembly of several rotor blades mounted on a single mast is referred to as a rotor . The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines a rotorcraft as "supported in flight by the reactions of the air on one or more rotors". Rotorcraft generally include aircraft where one or more rotors provide lift throughout

1392-639: Is a licence which allows a person to act as co-pilot in a Commercial Air Transport operation. It is available in the United Kingdom and EASA states. It does not exist in the United States or Canada. MPL pilots must be at least 18 years old. They must have a minimum of 240 hours of flying training, the majority of which may be in a full-motion flight simulator with 40 hours and 12 takeoffs and landings total required in an actual airplane before flying passengers (per JAR-FCL 1.120 and 1.125(b)), and 750 hours of classroom theoretical knowledge instruction. The licence

1450-625: Is a powered rotorcraft with rotors driven by the engine(s) throughout the flight, allowing it to take off and land vertically, hover, and fly forward, backward, or laterally. Helicopters have several different configurations of one or more main rotors. Helicopters with a single shaft-driven main lift rotor require some sort of antitorque device such as a tail rotor , fantail , or NOTAR , except some rare examples of helicopters using tip jet propulsion, which generates almost no torque. An autogyro (sometimes called gyrocopter, gyroplane, or rotaplane) uses an unpowered rotor, driven by aerodynamic forces in

1508-488: Is a significant development as it is based on competency-based approach to training professional pilots. It represents the first time in 30 years that ICAO had significantly reviewed the standards for the training of flight crew. The MPL licence is restricted to the specific airline that the training was completed with, until a conversion course is completed. The course is completed in one continuous course with an Approved Training Organisations (ATO) that has an agreement with

1566-412: Is between two and six per driveshaft. A rotorcraft may have one or more rotors. Various rotor configurations have been used: Some rotary wing aircraft are designed to stop the rotor for forward flight so that it then acts as a fixed wing. For vertical flight and hovering it spins to act as a rotary wing or rotor, and for forward flight at speed it stops to act as a fixed wing providing some or all of

1624-498: Is more stringent than Class II or Class III), which must be renewed every six months or one year (depending on age). Like all pilots, they must re-validate their certificates every 24 months with a flight review but U.S. airlines require training at least once every 12 months, at which time a test is conducted that satisfies this bi-annual flight review. After the 2009 crash of Colgan Air Flight 3407 , Congress passed legislation, subsequently signed into law, requiring any pilot flying for

1682-484: Is subdivided into helicopters and gyroplanes . According to ICAO, applicants for a PPL(As) must have at least 25 hours flight time as pilot of airships, including "3 hours of cross-country flight training in an airship with a cross-country flight totalling not less than 45 km (25 NM); 5 take-offs and 5 landings to a full stop at an aerodrome with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern at an aerodrome; 3 hours of instrument time; and 5 hours as pilot assuming

1740-462: Is the most popular category of PPL. In the United States in 2022, of 164,000 people with PPLs, 158,000 were for aeroplanes only. In the United Kingdom in 2021, there were 22,500 holders of the PPL(A), and 2,200 holders of the PPL(H). According to ICAO, the applicant for a PPL(A) must have at least 40 hours experience as a pilot of aeroplanes (35 hours on an integrated course), of that no more than 5 hours in

1798-512: Is typically achieved in approximately 16–18 months total time from no flight experience to flying for an airline. It was developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and the requirements were included in the 10th edition of Annex 1 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Personnel Licensing), which superseded all previous editions of the Annex on 23 November 2006. The MPL

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1856-493: The Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs). In Canada , licences are issued by Transport Canada . In most European countries, licences are issued by the national civil aviation authority according to a set of common rules established by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), known as Part-FCL (Flight Crew Licensing). EASA member states include all European Union member states , as well as

1914-432: The Federal Aviation Regulations may be certified with a minimum of 35 hours of flight time. In EASA states and the United Kingdom, a private pilot licence requires at least 45 hours of flight instruction. This must include at least 25 hours of dual flight instruction, at least 10 hours of supervised solo flight time, and at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time. Up to 5 hours of instruction may be undertaken in

1972-662: The Wright Brothers (US). The Royal Aero Club in the UK also began the issue of its first certificates in 1910. Among the earliest recipients of the first aviation certificates were: J. T. C. Moore-Brabazon , who conducted the first flight by a British pilot in Britain; Charles Stewart Rolls , co-founder of Rolls-Royce ; Claude Grahame-White , who flew the first night flight; and Samuel Cody , pioneer of large kite flying . British and French certificates were recognized internationally by

2030-621: The light aircraft pilot licence (LAPL), which permits holders to fly light aircraft, helicopters, sailplanes or small balloons. The United Kingdom issues LAPLs, and the National Private Pilot Licence , which permits holders to fly light aircraft within the United Kingdom. In the United States, ultralight aircraft , powered parachute , and weight-shift-control aircraft require no specific training and no certification. However, sporting groups give extensive training and certification for these aircraft. The United States issues

2088-436: The night rating to fly at night, and various levels of instructor rating. A number of endorsements are available for specific skills. Endorsements only require instruction and a flight instructor's signature in the pilot's logbook; they do not require any flight test or submission of documents to the national civil aviation authority. Endorsements available in the United States include: Other aircraft operations for which

2146-534: The student pilot certificate , which is required before a student pilot is allowed to fly solo . The United States issues the sport pilot certificate . Holder are authorized to fly only light-sport aircraft , a category that was created in 2004. These aircraft are larger and faster than ultralights, and carry more fuel and often one passenger in addition to the pilot. Sport pilots cannot carry more than one passenger and are limited to daytime flying only. If an individual elects to receive additional instruction, some of

2204-453: The FAA does not require an endorsement that typically require additional training are glider towing and aerobatics. The FAA also does not require an endorsement for some commercial activities like banner towing. Aerial application (crop seeding, spraying and dusting), whether conducted by a commercial certificate holder operating for hire or by a private pilot treating a crop in which he is the owner of

2262-500: The FAA's U.S. Civil Airmen Statistics, there were 757,000 pilots in the United States in 2022, of which 72,000 were women. 281,000 were student pilots; 164,000 were private pilots; 104,000 were commercial pilots; and 167,000 were air transport pilots. 13,000 were rotorcraft pilots and 21,000 were glider pilots. 125,000 were flight instructors and 321,000 had instrument ratings. There were 304,000 remote pilots. Rotorcraft A rotary-wing aircraft , rotorwing aircraft or rotorcraft

2320-498: The FAI. The Aero Club of America began issuing licenses in 1911, although these were not mandatory, and were more for prestige and show. The first recipients were Glenn Curtiss , Frank Purdy Lahm , Louis Paulhan and the Wright brothers. The requirement for an Aero Club ticket was to ascend in the machine and fly a course of a figure-eight at a given height. Individual states sometimes posed

2378-545: The US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) published a vertical-to-horizontal flight transition method and associated technology, patented December 6, 2011, which they call the Stop-Rotor Rotary Wing Aircraft. The Australian company StopRotor Technology Pty Ltd has developed a prototype Hybrid RotorWing (HRW) craft. The design uses high alpha airflow to provide a symmetrical airflow across all

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2436-693: The United States are: ICAO Annex 1, Chapter 2 specifies licences for pilots and for remote pilots . For pilots, the standard ICAO licences are: Separate licences are issued for different aircraft categories, such as aeroplanes, helicopters, gliders and balloons. ICAO also specifies instrument ratings and flight instructor ratings. For remote pilots, ICAO specifies student remote pilots, remote pilot licences, and RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System) instructors. Pilots of powered aircraft typically attain certifications in this order (with minimum time required in parentheses): Hours are cumulative and can often be earned concurrently. For example, after acquiring

2494-492: The aircraft they wish to fly. Typically a PPL(A) holder would first be issued a "single-engine piston land" class rating, which permits him/her to fly aircraft with a single piston engine. To fly seaplanes or multi-engine aircraft requires further training, and more complex aircraft require a type-specific rating. Other ratings include the instrument rating to fly in Instrument Meteorological Conditions ,

2552-557: The airline. A risk of this is that if the airline goes bankrupt or withdraws its job offer, the licence cannot be used and further training must be undertaken. The following country-specific licences are issued in addition to the standard ICAO licences. They are rarely recognised outside the issuing country. In Australia, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) issues the recreational pilot licence (RPL) for flying ultralights . The Recreational Aviation Australia ,

2610-539: The duties of the pilot-in-command under the supervision of the pilot-in-command." In the United Kingdom, the balloon equivalent of the private pilot licence is known as the Balloon Pilot Licence (BPL). Classes are: In the United States, the minimum age for a balloon private pilot certificate is 16. In the United States, some limitations may be placed on the certificate, such as "limited to hot air balloons with airborne heater" or "limited to gas balloons", unless

2668-432: The entire flight, such as helicopters , autogyros , and gyrodynes . Compound rotorcraft augment the rotor with additional thrust engines, propellers, or static lifting surfaces. Some types, such as helicopters, are capable of vertical takeoff and landing . An aircraft which uses rotor lift for vertical flight but changes to solely fixed-wing lift in horizontal flight is not a rotorcraft but a convertiplane . A helicopter

2726-452: The governing body for ultralights, issues the RA-Aus pilot certificate. The two licences are equivalent and the RA-Aus pilot certificate can be converted into an RPL. The RPL is not recognised in other countries. In addition to the standard ICAO licences, Canada issues the student pilot permit, gyroplane pilot permit, ultra-light pilot permit, and the recreational pilot permit. EASA states issue

2784-631: The holder of a foreign PPL may obtain permission to fly on a temporary basis. In the United States the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) has the authority to issue a PPL or another pilot license. In Europe, civil aviation authorities issue licences based on common EASA standards. The aircraft categories described by ICAO for the purposes of the PPL are aeroplane , airship , helicopter and powered lift . Many countries issue PPLs in additional categories such as sailplane (glider), balloon , powered parachute , and weight-shift control . The aeroplane PPL

2842-546: The international minimum standard for licensing. However, states can deviate from these standards by notifying ICAO about the changes. In the United States, pilot certification is regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), a branch of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). A pilot is certified under the authority of Parts 61 and 141 of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations , also known as

2900-905: The invention of powered aircraft in 1903. The Aéro-Club de France was founded in 1898 'to encourage aerial locomotion'. The Royal Aero Club followed in 1901 and the Aero Club of America was established in 1905. All three organizations, as well as representatives from Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain and Switzerland founded the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI) in 1905 as an international governing body for aeronautics . However, certificates or ratings from them were not initially mandatory. The Aéro-Club de France began issuing certificates in 1910 , although these were awarded retroactively to 7 January 1909. The first certificates were to established pioneers, among them Frenchman Louis Bleriot , Henry and Maurice Farman (UK) and

2958-581: The lift required. Additional fixed wings may also be provided to help with stability and control and to provide auxiliary lift. An early American proposal was the conversion of the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter with a triangular rotor wing. The idea was later revisited by Hughes. The Sikorsky S-72 research aircraft underwent extensive flight testing. In 1986 the Sikorsky S-72 Rotor Systems Research Aircraft (RSRA)

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3016-485: The limitations may be removed. Medical certification is not required for sport pilots. The United States also issues the recreational pilot certificate, which permits an individual to fly aircraft of up to 180 horsepower and 4 seats in the daytime for pleasure only. To operate small drones commercially, the United States issues the Remote Pilot Certificate. In India Directorate General of Civil Aviation

3074-705: The members of the European Free Trade Association , i.e. Liechtenstein , Norway , Switzerland , and Iceland , which have been granted participation under Article 129 of the Basic Regulation (Regulation 2018/1139) and are members of the management board without voting rights. In the United Kingdom, aviation is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority . The United Kingdom left the EASA system on 31 December 2020. Pilot licensing began soon after

3132-400: The originating airport. In EASA states and the United Kingdom, a pilot undergoing modular training must have 200 hours total of which 100 must be pilot in command. Pilots undergoing an integrated course must have a minimum of 150 hours. Pilots must fly a qualifying cross country flight of at least 300 nautical miles. Airline transport pilots (ATP) must be at least 18 years old and have

3190-483: The pilot has had appropriate flight training in the other type of balloon and received a logbook endorsement. For gliders ( sailplanes ), the licence is known as a Sailplane Pilot Licence (SPL), and has lower requirements than an aeroplane PPL. In the United States and Europe, the minimum age for a sailplane private pilot certificate is 16. Pilot licensing and certification The International Civil Aviation Organization 's "Annex 1 – Personnel Licensing" acts as

3248-431: The profile drag and maintain lift. The effect is a rotorcraft operating in a more efficient manner than the freewheeling rotor of an autogyro in autorotation, minimizing the adverse effects of retreating blade stall of helicopters at higher airspeeds. A rotor kite or gyroglider is an unpowered rotary-wing aircraft. Like an autogyro or helicopter, it relies on lift created by one or more sets of rotors in order to fly. Unlike

3306-621: The skills needed to complete flights with less than the VFR minimum requirements. In the US, all pilots who fly above 18,000 feet above mean sea level (MSL) (a lower limit of Class A airspace) must have an instrument rating, and must be on an IFR flight plan. This rating requires highly specialized training by a certificated flight instructor (CFI) with a special instrument instruction rating (CFII), and completion of an additional written exam, oral exam, and flight test. Pilots applying for an instrument rating must hold

3364-476: Was fitted with a four-bladed stopped rotor, known as the X-wing. The programme was cancelled two years later, before the rotor had flown. The later canard rotor/wing (CRW) concept added a "canard" foreplane as well as a conventional tailplane, offloading the rotor wing and providing control during forward flight. For vertical and low-speed flight, the main airfoil is tip-driven as a helicopter's rotor by exhaust from

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